Manufacturing

G D & T
GD&T
Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and

Tolerancing Standard
G D & T
What is G D & T ?
9GD & T is a Standardised & precise
mathematical language of Symbols, Rules,
Definitions & conventions for Engineering
drawings that more clearly defines the
dimensional and tolerance requirements with
respect to the actual function and relationship of
features.
GD & T is the grammar of engineering Drawing
9GD &T describes the products functional
interfaces with mating parts and assemblies etc.
9GD &T provides documentation base for design
of production and quality systems.
9GD &T is also a design philosophy on how to
design and dimension the parts.
9GD & T encourages a dimension philosophy
called Functional Dimensioning which means
Define a part based on how it functions in the
final product.
G D & T
Dimensioning Standards
ASME Y14.5M-1994
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Y14.5 --The standard number
M--Indicate the standard is in Metric
1994--Year of approved
History
G D & T
Basics
Engineering Drawing:
Engineering drawing is a document /tool that
communicates the design and manufacturing
information of a part. Drawing is the universal
language of engineering.
Engineering drawing provides the following
information:
a. Geometry of the part.
( Shape, Size and Form of the part).
b. Critical functional relationship.
c. Tolerances allowed for proper functioning.
d. Material, Heat treatment and surface coating info.
e. Part documentation information
(Part No. and Rev. Level etc.)
Engineering drawing should be precise

and correct. Poor drawing results in :
a. Wastage of Money, time and material.
b. Unhappy Customers.
G D & T
What are Dimensions?

Dimension is a numerical value expressed in
appropriate units of measure and used to define
the size, location, orientation, from, OR other
geometric characteristics of the part.
What are Tolerances?
Tolerance is the total amount that feature of the
part are permitted to vary from the specified
dimension.
Types of Tolerances:
1. Limit tolerance
2. Plus-minus tolerance
a. Unilateral Tolerance
b. Equal bilateral Tolerance
c. Unequal bilateral or Limit Tolerance
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G D & T
Benefits of G D & T ?
Improves Communication :
GD &T provides uniformity in drawing
specifications and interpretation.
Increases Production Tolerance:
GD &T provides Bonus or Extra Tolerance
for manufacturing.
This extra tolerance can make a significant
saving in production costs.
Better Product Design:
Dimensioning based on how the part will be
functioning at the final stage
G D & T
GD & T Important Terms

1) Feature & Size
Feature:
Any surface on a part or Physical Portion of a part.
Feature of size:
Can be used to establish an axis, Median Plane or

Center point
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2) Basic dimension
Basic dimension
A basic dimension is a numerical value used to

describe the theoretically exact size, profile
orientation or location of a feature or datum
target.
These dimensions have no tolerance. They only

locate the tolerance zone.
These dimensions are enclosed in a rectangular

box.
G D & T

3) Feature Control Frame
Defines Geometric Characteristics Symbol, Tolerance
Value with Modifiers and Datum Information
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4) Modifiers
M MMC : Maximum Material Condition :
For Hole --- Smallest diameter
For shaft --- Largest diameter.
L LMC : Least Material Condition :
For Hole --- Largest diameter
For shaft --- Smallest diameter
S RFS : Regardless of Feature Size :
If MMC or LLC is not mentioned tolerances are
applied RFS .
When the part deviates in size from the specified
condition of MMC or LMC, equal amount of
additional (BONUS) tolerance is added to the
geometrical tolerance.
Other Modifiers
Extreme Variations of Form

Allowed By Size Tolerance
25.1
25
25
(MMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25.1
(LMC)
Internal Feature of Size
Extreme Variations of Form

Allowed By Size Tolerance
25
24.9
24.9
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
External Feature of Size
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5) Geometric Characteristics
Symbols
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Symbols
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Symbols Dimensions
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Symbols Dimension
G D & T
Symbols Use - examples
G D & T
Tolerances
of Form
Straightness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1)
Flatness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)
Circularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)
Cylindricity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)
Form Characteristics are always individual ie not

related to datum.
Form controls do not directly control a features size.
A features form tolerance must be less than its size
tolerance
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Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
It is the distance between two parallel planes spaced
apart a distance equal to the straightness tolerance
0.5
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance
0.5 Tolerance
Straightness is the condition where an element of a

surface or an axis is a straight line
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Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 Tolerance Zone
25.25 max
24.75 min
0.1 Tolerance Zone
In this example each line element of the surface must lie

within a tolerance zone defined by two parallel lines
separated by the specified tolerance value applied to each
view. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the applicable straightness limit.
The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

elements to be controlled are represented by a straight line
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Straightness (RFS)
0.1
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
MMC
Outer Boundary (Max)
Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size
must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is
equal to the specified tolerance value regardless of the feature size.
Each circular element of the feature must be within the specified limits of
size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up
to the maximum outer boundary or virtual condition diameter.
G D & T
Straightness (MMC)
15
14.85
0.1
15
(MMC)
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
15.1 Virtual Condition

14.85
(LMC)
0.25 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
15.1 Virtual Condition

Virtual Condition = MMC Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size
must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is
equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular element
of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder
is allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local
MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the
specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC
can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter.
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Flatness
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance Zone

0.1 Tolerance Zone
24.75 min
25.25 max
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance

zone defined by two parallel planes separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the flatness limit.
Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

one plane. Flatness must fall within the limits of size. The
flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.
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Circularity
(Roundness)
0.1
90
0.1
90
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the
specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the circularity limit.
Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the

surface intersected by any plane perpendicular to a common
axis are equidistant from that axis. The circularity tolerance
must be less than the size tolerance
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Cylindricity
0.1
0.1 Tolerance Zone
MMC
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone
defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the cylindricity limit.
Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which

all points are equidistant from a common axis. Cylindricity is a
composite control of form which includes circularity
(roundness), straightness, and taper of a cylindrical feature.
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Tolerances of
Orientation
Angularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2)
Perpendicularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)
Parallelism
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3)
Orientation Characteristics are

always related to datum
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Datum definition ?
Datums are imaginary perfect points, axes and planes
established from actual part features. (Datum
features). These perfect geometric references
act as origins of measurement.
These imaginary Datums do not exist in the real world.
They are simulated with manufacturing and
inspection equipments such as machine tables,
chucks, surface plates, angle plates and vee
blocks. We then orient or locate other feature
surfaces, axes, centre planes or tangent planes
from these simulated datum points, axes and
planes.
Datums define the sequence in which part is to contact
the inspection equipment for dimension
measurement. Datums define the part surfaces
which are to contact the inspection equipment for
dimension measurement.
Some times instead of entire surfaces, Datum target
points, Datum target lines or Datum target areas
are used for establishing Datums.
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Datum. Important Terms
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Datum Targets. Important Terms
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Datum features are chosen based on part functionality

and their interrelationships with mating features.
Datum features should be
Functional Representative of mating or seating
features and or alignment edges.
Accessible to those in manufacturing and inspection
Repeatable from dept to dept
Primary datum Plane: is established from at least 3
high points of contact on the actual part surface. (2
Rotational and 1 linear degree of freedom are arrested).
Secondary datum plane: is established from at least 2
high points of contact on the actual part surface while the
part maintains its high points of contact with primary
datum plane. The secondary datum plane is simulated
perpendicular to the first. One more rotational and one
more linear degrees of freedom are arrested.
Tertiary datum plane is constructed perpendicular to the
first two. It is establishing from contacting at least one
high point on the actual part surface. This is done while
the part maintains its contact with the primary and datum
feature simulators. The tertiary datum arrests the
remaining linear degree of freedom.
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Interpretation of Datum
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Interpretation of Datum
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Angularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5
0.3 A
30
A
19.5 min
20.5 max
30
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
30
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
The tolerance zone in this example is defined

by two parallel planes oriented at the
specified angle to the datum reference plane.
Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a

specified angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum
reference plane, within the specified tolerance zone.
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Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance applies
to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
60
A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a
cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference plane,
within the specified tolerance zone.
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Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Feature axis must lie
within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
NOTE: Tolerance
applies to feature
at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
45 o
Datum Axis A
at the specified angle to the datum reference axis.

angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis,
G D & T
Angularity
NOTE: Feature axis must lie
within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
NOTE: Tolerance
applies to feature
at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
45 o
Datum Axis A
at the specified angle to the datum reference axis.

angle (other than 90 degrees) to the datum reference axis,
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Perpendicularity
0.3 A
A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
The tolerance zone in this example is

defined by two parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum reference
plane.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature

surface at a right angle to the datum reference plane, within
the specified tolerance zone.
G D & T
Perpendicularity
0.3 Diameter
Tolerance Zone

to feature at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
C
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 C

defined by a cylinder equal to the length of
the feature, oriented perpendicular to the
datum reference plane.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right

angle to the datum reference plane, within the specified
tolerance zone.
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Perpendicularity
to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
defined by two parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum reference axis.
Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right

angle to the datum reference axis, within the specified
tolerance zone.
G D & T
Parallelism
0.3 A
25 +/-0.5
A
25.5 max
24.5 min
The tolerance zone in this example

is defined by two parallel planes
oriented parallel to the datum
reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface

equidistant at all points from the datum reference plane,
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Parallelism
NOTE: The specified tolerance
does not apply to the orientation
of the feature axis in this direction

to feature at RFS
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A
The tolerance zone in this example

is defined by two parallel planes
oriented parallel to the datum
reference plane.
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

along its length from the datum reference plane, within the
specified tolerance zone.
G D & T
Parallelism
(Feature Axis to Datum Surfaces)
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone

to feature at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A B

defined by a cylinder equal to the
length of the feature, oriented parallel
to the datum reference planes.
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

along its length from the two datum reference planes, within
the specified tolerance zone.
G D & T
Parallelism
defined by a cylinder equal to the
length of the feature, oriented
parallel to the datum reference axis.
to feature at RFS
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.1 A
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along

its length from the datum reference axis, within the specified
tolerance zone.
G D & T
Tolerances
of Runout
Circular Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.7.1.2.1)
Total Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
Runout Characteristics are

always related to datum
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Features Applicable
to Runout Tolerancing
Internal surfaces
constructed around a
datum axis
External surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Datum axis (established
from datum feature
Datum feature
Angled surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a
datum axis
G D & T
Circular Runout
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Circular runout can only be applied on an

RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
0
Measuring position #1
(circular element #1)
Full Part
Rotation
Measuring position #2
(circular element #2)
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position
along the feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently
allowed the full specified tolerance. In this example, circular runout can be used to detect 2dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness (form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics
such as surface profile (overall form) or surface wobble (overall orientation).
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Full Indicator
Movement
)
-
The tolerance zone for any individual circular

element is equal to the total allowable movement
of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the
true geometric shape of the feature surface when
the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently
to each individual measuring position along the
feature surface.
Collet or Chuck
When measuring circular

runout, the indicator must
be reset when repositioned
along the feature surface.
Datum axis A
360 o Part
Rotation
Single circular
element
NOTE: Circular runout in this example only

controls the 2-dimensional circular elements
(circularity and coaxiality) of the angled feature
surface not the entire angled feature surface
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Circular Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Single circular
element
The tolerance zone for any individual circular

element is equal to the total allowable movement
of a dial indicator fixed in a position normal to the
true geometric shape of the feature surface when
the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently
to each individual measuring position along the
feature surface.
-
360 o Part
Rotation
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must

be reset when repositioned along the feature surface.
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Datum axis A
NOTE: Circular runout in this example will
only control variation in the 2-dimensional
circular elements of the planar surface (wobble
and waviness) not the entire feature surface
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a
position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature
surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each
individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
When measuring circular runout,

the indicator must be reset when
repositioned along the feature
surface.
Single circular element

360 o Part
Rotation
Datum axis A

circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A-B
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is equal

to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed in a
position normal to the true geometric shape of the feature
surface when the part is rotated 360 degrees about the datum
axis. The tolerance limit is applied independently to each
individual measuring position along the feature surface.
+
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Machine
center

surface.

Datum axis A-B
360 o Part
Rotation
Machine
center
circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
A
0.75 A B
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is
equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed
in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is located against the datum
surface and rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The
tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual
measuring position along the feature surface.
Means This:

Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Stop collar
360 o Part
Rotation
Collet or Chuck
Datum axis B

surface.
Datum plane A
G D & T
Total Runout
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Total runout can only be applied on an

RFS basis and cannot be modified to
MMC or LMC.
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
Indicator
Path
Full Part
Rotation
When measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface
while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by
evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the part
is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire surface, the
indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example,
total runout can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall
orientation).
G D & T
Total Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
When measuring total runout, the
indicator must not be reset when
surface.
The tolerance zone for the entire angled surface is

equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric
shape of the feature surface when the part is
rotated about the datum axis and the indicator is
moved along the entire length of the feature
surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.
(applies to the entire feature surface)
Collet or Chuck
Full Part
Rotation
Datum axis A
NOTE: Unlike circular runout, the use of total runout

will provide 3-dimensional composite control of the
cumulative variations of circularity, coaxiality,
angularity, taper and profile of the angled surface
G D & T
Total Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
10
35
50 +/-0.25
Means This:
10
35
Full Part
Rotation
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for the portion of the feature surface

indicated is equal to the total allowable movement of a dial
indicator positioned normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is rotated about the datum axis
and the indicator is moved along the portion of the feature
surface within the area described by the basic dimensions.
+
+
When measuring total runout, the indicator

must not be reset when repositioned along the
feature surface.
Allowable indicator reading = 0.75 max.

(applies to portion of feature surface indicated)
Datum axis A
NOTE: The use of total runout in this example
will provide composite control of the cumulative
variations of perpendicularity (wobble) and
flatness (concavity or convexity) of the feature
surface.
G D & T
Tolerances
of Profile
Profile of a Line
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b)
Profile of a Surface
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a)
Profile Characteristics may be or

may not be related to datum
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Profile of a Line
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
1 A B C
17 +/- 1
A
1 Wide Profile
Tolerance Zone
2 Wide Size
Tolerance Zone
18 Max
16 Min.
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two

parallel lines oriented with respect to the datum reference
frame. The profile tolerance zone is free to float within the
larger size tolerance and applies only to the form and
orientation of any individual line element along the entire
surface.
Profile of a Line is a two-dimensional tolerance that can be applied to a
part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature surface as
a single entity is not required or desired. The tolerance applies to the line
element of the surface at each individual cross section indicated on the
drawing.
G D & T
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
2 A B C
23.5
2 Wide Tolerance Zone

Size, Form and Orientation
23.5
Nominal
Location
The profile tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel

planes oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile
tolerance zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part
surface to vary equally about the true profile of the feature.
Profile of a Surface is a three-dimensional tolerance that can be applied

to a part feature in situations where the control of the entire feature
surface as a single entity is desired. The tolerance applies to the entire
surface and can be used to control size, location, form and/or orientation
of a feature surface.
G D & T
(Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
1 A B C
C
50
1 Wide Total
Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard
0.5 Outboard
50
Nominal Location
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by two parallel planes

oriented with respect to the datum reference frame. The profile tolerance
zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to
vary equally about the true profile of the trim.
Profile of a Surface when applied to trim edges of sheet metal parts will control
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a
bilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone allows the trim edge variation
and/or locational error to be on both sides of the true profile. The tolerance
applies to the entire edge surface.
G D & T
(Unilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
0.5 A B C
C
50
0.5 Wide Total

Tolerance Zone
50
Nominal Location

zone is located and aligned in a way that allows the trim surface to vary
from the true profile only in the inboard direction.
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. When a
unilateral value is specified, the tolerance zone limits the trim edge variation
and/or locational error to one side of the true profile. The tolerance applies to
the entire edge surface.
G D & T
(Unequal Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
0.5
1.2 A B C
C
50
1.2 Wide Total

Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard
0.7 Outboard
50
Nominal Location

zone is located and aligned in a way that enables the part surface to
vary from the true profile more in one direction (outboard) than in the
other (inboard).
the location, form and orientation of the entire trimmed surface. Typically when
unequal values are specified, the tolerance zone will represent the actual
measured trim edge variation and/or locational error. The tolerance applies to
the entire edge surface.
G D & T
0.5 A
0.1
Location &
Orientation
Form Only
25
A
25.25
24.75
Composite Profile of Two Coplanar

Surfaces w/o Orientation Refinement
G D & T
0.5 A
0.1 A
Location
Form & Orientation
25
A
25.25
24.75
Composite Profile of Two Coplanar

Surfaces With Orientation Refinement
G D & T
Tolerances
of Location
True Position
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2)
Symmetry
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.13)
Concentricity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.12)
Profile Characteristics mostly

requires datum
G D & T
Coordinate vs Geometric
Tolerancing Methods
8.5 +/- 0.1
1.4 A B C
Circular Tolerance
Zone
8.5 +/- 0.1

Rectangular
Tolerance Zone
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25
B
10.25 +/- 0.5
10.25
Coordinate Dimensioning
Geometric Dimensioning
+/- 0.5
1.4
+/- 0.5
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
57% Larger
Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
Circular Tolerance Zone
Rectangular Tolerance Zone
Increased Effective Tolerance
G D & T
Positional Tolerance Verification

(Applies when a circular tolerance is indicated)
X
Z
Feature axis actual
location (measured)
Positional
tolerance zone
cylinder
Actual feature
boundary
Feature axis true

position (designed)
Formula to determine the actual radial

position of a feature using measured
coordinate values (RFS)
Z=
Z
X2 + Y2
positional tolerance /2
Z = total radial deviation

X2 = X measured deviation
Y2 = Y measured deviation
G D & T
Bi-directional True Position

Rectangular Coordinate Method
1.5 A B C
2X
2X
0.5 A B C
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
2X
6 +/-0.25
Means This:
True Position Related
to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
G D & T

Multiple Single-Segment Method
2X
6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
Means This:
True Position Related
to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
G D & T

Noncylndrical Features (Boundary Concept)
2X 13 +/-0.25
1.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
2X 6 +/-0.25
0.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
5.75 MMC length of slot

-0.50 Position tolerance
5.25 maximum boundary
Means This:
Both holes must be within the size limits and no
portion of their surfaces may lie within the area
described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum
boundaries when the part is positioned with
respect to the datum reference frame. The
boundary concept can only be applied on an
MMC basis.
12.75 MMC width of slot

-1.50 Position tolerance
11.25 Maximum boundary
True position boundary related

to datum reference frame
C
90 o
10
10
35
G D & T
Location (Concentricity)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Axis of Datum
Feature A
0.5 Coaxial
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median Points of

Diametrically Opposed Elements
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points of
diametrically opposed elements must lie within a
0.5 cylindrical
tolerance zone. The axis of the tolerance zone coincides with the axis of
datum feature A. Concentricity can only be applied on an RFS basis.
G D & T
Location (Symmetry)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Center Plane of
Datum Feature A
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median
Points
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points
of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally
disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be
applied on an RFS basis.
G D & T
Fixed and
Floating
Fastener
Exercises
G D & T
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts
have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown
below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance
requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit
when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
H=F+T or T=H-F
A
B
2x
General Equation Applies to

Each Part Individually
H= Min. diameter of clearance hole

F= Maximum diameter of fastener
T= Positional tolerance diameter
10.50 +/- 0.25

?.? M
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
H = Minimum Hole Size =
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T = 10.25 -10
T = ______
A
2x
Calculate
Nominal Size
??.?? +/- 0.25

0.5 M
remember: the size tolerance must be

added to the calculated MMC hole size to
obtain the correct nominal value.
H = F +T
T = Positional Tolerance =
10.25
10
H = 10 + 0.50
H = ______
10
0.50
G D & T
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts
have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown
below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance
requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit
when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
H=F+T or T=H-F
A
B
2x
General Equation Applies to

Each Part Individually

10.50 +/- 0.25

0.25 M
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
T = 10.25 -10
T = 0.25
A
2x
Calculate
Nominal Size
10.25
10
10.75 +/- 0.25

0.5 M

H = F +T
H=
H=
10 + .5
10.5 Minimum
REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC
10
0.5
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to
ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features
are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example
the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.)
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS USED

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
General Equation Used When

Positional Tolerances Are Equal
10
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2

Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
??.??
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10
remember: the size tolerance

must be added to the calculated
MMC size to obtain the correct
nominal value.

H = 10.00 + 2(0.8)
H = _____
B
10.00
0.80
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)

10
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2

Calculate Required
2x
11.85
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10

nominal value.

10.00
0.80
H = 10.00 + 2(0.8)
H = 11.60 Minimum
B
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)

10
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2

Calculate Required
2x
11.85
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10

nominal value.

H = 10 + 2(0.8)
H = 11.6 Minimum
B
10
0.8
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where two mating details are assembled, and one part has
restrained fasteners, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate appropriate hole sizes and/or positional tolerances required to ensure
assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are
at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note: in this example the
resultant positional tolerance is applied to both parts equally.)

2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)

10
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2

2x
11.25 +/- 0.25

0.5 M
A
Nominal Size
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance .
(Both Parts)
T = (H - F)/2
2X M10 X 1.5
0.5 M P 10

T = (11 - 10)/2
T = 0.50
B
11
10
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to
the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)

2x M10 X 1.5

Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal
(Reference)
10
H=F+(T1 + T2)
H = Min. diameter of clearance hole

F = Maximum diameter of fastener
T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2=
Positional tolerance (Part B)
Calculate Required
2x
+/- 0.25
??.??
0.5 M
A
2X M10 X 1.5
1 M P 10
Nominal Size

H=F+(T1 + T2)
T1 = Positional Tol. (A) =
T2 = Positional Tol. (B) =
H = 10+ (0.5 + 1)
H = ____
B
10
0.50
1
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to
the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)

2x M10 X 1.5

Positional Tolerances Are Not Equal
(Reference)
H= F+(T1 + T2)
10
H = Min. diameter of clearance hole

F = Maximum diameter of fastener
T1= Positional tolerance (Part A) T2=
Positional tolerance (Part B)
Calculate Required
2x
+/- 0.25
11.75
0.5 M
A
2X M10 X 1.5
1 M P 10
Nominal Size

H=F+(T1 + T2)
T1 = Positional Tol. (A) =
T2 = Positional Tol. (B) =
H = 10 + (0.5 + 1)
H = 11.5 Minimum
B
10
0.5
1
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is

necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size
combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing the
fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure
assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at
MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance.
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED

H
Calculate
Nominal Size
2x

F= Maximum diameter of pin
T1= Positional tolerance (Part A)
T2= Positional tolerance (Part B)
D= Min. depth of pin (Part A)
P= Maximum projection of pin
??.?? +/-0.25
0.5 M
A
2x

H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
10.05 +/-0.05
0.5 M
F = Max. pin size

= 10
T1 = Positional Tol. (A)
=
0.5
T2 = Positional Tol. (B)
=
0.5 D
= Min. pin depth
= 20. P
= Max. pin projection
= 15
H = 10.00 + 0.5 + 0.5(1 + 2(15/20))

H=
__________
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where a projected tolerance zone is not indicated, it is

necessary to select a positional tolerance and minimum clearance hole size
combination that will allow for any out-of-squareness of the feature containing the
fastener. The modified fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate the appropriate minimum clearance hole size required to ensure
assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features are at
MMC and at the extreme positional tolerance.
APPLIES WHEN A PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE IS NOT USED

H
Calculate
Nominal Size
2x

F= Maximum diameter of pin
T1= Positional tolerance (Part A)
T2= Positional tolerance (Part B)
D= Min. depth of pin (Part A)
P= Maximum projection of pin
12 +/-0.25
0.5 M
A
2x
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))

H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
10.05 +/-0.05
0.5 M
F = Max. pin size

T1 = Positional tol. (A)
T2 = Positional tol. (B)
= Min. pin depth
= Max. pin projection
= 10
=
0.5
=
0.5 D
=
20 P
=
15
H = 10 + 0.5 + 0.5(1 + 2(15/20))

H=
11.75 Minimum
G D & T
Notes
G D & T
Notes
G D & T
Notes
G D & T

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G D & T

Based on the ASME Y14.5M1994 Dimensioning and

Engineering drawing should be precise

What are Dimensions?

GD & T Important Terms

Can be used to establish an axis, Median Plane or

GD & T Important Terms

A basic dimension is a numerical value used to

These dimensions have no tolerance. They only

These dimensions are enclosed in a rectangular

GD & T Important Terms

GD & T Important Terms

Extreme Variations of Form

Internal Feature of Size

Extreme Variations of Form

External Feature of Size

GD & T Important Terms

Symbols Use - examples

Form Characteristics are always individual ie not

Straightness is the condition where an element of a

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example each line element of the surface must lie

The straightness tolerance is applied in the view where the

Outer Boundary (Max)

Outer Boundary = Actual Feature Size + Straightness Tolerance

15.1 Virtual Condition

15.1 Virtual Condition

0.1 Tolerance Zone

In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance

Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements in

0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone

Circularity is the condition of a surface where all points of the

0.1 Tolerance Zone

Cylindricity is the condition of a surface of revolution in which

Orientation Characteristics are

Datum. Important Terms

Datum Targets. Important Terms

Datum features are chosen based on part functionality

The tolerance zone in this example is defined

Angularity is the condition of the planar feature surface at a

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

Angularity is the condition of the feature axis at a specified

The tolerance zone in this example is

Perpendicularity is the condition of the planar feature

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in this example is

Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right

Perpendicularity is the condition of the feature axis at a right

0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone

The tolerance zone in this example

Parallelism is the condition of the planar feature surface

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in this example

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

NOTE: Tolerance applies

The tolerance zone in this example is

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant

Parallelism is the condition of the feature axis equidistant along

Runout Characteristics are

Circular runout can only be applied on an

The tolerance zone for any individual circular

When measuring circular

NOTE: Circular runout in this example only