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GD&T
Geometrical Dimensioning & Tolerancing
G D & T
What is G D & T ?
9GD & T is a Standardised & precise
mathematical language of Symbols, Rules,
Definitions & conventions for Engineering
drawings that more clearly defines the
dimensional and tolerance requirements with
respect to the actual function and relationship of
features.
GD & T is the grammar of engineering Drawing
9GD &T describes the products functional
interfaces with mating parts and assemblies etc.
9GD &T provides documentation base for design
of production and quality systems.
9GD &T is also a design philosophy on how to
design and dimension the parts.
9GD & T encourages a dimension philosophy
called Functional Dimensioning which means
Define a part based on how it functions in the
final product.
G D & T
Dimensioning Standards
ASME Y14.5M-1994
American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
Y14.5 --The standard number
M--Indicate the standard is in Metric
1994--Year of approved
History
G D & T
Basics
Engineering Drawing:
Engineering drawing is a document /tool that
communicates the design and manufacturing
information of a part. Drawing is the universal
language of engineering.
Engineering drawing provides the following
information:
a. Geometry of the part.
( Shape, Size and Form of the part).
b. Critical functional relationship.
c. Tolerances allowed for proper functioning.
d. Material, Heat treatment and surface coating info.
e. Part documentation information
(Part No. and Rev. Level etc.)
G D & T
G D & T
G D & T
Benefits of G D & T ?
Improves Communication :
GD &T provides uniformity in drawing
specifications and interpretation.
Increases Production Tolerance:
GD &T provides Bonus or Extra Tolerance
for manufacturing.
This extra tolerance can make a significant
saving in production costs.
Better Product Design:
Dimensioning based on how the part will be
functioning at the final stage
G D & T
Feature of size:
G D & T
G D & T
G D & T
25
(MMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25.1
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25.1
(LMC)
24.9
(LMC)
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
MMC Perfect
Form Boundary
25
(MMC)
24.9
(LMC)
G D & T
Symbols
G D & T
Symbols
G D & T
Symbols Dimensions
G D & T
Symbols Dimension
G D & T
G D & T
Tolerances
of Form
Straightness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.1)
Flatness
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.2)
Circularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.3)
Cylindricity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.4.4)
G D & T
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
It is the distance between two parallel planes spaced
apart a distance equal to the straightness tolerance
0.5
0.1
25 +/-0.25
0.1 Tolerance
0.5 Tolerance
G D & T
Straightness
(Flat Surfaces)
0.5 Tolerance Zone
25.25 max
24.75 min
G D & T
Straightness (RFS)
0.1
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
MMC
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size
must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is
equal to the specified tolerance value regardless of the feature size.
Each circular element of the feature must be within the specified limits of
size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC can be violated up
to the maximum outer boundary or virtual condition diameter.
G D & T
Straightness (MMC)
15
14.85
0.1
15
(MMC)
0.1 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
0.25 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
In this example the derived median line of the features actual local size
must lie within a tolerance zone defined by a cylinder whose diameter is
equal to the specified tolerance value at MMC. As each circular element
of the feature departs from MMC, the diameter of the tolerance cylinder
is allowed to increase by an amount equal to the departure from the local
MMC size. Each circular element of the feature must be within the
specified limits of size. However, the boundary of perfect form at MMC
can be violated up to the virtual condition diameter.
G D & T
Flatness
0.1
25 +/-0.25
24.75 min
25.25 max
G D & T
Circularity
(Roundness)
0.1
90
0.1
90
In this example each circular element of the surface must lie within a
tolerance zone defined by two concentric circles separated by the
specified tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the
limits of size and the circularity limit.
G D & T
Cylindricity
0.1
MMC
In this example the entire surface must lie within a tolerance zone
defined by two concentric cylinders separated by the specified
tolerance value. All points on the surface must lie within the limits of
size and the cylindricity limit.
G D & T
Tolerances of
Orientation
Angularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.2)
Perpendicularity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.4)
Parallelism
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.6.3)
G D & T
Datum definition ?
Datums are imaginary perfect points, axes and planes
established from actual part features. (Datum
features). These perfect geometric references
act as origins of measurement.
These imaginary Datums do not exist in the real world.
They are simulated with manufacturing and
inspection equipments such as machine tables,
chucks, surface plates, angle plates and vee
blocks. We then orient or locate other feature
surfaces, axes, centre planes or tangent planes
from these simulated datum points, axes and
planes.
Datums define the sequence in which part is to contact
the inspection equipment for dimension
measurement. Datums define the part surfaces
which are to contact the inspection equipment for
dimension measurement.
Some times instead of entire surfaces, Datum target
points, Datum target lines or Datum target areas
are used for establishing Datums.
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Interpretation of Datum
G D & T
Interpretation of Datum
G D & T
Angularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
20 +/-0.5
0.3 A
30
A
19.5 min
20.5 max
30
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
30
0.3 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
G D & T
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: Tolerance applies
to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
60
A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a
cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference plane.
G D & T
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Feature axis must lie
within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
NOTE: Tolerance
applies to feature
at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
45 o
Datum Axis A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a
cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference axis.
G D & T
Angularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Feature axis must lie
within tolerance zone cylinder
0.3 A
NOTE: Tolerance
applies to feature
at RFS
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
45 o
Datum Axis A
The tolerance zone in this example is defined by a
cylinder equal to the length of the feature, oriented
at the specified angle to the datum reference axis.
G D & T
Perpendicularity
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
0.3 A
A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
G D & T
Perpendicularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
0.3 Diameter
Tolerance Zone
C
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 C
G D & T
Perpendicularity
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
NOTE: Tolerance applies
to feature at RFS
0.3 A
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
The tolerance zone in this example is
defined by two parallel planes oriented
perpendicular to the datum reference axis.
G D & T
Parallelism
(Feature Surface to Datum Surface)
0.3 A
25 +/-0.5
A
0.3 Wide Tolerance Zone
25.5 max
24.5 min
G D & T
Parallelism
(Feature Axis to Datum Surface)
NOTE: The specified tolerance
does not apply to the orientation
of the feature axis in this direction
0.3 Wide
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A
G D & T
Parallelism
(Feature Axis to Datum Surfaces)
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.3 A B
G D & T
Parallelism
(Feature Axis to Datum Axis)
The tolerance zone in this example is
defined by a cylinder equal to the
length of the feature, oriented
parallel to the datum reference axis.
NOTE: Tolerance applies
to feature at RFS
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
0.1 A
0.1 Circular
Tolerance Zone
Datum Axis A
G D & T
Tolerances
of Runout
Circular Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.7.1.2.1)
Total Runout
(ASME Y14.5M-1994 ,6.7.1.2.2)
G D & T
Features Applicable
to Runout Tolerancing
Internal surfaces
constructed around a
datum axis
External surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Datum axis (established
from datum feature
Datum feature
Angled surfaces
constructed around
a datum axis
Surfaces constructed
perpendicular to a
datum axis
G D & T
Circular Runout
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
0
Measuring position #1
(circular element #1)
Full Part
Rotation
Measuring position #2
(circular element #2)
When measuring circular runout, the indicator must be reset to zero at each measuring position
along the feature surface. Each individual circular element of the surface is independently
allowed the full specified tolerance. In this example, circular runout can be used to detect 2dimensional wobble (orientation) and waviness (form), but not 3-dimensional characteristics
such as surface profile (overall form) or surface wobble (overall orientation).
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Full Indicator
Movement
)
-
Datum axis A
360 o Part
Rotation
Single circular
element
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Single circular
element
360 o Part
Rotation
Datum axis A
NOTE: Circular runout in this example will
only control variation in the 2-dimensional
circular elements of the planar surface (wobble
and waviness) not the entire feature surface
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Datum axis A
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Coaxial to Datum Axis)
0.75 A-B
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Allowable indicator
reading = 0.75 max.
Machine
center
360 o Part
Rotation
Machine
center
NOTE: Circular runout in this example will
only control variation in the 2-dimensional
circular elements of the surface (circularity and
coaxiality) not the entire feature surface
G D & T
Circular Runout
(Surface Related to Datum Surface and Axis)
A
0.75 A B
50 +/-0.25
As Shown
on Drawing
The tolerance zone for any individual circular element is
equal to the total allowable movement of a dial indicator fixed
in a position normal to the true geometric shape of the
feature surface when the part is located against the datum
surface and rotated 360 degrees about the datum axis. The
tolerance limit is applied independently to each individual
measuring position along the feature surface.
Means This:
Stop collar
360 o Part
Rotation
Collet or Chuck
Datum axis B
Datum plane A
G D & T
Total Runout
Total
Tolerance
Maximum
Minimum
Full Indicator
Movement
Maximum
Reading
Minimum
Reading
Indicator
Path
Full Part
Rotation
When measuring total runout, the indicator is moved in a straight line along the feature surface
while the part is rotated about the datum axis. It is also acceptable to measure total runout by
evaluating an appropriate number of individual circular elements along the surface while the part
is rotated about the datum axis. Because the tolerance value is applied to the entire surface, the
indicator must not be reset to zero when moved to each measuring position. In this example,
total runout can be used to measure surface profile (overall form) and surface wobble (overall
orientation).
G D & T
Total Runout
(Angled Surface to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
A
50 +/-0.25
50
+/- 2
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
When measuring total runout, the
indicator must not be reset when
repositioned along the feature
surface.
Collet or Chuck
Full Part
Rotation
Datum axis A
G D & T
Total Runout
(Surface Perpendicular to Datum Axis)
0.75 A
10
35
50 +/-0.25
Means This:
10
35
Full Part
Rotation
As Shown
on Drawing
+
+
Datum axis A
NOTE: The use of total runout in this example
will provide composite control of the cumulative
variations of perpendicularity (wobble) and
flatness (concavity or convexity) of the feature
surface.
G D & T
Tolerances
of Profile
Profile of a Line
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2b)
Profile of a Surface
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 6.5.2a)
G D & T
Profile of a Line
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
1 A B C
17 +/- 1
A
1 Wide Profile
Tolerance Zone
2 Wide Size
Tolerance Zone
18 Max
16 Min.
G D & T
Profile of a Surface
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
2 A B C
23.5
23.5
Nominal
Location
G D & T
Profile of a Surface
(Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
1 A B C
C
50
1 Wide Total
Tolerance Zone
0.5 Inboard
0.5 Outboard
50
Nominal Location
G D & T
Profile of a Surface
(Unilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
0.5 A B C
C
50
50
Nominal Location
G D & T
Profile of a Surface
(Unequal Bilateral Tolerance)
20 X 20
A1
B
20 X 20
A3
20 X 20
A2
0.5
1.2 A B C
C
50
0.5 Inboard
0.7 Outboard
50
Nominal Location
G D & T
Profile of a Surface
0.5 A
0.1
Location &
Orientation
Form Only
25
A
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
25.25
24.75
G D & T
Profile of a Surface
0.5 A
0.1 A
Location
Form & Orientation
25
A
0.1 Wide Tolerance Zone
25.25
24.75
G D & T
Tolerances
of Location
True Position
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.2)
Symmetry
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.13)
Concentricity
(ASME Y14.5M-1994, 5.12)
G D & T
Coordinate vs Geometric
Tolerancing Methods
8.5 +/- 0.1
1.4 A B C
Circular Tolerance
Zone
10.25
B
10.25
Coordinate Dimensioning
Geometric Dimensioning
+/- 0.5
1.4
+/- 0.5
57% Larger
Tolerance Zone
G D & T
X
Z
Feature axis actual
location (measured)
Positional
tolerance zone
cylinder
Actual feature
boundary
X2 + Y2
positional tolerance /2
G D & T
2X
2X
0.5 A B C
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
2X
6 +/-0.25
Means This:
True Position Related
to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
G D & T
6 +/-0.25
1.5 A B C
0.5 A B
10
B
10
As Shown
on Drawing
35
Means This:
True Position Related
to Datum Reference Frame
1.5 Wide
Tolerance
Zone
10
B
10
35
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Each axis must lie within the 1.5 X 0.5 rectangular tolerance zone
basically located to the datum reference frame
G D & T
2X 6 +/-0.25
0.5 M A B C
BOUNDARY
10
B
10
35
As Shown
on Drawing
Means This:
Both holes must be within the size limits and no
portion of their surfaces may lie within the area
described by the 11.25 x 5.25 maximum
boundaries when the part is positioned with
respect to the datum reference frame. The
boundary concept can only be applied on an
MMC basis.
C
90 o
10
10
35
G D & T
Location (Concentricity)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Axis of Datum
Feature A
0.5 Coaxial
Tolerance Zone
G D & T
Location (Symmetry)
Datum Features at RFS
6.35 +/- 0.05
0.5 A
15.95
15.90
As Shown on Drawing
Means This:
Center Plane of
Datum Feature A
0.5 Wide
Tolerance Zone
Derived Median
Points
Within the limits of size and regardless of feature size, all median points
of opposed elements must lie between two parallel planes equally
disposed about datum plane A, 0.5 apart. Symmetry can only be
applied on an RFS basis.
G D & T
Fixed and
Floating
Fastener
Exercises
G D & T
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts
have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown
below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance
requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit
when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
H=F+T or T=H-F
A
B
2x
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
H = Minimum Hole Size =
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T = 10.25 -10
T = ______
A
2x
Calculate
Nominal Size
H = F +T
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T = Positional Tolerance =
10.25
10
H = 10 + 0.50
H = ______
10
0.50
G D & T
Floating Fasteners
In applications where two or more mating details are assembled, and all parts
have clearance holes for the fasteners, the floating fastener formula shown
below can be used to calculate the appropriate hole sizes or positional tolerance
requirements to ensure assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit
when the features are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance
2x M10 X 1.5
(Reference)
H=F+T or T=H-F
A
B
2x
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance
T=H-F
H = Minimum Hole Size =
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T = 10.25 -10
T = 0.25
A
2x
Calculate
Nominal Size
10.25
10
H = F +T
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T = Positional Tolerance =
H=
H=
10 + .5
10.5 Minimum
10
0.5
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to
ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features
are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example
the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.)
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
??.??
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10
H = 10.00 + 2(0.8)
H = _____
B
10.00
0.80
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to
ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features
are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example
the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.)
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
11.85
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10
10.00
0.80
H = 10.00 + 2(0.8)
H = 11.60 Minimum
B
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have equal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerance required to
ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features
are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example
the positional tolerances indicated are the same for both parts.)
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
11.85
0.8
+/- 0.25
H = F + 2T
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
2X M10 X 1.5
0.8 M P 10
H = 10 + 2(0.8)
H = 11.6 Minimum
B
10
0.8
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In applications where two mating details are assembled, and one part has
restrained fasteners, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to
calculate appropriate hole sizes and/or positional tolerances required to ensure
assembly. The formula will provide a zero-interference fit when the features are
at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note: in this example the
resultant positional tolerance is applied to both parts equally.)
H=F+2T or T=(H-F)/2
2x
A
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
Calculate Required
Positional Tolerance .
(Both Parts)
T = (H - F)/2
2X M10 X 1.5
0.5 M P 10
T = (11 - 10)/2
T = 0.50
B
REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC
11
10
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to
ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features
are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example
the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)
(Reference)
10
H=F+(T1 + T2)
Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
+/- 0.25
??.??
0.5 M
A
2X M10 X 1.5
1 M P 10
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
H=F+(T1 + T2)
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T1 = Positional Tol. (A) =
T2 = Positional Tol. (B) =
H = 10+ (0.5 + 1)
H = ____
B
10
0.50
1
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
In fixed fastener applications where two mating details have unequal positional
tolerances, the fixed fastener formula shown below can be used to calculate the
appropriate minimum clearance hole size and/or positional tolerances required to
ensure assembly. The formula provides a zero-interference fit when the features
are at MMC and at their extreme of positional tolerance. (Note that in this example
the positional tolerances indicated are not equal.)
(Reference)
H= F+(T1 + T2)
10
Calculate Required
Clearance Hole Size.
2x
+/- 0.25
11.75
0.5 M
A
2X M10 X 1.5
1 M P 10
Nominal Size
(MMC For Calculations)
H=F+(T1 + T2)
F = Max. Fastener Size =
T1 = Positional Tol. (A) =
T2 = Positional Tol. (B) =
H = 10 + (0.5 + 1)
H = 11.5 Minimum
B
REMEMBER!!! All Calculations Apply at MMC
10
0.5
1
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
Calculate
Nominal Size
2x
??.?? +/-0.25
0.5 M
A
2x
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
10.05 +/-0.05
0.5 M
G D & T
Fixed Fasteners
Calculate
Nominal Size
2x
12 +/-0.25
0.5 M
A
2x
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
H= F + T1 + T2 (1+(2P/D))
10.05 +/-0.05
0.5 M
= 10
=
0.5
=
0.5 D
=
20 P
=
15
G D & T
Notes
G D & T
Notes
G D & T
Notes
G D & T