Limba engleza - THE LANGUAGE OF ECONOMICS

ANUL: I
SEMESTRUL I si II
Lector univ. dr. IRBAN NARCISA

CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION KEYWORDS .................................................................................................... 3
II. UP AND
DOWN ........................................................................................................................10
III.
ECONOMICS ...........................................................................................................
............... 12
IVMEASURING ECONOMIC ACTIVITY: MAIN
INDEXES ......................................................................27
V.
SENTENCES .....................................................................................................................
..........28

THE LANGUAGE OF ECONOMICS - LIMBAJUL ECONOMIC

I Introducere - Keywords

Acest capitol prezinta vocabularul general precum si definitiile indicator-cheie absolute necesari
accesului la informatia economica. El constituie o prima initiere si totodata baza pe care se vor
acumula cunostintele mai complexe oferite pe parcursul celor doua semestre ale anului I.
Keywords - Cuvinte - Cheie
Achizite
Acord

acquisition, purchase
agreement

Actionar

shareholder, stockholder

Actiune(bursiera)
A administra(a conduce a gestiona)

share, (US)stock
to manage, (un cont) to handle

Administrator(conducator)

manager

Administratie

management

(conducere)

Afaceri

business trade

Afacere(contract)

deal

Agricol

agricultural, farm, farming

Agricultor

farmer

Alocatie

allowance, subsidy

(cu) amanuntul
(vanzator) cu amanuntul

retail ( a vinde cu amanuntul) to retail, to sell by retail

retailer

angajat

1.(statut) employee 2.(calificare)clerk

angros

wholesale

angrosist

wholesaler

antreprenor

employer 2.(sens economic general )

entrepreneur, (pentru lucrari etc.) contractor

articol

article, item

asigurare
2. (societate)

1.(activitate) insurance
insurance company

B
balanta

balance

banca

1.(institutie) bank 2.(activitate) banking

bani

money, (metal) silver

bani marunti, maruntis

beneficiu
Atentie benefit= 1)avantaj

small change
profit

2) alocare alocatie subventie bloc (commercial)

buget
bun, bunuri

bloc

budget
good

Atentie, good nu se foloseste la singular decat in sens macro-economic : un

mijloc de productie a capital good. In sensul de marfa ,el nu se foloseste
decat la plural (goods) , o marfa a commodity
Bursa

stock-exchange,executive(piata bursiera)
Stock-market

C
Capital,capitaluri
Cadre, personal de conducere

capital
executive

Atentie: cuvantul englez capital folosit cu acest sens nu are pl:

a-si procura fonduri to raise capital
A cadea, a scadea, a se reduce

to fall, to drop, to decrease

Cadere(scadre)

fall, drop, decrease

Cerere

demand (cerere si oferta law of demand and supply

cheltuiala, cheltuieli
bugetara)

spending , expense (pozitie

expenditure

cifra

figure

cifra de afaceri

turn over

comerciant

shopkeeper, trader

client

customer (servicii) client

comert

trade

competitiv

competitive

competitivitate

competitiveness

a concedia(a disponibliliza)

to lay-off, to dismiss, to make (workers)

redundant

concediere(economica)

redundancy lay-off, laying-off

concentare

concentration

concurent

competitor

concurenta

competition

concurential

competitive

Conjunctura = atentie in lb engleza nu exista o traducere unica a acestui

termen, folositi the economy sau expresii ca (present) economic
trends, the (present) economic situation,the (present) state of the
economy, the business outlook ,the economic situation.

Constructie
Constituirea unei intreprinderi

housing, construction
business formation

(cererea unei intreprinderi)

consum

consumption

a consuma

to consume

consummator

consumer

cont

account

contabilitate

accounting

contabil

taxpayer

cost

cost

cota

quota

Creanta

debt[det]

Atentie: in lb engleza exista un singur cuvant pt creanta (bani care ne sunt

datorati) si datorie (bani pe care ii datoram): debt
Credit

credit

Creditor

creditor

A creste

to raise, to rise, to increase, to go up

cresterea

growth

criza

slump, depression, crises(pl crises)

a cumpara

to buy, to purchase

cumparare

purchase , buy

comparator

buyer, purchaser

D
Datorie

debt

Debuseu

outlet

Deficit

deficit

Deflatie

deflation

Deflationist

deflationary

Depresie(econmica)

depression

Dereglementare
(neitreventia statului ineconomie)
devize

deregulation
currency

director

manager

disponibilizare

mass-dismissal

distributie

distribution

dividend

dividend

drept

1.law 2.(vama etc) duty

E
Echilibru

balance

Economic

economic

Atentie : economical inseamna economic in sensul de economicos, prin care

se poate economisi sau rentabil.
Economie

1. (stiinta) economics

2. (caracteristici economice ale unei tari sau conjunctura

economica) (the)
economy ;economia romaneasca: the

Romanian economy (nu uitati articolul the!); economiile lumii a treia thirdworld economies
economii

saving, savings

a economisi

to save

econom (persoana care economiseste)

saver, small investor

export

export

a exporta

to export

exportator

exporter

exterior

foreign, overseas (GB)

F
a fabrica, a
produce

to manufacture, to make, to build

fabricant, producator

manufacturer, maker, builder

a factura

to invoice, to bill, to charge

factura

invoice, bill

faliment

bankruptcy, failure

financiar

(adj.) financial

finantare

financing, funding

a finanta

to finance, to fund

finante

finance

finantist

financier

fisc

(the) tax authorities;

(GB) the Inland Revenue;

(US) the Internal Revenue Services (IRS)

fiscal

tax, fiscal

flux

flow

fond, fonduri

1.m.sg. fund 2.m.pl. funds,

capital money
formare

1.(de personal) training

2.(a unei societati etc.) formation, forming,

founding, setting up, creation
a furniza

to supply

furnizor

supplier

a fuziona

to merge

fuziune

merger

G
a (se) globaliza

to globalize (to go global)

globalizare

globalization

greva

strike

grevist
I
importator

importer

import

import

a importa

to import

a impoza, a impozita

to tax

impozare, impozitare

taxation

impozite

tax, taxes

indice, indicator

index, pl. indexes, indices;

indicator

industrializare

industrialization

industrializat

industrialized

industrie

industry

industrial

adj. industrial

industrias

industrialist, businessman

inflatie

inflation

inflationist

inflationary

informatica
omputer science; data processing

information technology; computing; c

interior (intern)

domestic, home

a investi

to invest

investitie

investment

investitor

investor

mprumut

loan

a mprumuta (a lua cu mprumut)

to borrow

ncetinire

slow-down

a nfiinta

to set up

ntreprindere

business, firm, enterprise,

concern

L
liber schimb

free-trade

lichiditati

cash, liquidities

locuinta

housing

lucrator

worker, (GB) working man

M
marasm

slump, doldrums

marfa

commodity, product

marfuri

goods, commodities, products

masa monetara

money supply

materii prime

raw materials

mana de lucru

labour force, (US) labor

force, workforce

menaj

household

mondial

world, global

moneda

currency

multinational

multinational

munca

work

a munci

to work

muncitor

worker, (GB) working man

a muta

to relocate

mutare

relocation

N
national

national, home, domestic

a nationaliza

to nationalize

nationalizare

nationalization

a negocia

to negotiate

negociere

negotiation

negustor

merchant, dealer

nivel

level

nivel de trai

standard of living

O
obligatiune (bursiera)

bond

oferta

supply

a oferi, a face o oferta

to make an offer

P
patron

manager, fam. boss

patronat

management

pensionare

retirement

pensionar

retiree, (GB) pensioner

piata

market

plafon

ceiling

plata

payment

a plati

to pay

planseu

floor

plusvaloare

increase in value; (capitaluri)

capital gains

povara (fiscala)

burden

a prevedea (a prognoza)

to forecast

previziune (prognoza)

forecast

a privatiza

to privatize

privatizare

privatization

producator

producer

a produce

to produce

productivitate

productivity

produs

product(agricol)produce

progres

progress

Atentie:Pentru a traduce un progres(al stiintei etc )folositi advance sau breaktrough

profit

profit

proportie

rate

protectionism

protectionism

protectionist

protectionist ; adj. protectionist, protective

publicitate

1. advertising 2.(=anunt) advertisment, ad

R
randament

output ;(agricol,financiar)yield ;return

raspundere

responsibility;(susceptibil de a antrena urmariri judiciare) liability

raspunzator

1. adj.responsible;(suscesptibil de a fi urmarit in justitie) liable

2. n.official; person in charge

recesiune

recession

recuperare(revenire,

recovery ;(bursa)rally

restabilire)
a relansa
relansare
pump-priming

to boost,to spur,to stimulate,to revive,to refuel

boosting, revival, stimulation, spurring; (prin investitii de

rentabil

profitable

rentabilitate

profitability

resurse
revendicare

stat),

resources
claim

S
salariat

wage-earner

salariu

salary (al unui muncitor) wage(s);(al unor

sanatate

health

schimburi

trade

sectorul privat

private sector

sectorul public

public sector

servicii

service(s)

serviciu,slujba

employment,(o slujba-a job)

sindicalist

union official,union member

sindicat

union(GB trde union;US labor union)

social

social

cadre etc.)

societate

1(inreprindere)company,business firm,US corporation

2society
Atentie:in afara sensului general(viata in societate)
society desemneaza o asociere in scop nelucrativ

sondaj

(opinie) poll,survey

stoc(uri)

inventory,stoc,store

strain

foreigner(n.);foreign(adj,)

subventie

subsidy;allowance

a subventiona

to subsidize

suma

amount

s
somaj

unemployment;(US joblessness)

somer

unemployed person

somerii, populatia

the jobless,the unemployed

aflata in somaj
T
tarif(taxa,curs)
transport
trimestru

rate
transport,(US) transportation
quarter

tara

country

U
utilizator

user

uzina

factory, plant

V
valuta

currency

vama

customs

Atentie: nu omiteti s final in cuvintul englez

vanzator, vanzatoare

salesperson, salesman,
saleswoman; seller

a vinde

to sell

vanzare

sale

II. Up and down - Crestere si descrestere

1. VOCABULAR
Limba engleza dispune de un numar foarte mare de termini pentru a desemna o crestere sau o
scadere ,in functie de gradul de intensitate si de rapiditatea lor.
Iata o lista cu substantivrle si verbele cele mai frecvent folosite,asa cum apar ele intr-un context
economic,referitoare la cresterea /scaderea cursului etc.
a)

a creste, a se mari

to go up
to rise
to increase
to move up
to inch up

a creste putin cate putin

to surge

a creste dintr-o data

to balloon

a creste rapid

to soar

a urca

to skyrocket

a creste fulgerator

to peak

a atinge nivelul cel mai inalt,nivelul maxim

a rise

an increase
b)a scadea,a cobori
to go down
to fall

a fall

to drop

a drop

to decrease

a decrease

to sage

a se prabusi

to slump

a cadea brusc,a se prabusi

a slump ocriza economica

o recesiune

to plunge

a plonja,a scadea in mod dramatic si brusc

to sink

a scadea mult

to plummet

a scadea brusc

to collapse

a se prabusi

to be on the skids

a fi in decline,a fi pe cale de a se scufunda

a downturn

o cadere,o recesiune

a collapse

c) a se stabiliza
dupa o scadere
to bottom out (indica in acelasi timp faptul ca va incepe cursul sa creasca)
dupa o crestere
to reach a plateau
to level off
d)

a se redresa

to recover

a recovery

to look up
to turn up
to pick up

an upturn

to pick up
to improve
to rally (mai ales la bursa)

a rally

e) a fluctua
to fluctuate
to seesaw
to go into a roller-coaster (a fi ca pe un tobogan cu suisuri si coborari)
f) a face sa urce, a face sa creasca
to raise
to raise

a raise (US)

to hike (US)

a hike

to drive up
to step up

a accelera ritmul

to boost

a stimula, a promova

g)

a boost

a face sa coboare, a face sa scada

to bring down
to cut

a cut

to cut back

a cutback

to slash

a reduce considerabil

a slash

2. PREPOZITII
Atentie la folosirea prepozitiilor:
an increase of 5% sau a 5% increase
an increase in production sau a production increase
it increased by 5% sau (US) it increased 5%
Acest lucru este valabil pentru toate verbele si substantivele care desemneaza cresterea sau
scaderea (to go up, rise, drop, fall, decrease etc.)
Dar: a shortage of foreign currency.

3. FOLOSIREA VIRGULEI SI A PUNCTULUI

Atentie la folosirea corecta a punctului sau a virgulei:
2,5 la suta = 2.5 (two point five) per cent
o,5 la suta = 0.5 (zero point five) per cent sau .5% (point five)
10000 se scrie in engleza 10,000
5000 lire = 5000
2 milioane de dolari = $ 2 million sau $ 2 m.
Atentie si la :
Sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari
Hundreds, thousands, millions, billions of dollars dar
Cinci sute/ mii/ milioane/ miliarde de dolari:
Five hundred/ thousand/ million/ billion dollars.
Hundred, thousand etc. sunt invariabile atunci cand sunt precedate de o cifra.
III. ECONOMICS - Economie
1. DATE GENERALE CU PRIVIRE LA ACTIVITATEA ECONOMICA
Agenti economici

economic agents

Agregate economice

economic aggregates

Ajustat (corectat) in functie de sezon

seasonally adjusted

Ameliorare (imbunatatire)

improvement

Anual

annual, yearly

Austeritate

austerity

Autarhie

self-sufficiency

Birocratie

red tape, bureaucracy

Bloc comercial

trading bloc

Bogatie

wealth

Brut

gross

Capitalism

capitalism

Cadere (scadere)

fall, drop

Ciclu

cycle

Cifra

figure, digit, number

Competitivitate

competitiveness

Concurent

competitor

Concurenta

competition

Conjunctura

current situation, current trend, economic outlook

Crestere

increase, rise

Crestere puternica

surge

Criza

crisis, slump

Curba

curve

Date

data

Declin

decline

Decolare

take off

Deflatie

deflation

Densitatea populatiei

population density

Depresiune

depression

Dereglementare (neinterventie a statului)

deregulation

Dezvoltare

development

Economia unei tari

the economy

Economic (rentabil)

economical

Economic

economics

Economie (stiinta)

economics

Economie libera
laisser-faire economy, liberal economy (atentie la
cuvantul liberal, care in America de Nord denumeste o orientare politica progresista, de stanga in
alte cuvinte (n. a.))

Economie paralela, subterana

underground economy

Economie planificata

state controlled, state-run, planned

Econommist

economist

Eficienta

efficiency

Era post-industriala

post-industrial era

Evolutie

evolution

Expansiune (avant, dezvoltare)

expansion, development

Expansiune

expansion

Flexibilitate

flexibility

Fluctuatie

fluctuation, swing

Fluxuri economice

economic flows

Fluxuri migratoare

migratory flows

Grad, masura

scale, table

Grafic

graph, chart

Impas

stalemate

Imobilism

status quo

Independenta (economica)

self-sufficiency

Indexare

indexing

Indice

index (pl. indexes, indices)

Indicatori economici

economic indicators

Indicatori de tendinta

trend indicators

Indicatori (principali)

leading, key indicators

Industrializare

industrialization

Inferior

lower

Infrastructuri

infrastructures

Imbatranirea populatiei

ageing

economy

Incetinire

slowdown, slackness

La scara redusa

small-scale

Legea ofertei si a cererii

law of supply and demand

Liberalism
laisser-faire, free market economy, liberalism
(atentie la cuvantul liberal, care in America de Nord denumeste o orientare politica progresista, de
stanga in alte cuvinte (n. a.))
Libera concurenta, piata libera

free market

Liber schimb

free trade

Lumea a treia

Third-World

Lunar

monthly

Macroeconomie

macroeconomics

Mercantilism

mercantilism

Mediu (adj.)

average, median, mean

microeconomie
migrari ale populatiei

microeconomics
population shifts

miscare de fonduri

movement of capital

miscare de marfuri

movement of goods

mutare
neoliberalism

relocation
neo-conservative economic policy
neo-liberalism

net

net

oferta, cerere

supply, demand

parteneri comerciali

trade partners

perspectiva

outlook, prospects

pe scara larga

large-scale

pe termen lung

long-term

pe termen mediu

medium-term

pe termen scurt
piramida vrstelor
plafon
plan de relansare

short-term
age pyramid
ceiling
recovery plan, incentive plan

planificare

planning

politica economica

economic policy

politica de preturi

pricing policy

populatia activa
prag
pragul saraciei
pret
previziuni(prognoze)

working population
threshold
poverty line
price
economic forecasts, survey

economice
procentaj

percentage

productivism

productivism

proiect

project

progres

progress, advantage

prosperitate, avnt

boom, prosperity

protectie sociala

social protection

rata fertilitatii

fertility rate

rata mortalitatii

death, mortality rate

rata mortalitatii infantile

infant mortality rate

rata natalitatii

birth rate

rata

rate

recesiune

recession

redresare, recuperare

recovery, rebound, rally

reforma

reform

relansare(revigorare)

revival

restructurare

restructuring

retea

network

revolutie industriala

industrial revolution

rigoare

austerity

saturatie

saturation, glut

saracie

poverty

scadere

decrease

schimburi comerciale

trade exchanges

societate bogata

affluent society

societate cu doi parteneri

two-tier society

societate de consum

consumer society

societate de servicii

service society

speranta de viata

life expectancy

spirit de initiativa

entrepreneurial spirit, entrepreneurship

stagflatie

stagflation

stagnare

stagnation

statistica

statistics

strategie

strategy

strategie de reconversie

reconversion strategy

strategie de redistribuire

redeployment strategy

strategie de recentrare

core strategy

subdezvoltare

under development

superior(adj.)

upper

suprancalzire

overheating

taraganare
tendinta (ascendenta,

sluggishness
upward, downward, trend

descendenta)
teoria ofertei

supply-side, economics

transa

bracket

tara care creste rapid

fast-growing country

(cu crestere rapida)

tara care se dezvolta rapid

fast-developing country

tara industrializata

industrialized, developed country

tara n curs de dezvoltare

developing country

tarile cele mai sarace

less developed countries (LDC)

(mai putin dezvoltate)

tari recent industrializate

newly industrialized countries

urbanizare

urbanization

zilnic

daily

2. ECONOMIC ACTIVITY INDEXES INDICATORII ACTIVITII ECONOMICE

alocatie
cheltuieli
conducere(gestiune)

allowance
expenditures, spendings
management

consum casnic (al menajelor)

household consumption

controlul preturilor

price control

costuri salariale

labour costs

credit

credit

crestere a cereri

excess demand

crestere a productivitatii
crestere zero

productivity gain
zero growth

disponibilizare

dismissal

disponibilizare (economica)

lay-of, redundancies

deficit

deficit

economii

savings

economii ale menajelor

household savings

econom (persoana care economisteste)

saver, investor

emisiune monetara

money issuing

excedent

surplus

export

export

flexibilitate

elasticity, flexibility

import

import

impozit asupra consumului

consumer tax

impozit asupra plusvalorii

capital gains tax

impozit asupra venitulu societatilor

corporate income tax

impozit direct/indirect

direct taxation/ indirect taxation, excise duties

impozit funciar

land tax

impozit (taxa) de succesiune

inheritance tax

impozit pe venit (al persoanelor fizice)

(individual) income tax

indemnizatie

allowance, indemnity

indicele costului vietii

Cost of Living index (C.O.L. index)

indicele preturilor (bunurilor de consum)

consumer price index

inflatie

inflation

inflatie cu doua cire

double digit inflation

inghetarea salariilor

wage-freeze

lipsa, penurie

shortage

masa monetara

money supply

masa salariala

aggregate remuneration, payroll

menaj, gospodarie

household

mic investitor

small investor

nivel de trai

standard of living

nivelul general al preturilor

overall price level

PIB commercial

merchant GDP

Plusvaloare

capital gain

PNB pe cap de locuitor

GNP per capita

Politica bugetara

budget policy

Prestatii sociale

social security benefits

Productivitate

productivity

Produs intern brut (PIB)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Produs national brut (PNB)

Gross National Product (GNP)

Putere de cumparare

purchasing power

Randament

return, productivity, yield

Rata de crestere

growth rate

Reducerea personalului unei societati

downsizing

Relaxarea politicii de credite

easing of credit restrictions, easy credit policy

Rentabilitate

profitability

Restrictie de credit

credit squeeze, tight credit policy

Resurse (naturale)

(natural) resources

Salariu mediu

median wage

Salariu minim

minimum wage

Spirala inflationista

wage and price spiral

Stoc

stock

Subproductie

underproduction

Subventie

subsidy, subvention

Supraproductie

overproduction

Surplus

surplus

Taxe si impozite asupra produselor petroliere (TIPP) domestic oil tax

TVA (taxa pe valoare adaugata)

Value-Added Tax (VAT)

Unitate de productie

production unit

Valoare adaugata

added value

Valoarea de piata

market value

Venit

income, revenue

Venitul mediu al menajelor

household median income

Venit national

national income

Venit pe cal de locuitor

per capita income

2. BUSINESS AND EMPLOYMENT FIRME SI LOCURI DE MUNCA

Agricultor

farmer

Angajare cu jumatate de norma/ cu norma intreaga part-time/full-time employment

angajare pe viata

lifetime employment

angajare temporara

temporary, precarious employment

angajat
angajator(patron)
antreprenor, intreprinzator
aport social
aportul social al parto-

employee
employer
entrepreneur
social contributions
employer's social contributions

nului(al angajatorului)
artisan, mestesugar

craftsman, artisan

artizanat, activitate

craft industry, cottage industry

mestesugareasca

atelier
autoritatile publice

workshop
the public authorities

avantaje sociale

benefits

beneficiu(comercial)

profit

birou

office

bogatii

the rich

cadru, cadre (de conducere)

executive, manager

cadru de conducere

top executive

cadru mediu

middle manager

cadru superior

senior executive, senior manager

castiguri

earnings

cecurile de afaceri

business circles, quarters

cifra de afaceri

turnover

clasa bogata

the well-off

clasa conducatoare

the ruling class

clasa de mijloc

the middle class

clasa defavorizata

the lower class

clasa muncitoare

the working class

clasa superioara

the upper class

clasa sociala

social class, social status

comerciant

shopkeeper, store operator(US), tradesman (GB)

companie, firma, societate

company

companie multinationala

multinational company

concern (clasa de comert)

concern

conducatorul intreprinderii

company manager, head, owner

conglomerat

conglomerate

cooperativa

cooperative

corporatism

corporatism

crearea(infiintarea)

(business) formation, start-up, set-up

unei intreprinderi
deposit
faliment

warehouse
bankruptcy

filiala

subsidiary, affiliate

firma

firm

functionar (al statului)

state employee, civil servant

fuziune

merger, amalgamation

greva

strike

grevist

striker

grila de salarizare
grup

wage scale
group

holding

holding company

inginer

engineer

intreprindere

firm, company (GB), corporation (US)

intreprindere de statie
intreprinderi mici si

state-owner company, public utility company

small and medium sized business

mijlocii(IMM)
maistru

foreman, supervisor

mana de lucru

workforce, manpower

munca minorilor

child labour

munca grea

hard labor

muncitor

worker

muncitorii zilieri(sezonieri)

day laborers

nationalizare

nationalization

partener

partner

patronat

management circles, the employers

pensionare

retirement

pensioner

retiree, pensioner

pescar
privatizare
profesie
profesie (liberala)
profesii liberale
profit

fisherman
privatization
occupation, trade
profession
professional people
profit

salariat

wage-earner

salariu

wage, salary

saracii

the poor

sectorul public/ privat

public/private sector

sectie (in fabrica)

the shop floor

sediu

head office, registered office

serviciu public

civil service, public service

sindicalism

trade unionism

sindicalist

unionist

sindicat

trade union, labour union (US)

societate (comerciala)

company, firm, corporation (US)

societate mixta
sucursala
sef, patron, director,
angajator

joint venture
branch
boss, owner, manager, employer

somaj

unemployment

somer

unemployed

uzina

factory, plant

4. PRODUCTS, MARKETS AND FINANCE PRODUSE, PIEE sI FINANE

actiune

share, stock (US)

angrosist

wholesaler

aparate casnice

household appliances, white goods

articol

item, article

banca

bank

bunuri

goods

bunuri de folosinta

durable goods, durables

ndelungata
bunuri de marfuri

commodity exchange, commodity market

bursa de valori

stock exchange, stock market

capital, capitaluri

capital

casa de economii

savings bank

client (servicii)

client

client

customer

client permanent

patron

clientela

clientele

comerciant

shopkeeper, tradesman, dealer, merchant

comerciant cu amanuntul

retail dealer, retailer

comert

commerce, trade

comert en detail

retail trade

(cu amanuntul)
comert en gros

wholesale trade

conducator, director,

manager

manager
consumator

consumer

creanta

debt

creditor

creditor

cumparare

purchase

cumparator

purchaser, buyer

datorie

debt

debitor

debtor

devize

currency

distribuitor

distributor

distributie

distribution

distributie n masa

mass retail, mass distribution

exportator

exporter

fabricant

manufacturer

febra cumparaturilor

spending spree

finantist

financier

fiscalitate, sistem fiscal

taxation, tax system

importator

importer

intermediar

middleman, intermediary

investitie

investment

investitor

investor

mprumut

loan

ndatorare

debt, indebtness

marfa

commodity

marfuri, bunuri

goods, merchandise, wares

marfuri de larg consum

mass consumption goods

marfuri de prima necessitate

staple goods, staples

marfuri de uz casnic

household goods

mijloace de productie

capital goods

obligatiune

bond, debenture

oportunitate (pe o piata)

niche

piata

market

piete financiare

financial markets

plasament (investitie

investment

mobiliara)
politica fiscala

fiscal policy, taxation policy

politica vamala

tariff policy

producator

producer, manufacturer

productia interna

domestic output, national production,

nationala
productie

output, production

productie n vrac

in bulk production, output

produs (industrial)

product

produs agricol

produce

produs de lux

luxury goods

produs finit

finished product

produs semi-finit

semi-finished product

produse alimentare

produce, foodstuffs

produse lactate

dairy produce

produse perisabile

perishable goods, perishables

protectia consumatorilor

consumerism

rata de schimb

exchange rate

rata dobnzii

interest rate

renta

revenue

reprezentant

representative, agent

servicii

services

subcontractare

subcontracting

subcontractor

subcontractor

taxa vamala

customs duty

titlu (de valoare)

security

troc

barter

unitate de productie

production unit

valoare (bursiera)

security

vama

customs

vnzator, -oare,

salesman, -woman; seller

agent de vnzare
vnzare

sale

5. MAIN VERBS VERBELE PRINCIPALE

a cadea

to drop

a cstiga (bani)

to make, to earn

a cheltui

to spend

a comercializa

to market

a concedia

to dismiss

a conduce

to run, to operate, to lead, to manage

a consuma

to consume

a creste

to increase, to rise, to grow

a creste (puternic)

to surge, to skyrocket

a cuceri (o piata)

to grab, to seize, to corner

a cumpara

to buy, to purchase

a da faliment

to go bankrupt

a dezvolta

to develop, to expand

a disponibiliza

to lay off, to make redundant

(din ratiuni economice)

a economisi

to save, to spare

a exploata (o

to operate

ntreprindere)
a exporta

to export

a fabrica

to manufacture

a face afaceri cu

to do business with

a face o afacere cu

to make a deal with

a gestiona (a administra)

to manage, to handle

a importa

to import

a investi

to invest

a ncheia (un contract,

to sign, to close, to clinch

o afacere)
a nfiinta

to set up

a lansa

to launch

a se mari

to increase, to rise

a muta

to relocate

a opri inflatia, somajul

to curb, to stern the tide of, to check

a patrunde (pe o piata etc.)

to penetrate, to break into, to tap

a produce

to produce

a realiza un profit

to make a profit

a reduce

to reduce, to cut, to lower

a reduce (puternic)

to slash

a reforma

to reform

a relansa

to spur, to boost, to revive, to prime

a scadea

to decrease, to fall

a scadea, a se prabusi

to plummet, to collapse

(preturi)
a stapni, a controla

to control

(costurile, cheltuielile)
a subcontracta
a sustine

to subcontract, to contract out

to sustain

a trata cu, a se

to deal with

confrunta cu
a vinde

to sell

6. A COUNTRY'S NATIONAL ECONOMY ECONOMIA NAIONAL A UNEI RI

sectorul primar

primary sector

sectorul secundar

secondary sector

sectorul tertiar

tertiary sector

1. AGRICULTURA
a) productia agricola

FARMING
agricultural production

bere

beer

cacao

cocoa

cafea

coffee

cartof

potato

ceai

tea

cereale

cereals

citrice

citrus

gru

wheat (US), corn (GB)

oleaginoase

oilseeds

orez

rice

porumb

maize (GB), corn (US)

tutun

tobacco

vita-de-vie

vine

zahar

sugar

b ) zootehnia (cresterea

cattle-raising, cattle-breeding, cattle

animalelor)

rearing

bovine

cattle

ovine

the ovine race

pasari

poultry

porcine

swine, pigs

c ) piscicultura (pescuitul)

fishing industry (the)

flota comerciala

merchant fleet

piscicultura

aqua farming

port pescaresc

fishing harbor

d ) industria forestiera
padure, lemn
2. INDUSTRIA ENERGETICA

forest industry (the)

wood
POWER INDUSTRY (THE)

carbune (huila, lignit)

coal (coal, beown coal)

energia nucleara

the nuclear energy, nuclear power

gaze naturale
hidroelectricitate
petrol

natural gas
hydroelectricity
oil (US), petroleum (GB)

surse de energie alternativa solara,

alternative sources of energy (sun,

eoliana etc.)
3.METALURGIA GREA
METALLURGICAL

wind, etc.)
HEAVY
INDUSTRY (THE)

(siderurgie, minerale)

( iron and steel industry, ore)

aluminiu

aluminum (US), aluminium

bauxita

bauxite

cobalt

cobalt

crom

chromium

cupru

copper

fier

iron

fosfati

phosphates

mangan

manganese

nichel
otel

nickel
steel

plumb

lead

staniu

tin

zinc
4. INDUSTRIA MINIERA
argint
aur
diamante
5. INDUSTRIA TEXTILA
bumbac
fibre artificiale
fibre sintetice

zinc
MINING INDUSTRY (THE)
silver
gold
diamond
TEXTILE INDUSTRY (THE)
cotton
artificial fibres
synthetic fibres

in

linen

iuta

jute

lana

wool

matase

silk

6. ALTE RAMURI DE PRODUCTIE OTHER PRODUCTIONS

ciment
cauciuc
mase plastice

cement
rubber
plastics

7. INDUSTRIILE PRELUCRATOARE

PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

industria aeronautica si

aerospace industry (the)

spatiala
industria aparatelor de cale
industria automobilelor
industria navala
8.TRANSPORTURI
transportul aerian

rail, railway, railroad industry (the)

car industry (the)
shipbuilding (the)
TRANSPORT, TRANSPORTATION
air transport(ation)

transportul feroviar

rail transport(ation)

transportul maritim

sea transport(ation)

transportul rutier

road transport(ation)

transportul terestru

ground transport(ation)

9. DIVERSE

MISCELLANEOUS

alimentatie

food diet

analfabetism

iliteracy

timp liber

leisure

sanatate

health

scolarizare

schooling

rata dotarii

equipment rate

turism

tourism

7.INDUSTRIES AND SECTORS

INDUSTRII SI SECTOARE

industria agro-alimentara

agro-business (the)

industria alimentara

food industry (the)

industia chimica
industria de armament
industria de constructii

chemical industry (the)

arms industry (the)
building industry,building trade
(the)

industria de telecomunicatii
industiile de varf

telecommunications industry (the)

leading industries (the)

industria farmaceutica

pharmaceutical industry (the)

industria grea/usoara

heavy/light industry (the)

industria informatica

computer industry (the)

industria petrochimica

petrochemical industry (the)

industria producatoare

clothing industry (the)

de confectii
industria produselor de lux
industria spectacolului

luxury goods industry (the)

show business, entertainment
industry (the)

industria de inalta tehnologie

8.MISCELLANEOUS

high tech industry (the)

DIVERSE

audiovizualul

audio-visual industry (the)

averea imobiliara

real estate

editurile

publishing industry (the)

industria producatoare de imbracaminte (productie in serie) ready-to-wear industry (the)

locuinte

housing

mass-media

media(the)

robotica

robotics

sectorul asigurarilor

insurance industry(the)

sectorul bancar

banking industry(the)

telematica

telematics

9. Vocabular suplimentar
baraj
bazin

Additional vocabulary
dam
field

centrala (energetica)

power plant

companie aeriana

airline company

extractie de minereuri
foraj
furnal
linie de montaj

mining
drilling, boring
blast furnace
assembly line

masina-unealta

machine tool

mina

mine

otelarie

steel mill

piese de schimb

spare parts

rafinarie

refinery

ssantier naval

shipyard

transportator, caraus

carrier, haulier

zacamint

deposit

IV. Measuring economic activity : main indexes - Evaluarea activitatii economice: principalii
indicatori
Gross National Product (GNP) Produsul national brut (PNB)

The total final value of goods and services produced in a national economy over one year.
The Growth Rate (rata de crestere) of an economy is the increase in its GNP from one year to
another.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) produsul intern brut (PIB)
The index measures the value of goods and services produced on the national territory over a year.
Balance of trade, trade balance balanta comerciala
The difference over a period of time (generally a year) between the value of a country's imports and
exports of merchandise. The balance is said to be favourable (US favorable) when it shows a surplus
of exports, in which case it shows a deficit. An unfavourable balance is referred to as a trade gap.
Balance of payments balanta de plati
A system for the recording of a country's total transactions with the rest of the world during a given
period of time (usually a year).
Consumer Price Index (CPI) indicele preturilor (bunurilor) de consum.
A measure of change in consumers prices, determined by a monthly survey.
Also known as Cost-of-Living Index.
Household consumption consumul casnic (al menajelor);
Industrial consumption indicele productiei industriale;
A monthly statistics on the total output of factories and mines.
Unemployment figures (US Jobless Rate) numarul soemerilor/rata somajului.
The proportion of the labour (US labor) force that is without paid work.
Exchange rate rata de schimb.
The prices at which a country's currency can be converted into another's.
Other indexes and yardsticks

alti indicatori si instrumente de masura;

Consumer demand nivelul consumului, cererea consumatorilor;

Purchasing power

puterea de cumparare;

Standard of living

nivelul de trai;

Population growth

cresterea demografica;

Birth rate rata natalitatii;

Death rate rata mortalitatii;

Life expectancy/expectation speranta de viata.

V. SENTENCES
1. The economy's performance in the last few months has not been encouraging.
2. Sluggishness has persisted throughout the year, and most estimates have had to be revised
downwards.
3. The immediate outlook is gloomy.
4. There is a widespread concern over a deepening of the business slowdown.
5. Business is at a standstill.
6. A devaluation would give exporters a competitive edge.
7. The aftermath/ outcome of a devaluation is often a rise in the production costs, prices and
wages.
8. We are headed for a slump.
9. The situation is compounded of inflation and social unrest.
10.Stagflation is rampant.
11.There are disturbing reports of mounting chaos and widespread lay-offs.
12.Unemployment has been inching up all year.
13.Beleaguered industrialists are casting about for means of coping with the rash of wildcat
strikers.
14.The rising tide of inflation will have to be stemmed.
15.Unions should be discouraged from speeding up the wage-price spiral.
16.If consumer demands levels off or falls, employers will eventually have no alternative than to
cut their payrolls.
17.The government is now contemplating a wage-freeze.
18.Additional measures will have to be taken to reduce inflationary/upward pressures on costs and
prices.
19.According to the forecasts of experts, household consumption should go up in the next quarter.

20.Expectations of an early rebound in the economy have been disappointed.

21.Many economists feel that artificially stimulated demand is preferable to slack economy.
22.There is no alternative but to spur the lagging economy.
23.Some amount of pump-priming will be needed if the country is to be set on its feet again.
24.The country now seems on its way to recovery.
25.A powerful surge of buying has been developing.
26.(The) consumers have gone on a spending spree.
27.The revival spreads although the country is still plagued by inflation.
28. Despite official optimism, it is still far from sure that the economy is recovering from its mild
recession.
29. Retail sales are up only 3% over last year - an actual drop in volume after discounting inflation.
30. New incentives to spur capital spending are currently under active/serious consideration.
31. There is a need to spur/stimulate employment and consumption.
32. The question is: how to retain prosperity curbing/checking inflation.
33. Seasonally adjusted unemployment figures tend to suggest that business start-ups have not been
so/as numerous as expected.
34. Businessmen have been loath to use the credit already available.
35. With interest rates falling, hot money will flow to other areas/regions.
36. Confidence cannot be restored overnight.
37. The business slowdown is causing serious concern in government circles.
38. The Gross National Product (GNP) has increased (by) 5.25%.
39. The Xmas (i.e. Christmas - n.red.) buying spree should not be mistaken for a genuine recovery.
40. Production is down 4.5% on last year