Abdul Rahim Mohd Yusoff

SEPARATION OF FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE USING
ULTRAFILTRATION MEMBRANE:
EFFECT OF pH AND IONIC STRENGTH ON FLUX AND REJECTION
MOHD KHAIRUL AFIZAN BIN HARUN
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

requirement for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Chemical Engineering
Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering

Universiti Malaysia Pahang
APRIL 2009
I declare that this thesis entitled Separation of Fructosyltransferase Using

Ultrafiltration Membrane: Effect of pH and Ionic Strength on Flux and Rejection is
the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesis has not
been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any
other degree.
Signature
: ..................................................
Name of Candidate
: MOHD KHAIRUL AFIZAN BIN HARUN
Date
: 2 APRIL 2009
iii
Special Dedication of This Grateful Feeling to My
Beloved parents;
Hj. Harun bin Jusoh & Hajjah Aminah binti Hj. Othman
Loving brother and sisters;

Nor Ashikin Hj. Harun
Samseema Hj Harun
Suraya Hj. Harun
Mohd Reduan Hj. Harun
Suzana Hj. Harun
Siti Khatijah Hj. Harun
Noor Nabila Huda Hj. Harun
Nor Bashirah Hj. Harun
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would to express gratitude to all who gave me the possibility to complete this
Undergraduate Research Project (PSM). I want to thank the first and foremost, my
sincere appreciation to my Undergraduate Research Project supervisor, Dr Mimi
Sakinah Binti Abdul Munaim, for guiding and encouraging me throughout this
experiment. Thanks a lot for giving me a professional training, advice and suggestion
to bring this Undergraduate Research Project to its final form. Without her support
and interest, this PSM would not have been the same as presented here.
I am grateful to the staff of Technical Unit, Faculty of Chemical & Natural

Resources Engineering of Universiti Malaysia Pahang as Mr. Zainal bin Gimban and
En. Abd Razak bin Abd Hamid for their cheerfulness and professionalism in handling
their work.
Special appreciation for Miss Kamariah bt Mat Peah from Faculty of Civil &
Earth Resources as her interest to help for using Total Orgnanic Carbon.
In particular, my sincere thankful is also extends to all my colleagues as Nor

Diyana binti Abu Bakar Sidek and others masters student who have provided
assistance at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful indeed. Unfortunately,
it is not possible to list all of them in this limited space.
And last, but not least I thank my mothers and other family members for their
continuous support while completing this PSM.
ABSTRACT
There are various methods to separate between macro molecule and non
dissolved particle in chemical process. One of the methods is separation process using
ultrafiltarion membrane. In filtration process, the macromolecules such as enzyme
will be retained on the membrane surface. This experiment is study about fouling
characteristic occur in an industry. The fouled membrane surface problem gives the
high cost operation and reduces the quality of production. Therefore, the main
objectives for this experiment are to determine the effect of pH and ionic strength on
membrane flux and rejection during fructosyltransferase (FTase) separation. The 50
kDa molecular weight cut off (MWCO) of ultrafiltration membrane was used during
this experiment. Cross flow filtration was used to run this experiment in the lab scale.
Total organic carbon (TOC) was used to analysis the concentration of sample.
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4) and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate
(K2HPO4) buffer solution range pH 5 to pH 8 was applied to find the effect of pH and
various molarities of NaCl (0.5M to 2.0M) was used to find the effect of ionic
strength in ultrafiltration membrane. The experimental result shows that the optimum
pH and ionic strength was 8.0 and 0.5M, respectively, in order to separate the FTase
solution using ultrafiltration membrane.
vi
ABSTRAK
Pelbagai langkah dan teknik digunakan bagi pemisahan antara molekul macro
dan bahan tidak terlarut dalam prosess kimia. Salah satu kaedah yang digunakan ialah
proses pemisahan dengan menggunakan penapis ultra. Dalam proses pengasingan atau
penapisan ini, molekul macro seperti enzim akan tertahan di permukaan penapis.
Dalam eksperimen ini, kajian dijalankan bagi mengenal pasti ciri ciri bahan yang
menyebabkan berlaku penyumbatan penapis dalam industri kerana ia akan memberi
kesan negatif seperti peningkatan kos operasi dan mengurangkan kualiti produk.
Objektif utama kajian ini adalah bagi mengenal pasti, kesan pH dan kekuatan ionik
kepada fluks dan bahan tertahan dengan menggunakan enzim fructosyltransferase
(FTase). Saiz penapis yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini ialah 50 kDa. Manakala
penapis aliran songsang yang digunakan adalah berskala kecil. Total organic content
(TOC) digunakan bagi menganalisa kepekatan sampel. Kalium dihodrogen Phospahte
(KH2PO4) dan diKalium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4) digunakan sebagai larutan
penimbal dengan skala antara pH 5 sehingga pH 8, manakala 0.5M sehingga 2.0M
Natrium Klorida (NaCl) digunakan bagi menganalisa kekuatan ionik larutan tersebut.
Keputusan daripada kajian ini menunjukan, pH 8 dan 0.5M merupakan larutan yang
optimum untuk digunakan dalam proses penapisan dengan menggunakan penapis
ultra.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
ABSTRAK
vi
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xvi
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objective
1.4 Scope of Study
1.5 Significant of Study
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Enzyme of Fructosyltransferase
2.2 Definition of Membrane
10
2.2.1 Driving force in membrane separation process
10
2.2.2 Transmembrane pressure
10
2.3 Membrane Structure
11
2.3.1 Porous Membrane
11
2.3.2 Non-Porous Membrane
12
2.3.3 Carrier Membrane
12
2.4 Membrane Type
13
2.5 Flowsheet
14
CHAPTER
TITLE
2.6 Process Operation
15
2.7 Membrane Module Type and Their Characteristic
16
2.7.1 Plate and Frame
16
2.7.2 Spiral Wound Module
17
2.7.3 Hollow Fiber, Capillary and Tubular
18
2.8 Unltrafiltration Membrane
19
2.8.1 Asymmetric Membrane
19
2.8.2 Porous Membrane
19
2.8.3 Types of Flow Ultrafiltration Process
20
2.8.4 Protein Separation Mechanisme
20
2.8.5 Factor Affecting Ultrafiltration Membrane
21
2.8.5.1 Temperature
21
2.8.5.2 Ratio of Concentration
21
2.8.5.3 Viscosity and Volume Flow Rate
21
2.9 Fouling
22
2.9.1 Definition of Fouling
22
2.9.2 Particles, Biofouling and Scaling
23
2.9.3 Predict Fouling
23
2.9.4 Membrane Fouling Control
24
2.9.4.1 Silt Density Index (SDI)

2.10 Limitations
PAGE
24
25
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Overall Methodology
27
3.2 List of Apparatus
27
3.2.1 Ultrafiltrtion System
29
3.2.2 Membrane Type
30
3.3 List of Chemical
30
3.4 Preparation of Solution
31
3.4.1 Preparation of Buffer Solution
31
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
3.5 Separation of FTase using Ultrafiltration Membrane
32
for Effect of pH
3.6 Flux Analysis
33
3.7 Protein Rejection Analysis
34
3.8 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis
34
3.9 Separation of FTase using Ultrafiltration Membrane
35
for Inoic Strength
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Effect of pH on Flux during Membrane Separation
4.1.1 FTase Flux at pH 5 using Ultrafiltration
37
37
Membrane
38
Membrane
39
Membrane
41
Membrane
4.1.5 Overall Flux Analysis during FTase Separation
42
at Different pH Solution
4.2 Effect of pH on Membrane Rejection
4.2.1 Rejection Analysis of FTase at Different pH
45
45
Solution
4.3 Effect of Ionic Strength on Membrane Flux
4.3.1 Flux Decline during FTase Separation at 0.5 M
47
47
NaCl
48
NaCl
NaCl
50
CHAPTER
TITLE
PAGE
51
NaCl
4.3.5 Overall Inonic Strength Analysis during FTase
53
Separation.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION

5.1 Conclusions
56
5.2 Recommendation
57
REFERENCES
58
APPENDIX A
61
APPENDIX B
74
APPENDIX C
95
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Membrane Materials for Various Applications
13
2.2
Membrane Separation Processes with its Various
15
Characteristics
2.3
Plate and Frame
16
2.4
Spiral Wound Modules
17
2.5
Hollow-Fiber, Capillary and Tubular
18
3.1
Preparation of Buffer Solution
31
3.2
Recommendation Cleanign Conditions
33
4.1
% of Rejection at Different pH Solution
46
A.1
Flux Decline during FTAse Separation at pH 5
62
A.2
63
A.3
64
A.4
65
A.5
Volume of Flux for every pH
66
A.6
Flux for every pH
67
A.7
Flux Volume for 0.5M NaCl
68
A.8
69
A.9
71
A.10
71
A.11
Volume of Flux for every Mole
72
A.12
Flux for every Mole
73
Table from TOC
74
xvi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES NO.
TITLE
PAGE
1.1
KvickTM Lab Cross-Flow System Units
2.1
Process flowsheet of industrial production of FTase.
2.2
Porous Membrane (separation of smaller species)
11
2.3
Non-porous membrane
12
2.4
Carriers membrane
13
2.5
Parallel Flow
14
2.6
Series Flow
14
2.7
Two Stage Flow
14
2.8
Plate and Frame Schematic
16
2.9
Spiral-Wound Schematic
17
2.10
Bore Feed Schematic
18
2.11
Shell Feed Schematic
19
2.12
Rtotal in membrane
23
3.1
Methodology for Effect of pH
27
3.2
Methodology for Effect of Ionic Strength
28
3.3
Cross flow Ultrafiltration Membrane
29
3.4
Polyethersulfone membrane
30
3.5
Total Organic Carbon
34
4.1
Flux during FTase separation at pH 5
37
4.2
Volume during FTase separation at pH 5
37
4.3
38
4.4
39
4.5
40
4.6
40
4.7
41
ix
FIGURES NO.
TITLE
PAGE
4.8
42
4.9
Overall Flux Analysis during FTase separation at
43
different pH
4.10
Overall Volume Analysis during FTase separation at
43
different pH
4.11
Flux on 10 minute on different pH
44
4.12
Volume on 10 minute on different pH
44
4.13
Analysis of Rejection at Different pH Solution
46
4.14
Ionic Strength during FTase separation at 0.5M
47
4.15
Volume of Flux during FTase separation at 0.5M
48
4.16
49
4.17
49
4.18
50
4.19
51
4.20
52
4.21
52
4.22
Overall analysis of Flux during FTase separation at
54
different mole solution.

4.23
Overall analysis of volume during FTase separation at
54
different mole solution.

4.24
Flux on 10 minute at different mole
55
4.25
Volume on 10 minutes at different mole
55
C.1
Cross Flow Filtration
96
C.2
Apparatus of Experiment
96
C.3
Apparatus of Experiment
97
C.4
Sample of Experiment
97
C.5
Sample of Experiment
98
C.6
Total Organic Carbon
98
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study
Excellent water quality produced by membrane filtration has made this

advanced technology a promising process in providing better drinking water for water
supply. Membrane filtration processes involving microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration
(UF), nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) in potable water production have
increased rapidly for the past decade and would potentially replace the conventional
treatment process trains which consist of ozonationprecipitation coagulation
flocculationchlorinationgravel filtration (Clever et al., 2000)
Recently, membrane separation involves partially separating a feed containing

a mixture of two or more components by use of a semi permeable barrier (the
membrane) through which one or more of the species moves faster than another or
other species. As shown in Figure 1.1, the basic process of the membrane separation
involves a feed mixture separated into a retentate (part of the feed that does not pass
through the membrane, or retained) and a permeate (part of the feed that passes
through the membrane). Although the majority of time the feed, retentate, and
permeate are usually liquid or gas, they may also be solid. The optional sweep is a
liquid or gas, used to help remove the permeate. (Ali et al., 2003)
2
Fructosyltransferase
is
an
enzyme
transforming
sucrose
into
fructooligosaccharides (FOS). FOS is fructose oligomers with a terminal glucosyl unit

and with a general formula GFn, where typical values of n are 24. FOS is classified
as prebiotics and has numerous beneficial properties for human health (Yun, 1996).
They are widely utilized in food and pharmaceutical industries. Although

FTase was found in many higher plants and microorganisms, the most important
industrial sources are strains of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus japonicus and
Aureobasidium pullulans (Yun, 1996).
In spite of the utilization of FTase in the industrial production of FOS and

numerous scientific investigations, the only commercially available source of FTase is
Pectinex SP-L, a pectinolytic and cellulolytic preparation designated for fruit juice
processing.
1.2
Problem Statement
Many bioproducts are enzyms and there is a great demand for their separation.
Conventional techniques such as precipitation, crystallization and centrifugation can
suffer from poor selectivity of separation. The high-resolution separation techniques
such as chromatography, affinity separation and electrophoresis have a very low
throughput and produce small quantities of very pure proteins; to produce larger
amounts of proteins using these methods is expensive. (Yunos and Field, 2007)
One of the critical issues in the development of effective whey ultrafiltration

processes is the decline in system performance due to enzyme fouling, which limits
the economic efficiency of the processing operation. Membrane fouling is generally
characterized as a reduction of permeate flux through the membrane as a result of
increased flow resistance due to pore blocking and cake formation. Several
approaches have been proposed to reduce such membrane fouling and to improve the
3
membrane cleaning efficiency. Such methods include intermittent back flushing, flow
pulsation and electrical field inducement. (Muthukumaran et al., 2007)
1.3
Objectives
The objectives of this research are:
a) To determine the effect of pH on membrane flux and rejection during

Fructosyltransferase separation.
b) To determine the effect of ionic strength on membrane flux and rejection
during Fructosyltransferase separation.
c) To determine the optimum condition of pH and ionic strength for
Fructosyltransferase separation.
1.4
Scope of Study
There are few purposes doing this research. The purposes are:
i.
The membrane will be used is which have 50kDA number of molecular cut
off.
ii.
The protein that is used is Fructosyltransferase (FTase)
iii.
KvickTM Lab Cross-Flow System Unit was used in order to separate the
solution of DI water and FTase.
iv.
The FTase solution will be prepared in sample which is pH 5 to pH 8.
v.
The buffer solution will be prepared around 0.5M to 2.0M
4
vi.
Total Organic Carbon will be used to measured the carbon in feed and
permeate
Figure 1.1 KvickTM Lab Cross-Flow System Units
1.5
Significant of Study
By doing this research, it is hoped can add values of FTase and membrane
ultrafiltration. The main problem to solve in this experiment is to produce maximum
the production of FTase using ultrafiltartion membrane. If the common industry used
the others membrane
rane like chromatography, affinity separation and electrophoresis to
produce the FTase, this experiment hope get better result if using the ultrafiltration
membrane system.
5
Normally during the separation process between FTase and solution, FTase
fouling will occur, this because the molecular weight of FTase not suitable with the
pore size of membrane. The important thing here is use the different value of
molecular weight and pore size.
This research also suggests using the continuous system. Hence it can reduce
the cost of operation. The price which is use as a raw material to produce
fructoligoscaride (FOS) is expensive; the continuous system is preferable due to this
problem.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Enzyme of Fructosyltransferase
Fructosyltransferase (FTase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of

sucrose into fructooligosaccharides (FOS), which are important prebiotic compounds
having a broad application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Fructosyltransferase
catalyzes the transfer of fructosyl moieties where a donor or acceptor of these
moieties can be sucrose or fructooligosaccharides. In the industrial production of
fructooligosaccharides, the cells with the FTase activity are produced by aerobic
cultivation of fungi such as Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus japonicas, or
Aureobasidium pullulans. They are applied for the biocatalytic process in
immobilized form. (Vankova, Antosova, and Polakovic, 2005)
In our laboratory, we have dealt with the development and optimization of the
process of cultivation of the cells of A. pullulans with the FTase activity. The
increasing interest in prebiotic compounds opens also possibilities for small-scale use
of FTase. Isolated enzyme could be a suitable form for such purposes. For that reason,
we have also recently dealt with the downstream processing of FTase from the broth
7
obtained at the cultivation of A. pullulans. The obtained data can be used for the
design of the production process of FTase and analysis of its economic efficiency.
(Vankova, Antosova, and Polakovic, 2005)
The overall production of FTase depended strongly on the initial sucrose

concentration. This effect was the most notable where the production of FTase was
stopped after two days. The relative increment of the total FTase activity between the
2nd and 4th day was much lower in comparison with that between the 1st and 2nd day.
Such a drop of the enzyme production rate was not observed in the cultivations with
the initial sucrose concentration where the total enzyme activity reached the value in
the fourth day. (Antosova et al., 2002). Suppression of FTase production by
increasing sucrose concentration was observed, which is contrary to the results found
the largest amount of enzyme produced of sucrose after two cultivation days.
(Hayashi et al., 1991)
The FTase activity of cells represented approximately 60 to 70 % of the total

activity since the second cultivation day and the ratio of activities of cells and
activities in cultivation medium was 1.3 to 1.6 independently of the sucrose
concentration. The ratio of the cell to cultivation medium activities depends on the
content of magnesium sulfate in the production medium. The addition of magnesium
sulfate to the medium at the content of 0.2 % increased this ratio to the value of about
1.2 which was almost constant during the entire cultivation period. From this point of
view, the value of the ratio of 1.3:1.6 obtained by us at 0.05 % MgSO4 is noteworthy
(Hayashi et al., 1991).
The specific cell activity with respect to dry cell mass is a crucial factor for the
control of a cultivation run if whole cells, either free or immobilized, are used as
biocatalysts. Its value reached the maximum already in the rest day at S0 = 50 g dm3
or in the second day at S0 = 200 g dm3 and 350 g dm3. The maximum value of 8860
U g1 was reached again in the cultivation with initial sucrose concentration of 350 g
dm3. As it has been mentioned above, the initial sucrose concentration influenced the
8
amount of produced FTase whereas the cell mass produced after four cultivation days
was unelected. This result suggests that the FTase production was promoted by high
sucrose concentrations. Although other authors used different activity assay
conditions and the absolute values are not fully comparable, the FTase activities of
AP CCY 27-1-1194 are of the same order of magnitude as those published for highly
active production strains, which suggests a potential of our strain for industrial
production of fructosyltransferase (Hayashi et al., 1991).
The design and scheduling of industrial biotechnological process is often

simplified by specialized computer-aided software such as Aspen Batch Plus or
SuperPro-Designer. These were applied in several studies of scale-up, optimal plant
design, and analysis of investment and operating costs of pilot and industrial
production of proteins. The examples include the production of insulin, tissue
plasminogen activator, -galactosidase, heparinase, or growth hormone. (Vankova,
Antosova and Polakovic, 2005)
FTase of A. pullulans occurs in the periplasmic space of cells and so the part
of the enzyme is easily released to the cultivation medium. Therefore, the recovery of
the enzyme was considered from both the harvested cells and cultivation medium.
(Vankova, Antosova and Polakovic, 2005)
Figure 2.1 Process flowsheet of industrial production of FTase.
10
2.2 Definition of Membrane
Membrane can be define as a thin barrier which is allow passage of particle

with a certain size, particular physical or chemical properties (Ghosh, 2003). A
membrane can be dividing into types which are cell membrane and synthetic
membrane. The cell membrane is a semi permeable lipid bilayer which can be found
in all cells (Ghosh, 2003). Meanwhile, the synthetic membrane is a membrane that
being prepared for separation task in laboratory and industry. Their active part, which
permits selective transport of material, usually consists of polymer or ceramics,
seldom glass or material (Ghosh, 2003). Membrane can be prepare in variety forms
like flat sheets, tubes, capillary and hollow fibres. Membrane is built in membrane
modules like plate and frame, spiral-wound module, hollow fibre module or tube-inshell module (Ghosh, 2006).
2.2.1 Driving force in membrane separation process
Different driving force does include in membrane separation process. Some of

this are being applied when to transport solute and solvent molecules through
membranes. The forces include transmembrane pressure, concentration or
electrochemical gradient, osmotic pressure and electric field (Ghosh, 2003)
2.2.2 Transmembrane pressure
The transmembrane pressure is the main applied driving force (Ghosh, 2003).
Due to this applied driving force, the bulk liquid medium which is the solvent is
forced through the pores. The solvent molecules carry the solute molecules towards
the membrane and in certain case through membrane. Solute molecules might be fully
11
transmitted, partially transmitted or totally retained (or rejected) by membrane
(Ghosh, 2003).
2.3 Membrane Structure
Because the membrane must allow certain constituents to pass through, they must
have a high permeability to certain types of molecules. Membrane structures consist
of the following three basic types:
2.3.1 Porous Membranes
Porous membranes are used in microfiltration and ultrafiltration. The

dimension of the pores (0.1~10um) mainly determines the separation characteristics.
High selectivity can be obtained when the size of the solute is large relative to the
pore size in the membrane. Microporous membranes are similar to porous membranes
and differ in regards to pore dimension (50~500 Angstrom).
Figure 2.2 Porous Membrane (separation of smaller species)

Abdul Rahim Mohd Yusoff

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SEPARATION OF FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE USING

MOHD KHAIRUL AFIZAN BIN HARUN

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the

Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering

I declare that this thesis entitled Separation of Fructosyltransferase Using

: MOHD KHAIRUL AFIZAN BIN HARUN

Special Dedication of This Grateful Feeling to My

Loving brother and sisters;

I am grateful to the staff of Technical Unit, Faculty of Chemical & Natural

In particular, my sincere thankful is also extends to all my colleagues as Nor

1.2 Problem Statement

1.4 Scope of Study

1.5 Significant of Study

2.2 Definition of Membrane

2.2.1 Driving force in membrane separation process

2.2.2 Transmembrane pressure

2.3 Membrane Structure

2.3.1 Porous Membrane

2.3.2 Non-Porous Membrane

2.3.3 Carrier Membrane

2.4 Membrane Type

2.7 Membrane Module Type and Their Characteristic

2.7.1 Plate and Frame

2.7.2 Spiral Wound Module

2.7.3 Hollow Fiber, Capillary and Tubular

2.8 Unltrafiltration Membrane

2.8.1 Asymmetric Membrane

2.8.2 Porous Membrane

2.8.3 Types of Flow Ultrafiltration Process

2.8.4 Protein Separation Mechanisme

2.8.5 Factor Affecting Ultrafiltration Membrane

2.8.5.2 Ratio of Concentration

2.8.5.3 Viscosity and Volume Flow Rate

2.9.1 Definition of Fouling

2.9.2 Particles, Biofouling and Scaling

2.9.3 Predict Fouling

2.9.4 Membrane Fouling Control

2.9.4.1 Silt Density Index (SDI)

3.2 List of Apparatus

3.2.1 Ultrafiltrtion System

3.2.2 Membrane Type

3.3 List of Chemical

3.4 Preparation of Solution

3.4.1 Preparation of Buffer Solution

3.5 Separation of FTase using Ultrafiltration Membrane

3.7 Protein Rejection Analysis

3.8 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis

3.9 Separation of FTase using Ultrafiltration Membrane

for Inoic Strength

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATION

Membrane Materials for Various Applications

Membrane Separation Processes with its Various

Plate and Frame

Spiral Wound Modules

Hollow-Fiber, Capillary and Tubular

Preparation of Buffer Solution

Recommendation Cleanign Conditions

% of Rejection at Different pH Solution

Flux Decline during FTAse Separation at pH 5

Flux Decline during FTAse Separation at pH 6

Flux Decline during FTAse Separation at pH 7

Flux Decline during FTAse Separation at pH 6

Volume of Flux for every pH