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History of Sport & Games

Sport Sports And

Free Sports

Sporting events and changes are influenced by the current economic, social
and political situations. In sociology we have the following approaches to the
study of sport - Functionalism, Marxism, Social action and Interactionism.
Each has a different view on society, the place of sport in society and the
changes in sport over time.

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Medievalperiod(1200-1485)

Track & Field

People had little time or energy for recreational activities

Leisure time activities were confined to feast days
Games were local in nature, each village having its own traditional
activities
From time to time the government would ban these traditional activities
in favour of archery training

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TudorandStuartperiod(1485-1714)
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Sport Games
History

Traditional folk games and activities flourished in Tudor times

Puritanism greatly reduced the opportunities to play and types of
activity allowed
After the restoration in 1660, traditional activities were revived
Sport moved away from its link with merrymaking

Hanoverianperiod(1714-1790)

Play and sport were largely ignored by the government

People of all classes enjoyed their leisure to the full
Increasing industrialisation demanded regular working patterns
There was some pressure for Sunday to be a day of rest
Large gatherings for sport often meant social disorder
Regular, organised, rule-governed sport on a national scale emerged

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Changingtimes(1790-1830)
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Traditional sport was under attack from all sides

Factory owners wanted a regular working week
Property owners feared the damage caused by large crowds
Churches criticised idleness, drunkenness and slack morality
Commercialisation of sport developed, especially in horse racing, cricket
and prize fighting

VictorianSport(1830-1901)
Sport developed in the context of industrial capitalism and class
inequality
Sport became linked to a moral code defined by the middle classes:
it was accepted that sport developed character and morality

competition had to be fair and rule-governed with similar

conditions for all players
sport was to be played, not for reward, but for its own sake
Nationwide sport developed through the influence of technology, the
public schools and the national governing bodies
For the masses, Saturday afternoon free from work was the turning
point, enabling them to play and spectate
Amateur and professional sport became increasingly separated
Working class sport in school was limited largely to drill and therapeutic
gymnastics

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EdwardianSport(1901-1918)

Organised sporting involvement expanded rapidly across all classes

Increasingly, the different classes played their sport separately
Public school athleticism still dominated sport
Male working class influence increased, notably in football in England
and rugby in Wales. However, working class women were largely
excluded from sporting involvement
Commercialisation of sport continued with large numbers of spectators
and increased numbers of professionals in major sports
Sport was increasingly a matter of national concern

Betweentheworldwars(1918-1940)
Steady growth in sports participation continued for all classes of society,
although working class were least involved
Most sports were still class orientated
Football (in all its versions) continued to increase in popularity and by
the 1930s, was the most popular sporting activity
Lack of facilities became an issue, particularly when national teams
failed
There was little government involvement in sport, apart from physical
education in schools
School physical education moved from therapeutic exercises to creative
physical training
Commercialisation of sport expanded rapidly, especially the provision for
spectator sport
Sport, as a part of a national culture, now extended to the majority of
the population

BritishSport(1940-Today)
An improved standard of living enabled greater participation in sport for
most social groups
Amateur administrators only reluctantly allowed commercial forces to
enter the world of sport
Professional sports people had a long battle to be given fair rewards
Television coverage increased in importance for sport and the sponsors
The definition of amateurism for competition was replaced by the
concept of eligibility
Central government involvement in sport has always been fragmentary
There has been a long standing under funding of sport by central
government
An advisory Sports Council was established in 1965 and the independent
executive Sports Council in 1972
Physical education was established in the 1944 Act for its educational
value
The movement approach conflicted with traditional games teaching

 Physical education moved away from educational values towards

physical recreation and more recently towards health-related fitness
Various academic qualifications in physical education stimulated scrutiny
of the subject (for example, BEd, CSE, GCSE, A-Level)
Physical education is now established in the national curriculum as a
foundation subject
There has been an increasing influence of market forces on schools,
physical education, sports facilities and sport

RelatedReferences
The following references provide additional information on this topic:
HOLT, R. (1989) Sport and the British. A modern history. Clarendon
Press.
MECHIKOFF, R. A. (2006) A history and philosophy of sport and physical
education: From ancient civilizations to the modern world
GUTTMANN, A. (1994) Games and empires: modern sports and cultural
imperialism. Columbia University Press

PageReference
If you quote information from this page in your work then the reference for
this page is:
MACKENZIE, B. (2004) History of Sport and Games [WWW] Available
from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/history.htm [Accessed 26/10/2016]

RelatedPages
The following Sports Coach pages provide additional information on this topic:
Funding in Sport
Olympics
Paralympics

AdditionalSourcesofInformation
For further information on this topic see the following:
BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1996) Advanced Studies in Physical
Education and Sport. UK: Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
BEASHEL, P. and TAYLOR, J. (1997) The World of Sport Examined. UK:
Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
BIZLEY, K. (1994) Examining Physical Education. Oxford; Heinemann
Educational Publishers
DAVIS, B. et al. (2000) Physical Education and the Study of Sport. UK:
Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
GALLIGAN, F. et al. (2000) Advanced PE for Edexcel. Oxford;
Heinemann Educational Publishers
McARDLE, W. et al. (2000) Essentials of Exercise Physiology. 2nd ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins

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