Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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By
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Muhammad Ramzan
M.A History, M.A Political Science & M.A Library Science
Table of Contents
Tags Question ...............................................................................4
Wh- Question .................................................................................8
Accepting and Declining ............................................................. 11
Making, Accepting, and Declining an Invitation ........................ 13
Likes and Dislikes ....................................................................... 17
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Verb .............................................................................................. 21
Adverb .......................................................................................... 21
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Preposition................................................................................... 21
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Conjunction ................................................................................. 22
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Interjection ................................................................................... 22
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Tags Question
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Definition
A tag question is a grammatical structure. It refers to a declarative
statement or an imperative that are modified to become a question by
adding an interrogative fragment.
Use
Tag questions:
can be considered as an indicator of politeness, emphasis, or
irony;
they may suggest confidence or lack of confidence;
they may be confrontational or tentative;
in legal settings, tag questions can be found in leading
question.
Form
Tag questions vary according to different factors such as the choice of
auxiliary, the negation.
The structure is generally as follows:
Affirmative statement
Negative Tag
he likes him
doesn't he?
Negative statement
Affirmative Tag
she doesn't care about him does she?
.a
Examples
Statements
Affirmative statement
He is excellent at languages,
You were late,
They are working on a new project,
She writes good peoms,
We have worked hard to earn this money,
He called her,
You should see a doctor,
He can drive,
You will help us,
Negative statement
Negative tag
isn't he?
weren't you?
aren't they?
doesn't she?
haven't we?
didn't he?
shouldn't you?
can't he?
won't you?
Affirmative tag
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is he?
were they?
are you?
does she?
has he?
did you?
should we?
will you?
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He isn't an athlete,
They weren't early,
You aren't writing a new book,
She doesn't work in a hospital,
He hasn't found the solution,
You didn't visit the museum,
We shouldn't sleep late,
You won't tell her,
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Imperatives
Imperative
Tag
keep quiet, won't you ?
will you?
would you?
could you?
Functions and examples
1. We use tag questions to confirm information.
This meal is horrible, isn't it?
That film was fantastic, wasn't it?
2. We use tag questions when we are already sure of the answer and
just want confirmation (falling intonation with the tag question).
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Superlat
ive
rich
richer
richest
lovely
lovelier
loveliest
beautif
most
beautiful
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more
beautiful
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Comparati
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Positiv
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better
bad
worse
worst
little
less
least
far
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more
much
many
some
best
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good
further
most
furthest
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Wh- Question
Types of questions
There are two types of questions:
Yes or no questions
Wh questions
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Question words
Question words are also called wh questions because they include the
letters 'W' and 'H'.
Question
Meaning
Examples
words
who
person
Who's that? That's Nancy.
where
place
Where do you live? In Boston
reason
Why do you sleep early? Because
why
I've got to get up early
when
time
When do you go to work? At 7:00
how
manner
How do you go? By car
object, idea or
What do you do? I am an engineer
what
action
choice
Which one do you prefer? The red
which
one.
whose
possession
Whose is this book? It's Alan's.
object of the verb
Whom did you meet? I met the
whom
manager.
description
What kind of music do you like? I
what kind
like quiet songs
what time
time
What time did you come home?
quantity
How many students are there?
how many
(countable)
There are twenty.
how
amount, price
How much time have we got? Ten
much
(uncountable)
minutes
how often
how far
how old
how come
duration, length
frequency
distance
age
reason
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how long
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Asking questions
1.If you ask about the subject of the sentence, simply add the question
word at the beginning:
Example:
James writes good poems. Who writes good pems?
2.If you ask about the predicate of the sentence (the part of a sentence
which contains the verb and gives information about the subject), there are
three options:
If there is a helping (auxilary) verb that precedes the main verb ( foe
example, can, is, are, was, were, will, would...), add the question
word and invert the subject and the helping (auxilary) verb.
Examples:
He can speak Chinese. What can he speak?
They are leaving tonight. When are they leaving?
If you ask about the predicate and there is no helping (auxilary) verb
and the verb is "to be", simply add the question verb and invert the
subject and the verb.
Example:
The play was interesting. How was the play?
If there is no helping (auxilary) verb in the the predicate and the main
verb is not "to be", add the auxilary "do" in the appropriate form.
Examples:
They go to the movies every Saturday. Where do they go to the
movies?
He wakes up early. When does he wake up?
They sent a letter. What did they send?
Look at some examples
Look at these five wh- questions. What information is being sought?
How are the questions formed--and how are they alike or different from
each other in their formation? Analyze each for subject and predicate.
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Examples
#1. Whose car is blocking the entrance to the store?
#2a. Which textbook was used in SLA last summer?
#2b. Which textbook did the teacher use in SLA last
summer?
#3. How carefully have you considered your future
career?
#4. To whom did you send your job application?
#5. What did you do last summer?
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ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
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example
Would you like some cake?
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Yes, please.
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Sure. Thanks
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No, thanks.
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Examples:
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A. ?
B. ?
C. ?
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No.
I'd love to, but I have an appointment.
I'm busy tonight. Can I take a raincheck?
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A. ?
B. ?
C. ?
ef
Yes, I would.
Thank you. I'd love to.
I'm sorry but I already have plans tonight.
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A. ?
B. ?
C. ?
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OK. No problem.
Sure. Let's do it some other time.
No, you can't.
A. ?
B. ?
C. ?
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VERB+ING
I detest
I don't mind
2. Note that" very much" & " a lot" always come after the things you like.
Examples:
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"I like basketball very much/a lot. NOT" I like very much/a lot basketball."
3. Be careful when you use "I don't mind..."
Examples:
"Do you mind playing football?"
"No, I don't mind."(Although it's in a negative form, it means that it's ok for
me. I neither love it nor hate it.)
Dialogue:
Steve is at home. His girlfriend comes in...Notice how they express
their likes and dislikes
Steve:
Hello, darling. Do you fancy watching a film tonight?
Girlfriend: Oh, no thanks, I don't really feel like watching a film
tonight. How about going out instead.
Steve:
OK. Do you feel like going to the theatre?
Girlfriend: Oh, no. I hate it. Do you like eating at the new
Chinese restaurant?
Steve:
I don't mind. The Chinese cuisine is alright.
Girlfriend: Well I really love it. Let's go.
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Agreeing
I think youre right.
I agree with you.
Strong agreement
I couldnt agree with you more.
Youre absolutely right.
I agree entirely.
I totally agree.
Agreeing in part
I agree with you up to a point, but
Thats quite true, but.
I agree with you in principle, but..
Disagreeing
Im not sure I agree with you.
Im afraid I dont agree.
Im afraid I disagree.
I dont share your opinion.
Disagreeing strongly
I dont agree at all.
I totally disagree.
Agreement, partial agreement and disagreement
The way people agree or disagree in an argument or discussion
varies in different languages.
Agreement:
It is worthwhile saying that silence is not understood as agreement. If
you agree with an opinion or an idea, you are expected to say so.
Expressions
There is no doubt about it that...
I completely / absolutely agree with you.
I agree with you entirely.
I totally agree with you.
I simply must agree with that.
I am of the same opinion.
I am of the same opinion.
Thats exactly what I think.
Disagreement:
Expressing disagreement is always respected as honest, and
sometimes as courageous.
Expressions
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sharing
things
and
Introverts
Like to be on their own, enjoy
ones own company
Dislike
socializing
and
partying
Hate disclosing personal
e.
details
Avoid large gatherings and
crowds
Prefer to be reserved and
observant
Love to sit at home and enjoy
doing personal things such
as listening to classical music
and reading.
Enjoy a working environment
that is quieter and private
Dont like to be noticed
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personal details
Love crowds
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Verb
A verb is a word like ask, make, wait, go and work. Most verbs refer to
in
actions or states.
I want to go.
He works in a factory.
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Adverb
An adverb is a word used to add something to the meaning of a verb.
He worked hard.
I want to go now.
Preposition
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Conjunction
A conjunction is a word used to join words or sentences. Examples are:
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Interjection
An interjection is a word which expresses some sudden feeling.
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Its snowing.
Theyre working.
Its spitting with rain.
Shes worried.
Youre watching television.
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6 Revision exercise.
a It takes time.
b Hes got three parrots.
c My car is being repaired.
d You can mend my watch.
e She loves talking to friends.
f It worries him.
g Theres a man in the street.
h Theyve got all she wishes.
i They look tired.
j There are two old ladies at the door.
k We need a teacher.
l She can speak five languages.
m I work in Bristol.
n You can play tennis.
o They swim very well.
p She buys everything.
q He always pays everything for her.
r They want to stay at home.
s Margaret is very fond of classical music.
t There is a lot of bread.
u They keep on talking all the time.
v I can speak and write German.
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10 Revision exercise.
a Tim broke the window.
b Jane listens to music every evening.
c Its bucketing down.
d We can park here.
e Shes got a black eye.
f He denies it.
g They got married last year.
h They came here yesterday.
i She fried two eggs.
j He helped her with her homework.
k They wanted to beat him up.
l They robbed me yesterday.
m They take care of Jennifer.
n There was an armchair.
o They look down on him.
p I was fast asleep.
q His grandmother was wide awake when he came
home last night.
r I ran into Peter last Monday.
s She always looks ahead.
t They steal cassette-players from cars.
u They are looking into the matter carefully.
v I came across these documents yesterday.
w We ran out of petrol.
x She slept very well.
y It fell to pieces.
z There were plenty of mines in the area.
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Conjugation for the Passive Voice: We can form the passive in any
tense. In fact, conjugation of verbs in the passive tense is rather easy, as
the main verb is always in past participle form and the auxiliary verb is
always be. To form the required tense, we conjugate the auxiliary verb. So,
for example:
present simple: It is made
present continuous: It is being made
present perfect: It has been made
Here are some examples with most of the possible tenses:
infinitive
to be washed
simple
present
It is washed.
past
It was washed.
future
It will be washed.
conditional It would be washed.
continuous
present
It is being washed.
past
It was being washed.
future
It will be being washed.
conditional It would be being washed.
perfect simple
present
It has been washed.
past
It had been washed.
future
It will have been washed.
conditional It would have been washed.
perfect continuous present
It has been being washed.
past
It had been being washed.
future
It will have been being washed.
conditional It would have been being washed.
Exercise
1. The tiger killed the deer.
2. The boy is learning his lessons.
3. This house was built by my grandfather.
4. Alice has been waiting for a long time.
5. Mother was making a cake.
6. The postman was bitten by the dog.
7. The thief was caught.
8. The accused were sent to jail.
9. The loud noise frightened the baby.
10. The dog chased the cat.
probable
improbable
likely
unlikely
ef
It's
in
probably
th
at ...
doubt
suppose
guess
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might
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could
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'd be
surprised
Perh
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May be
if ....
...
will ...
Examples of probability:
It is probable that my grandfather repairs my bike.
May be / perhaps the problem wont be serious.
It will probably rain this evening.
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might
can
could
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I believe
It may be
It looks as if
Theres always
It could/might/may be
You can be
possibility of
It is/looks/seems possible.
sure
Its more than
Is it possible to ... ?
Theres a
likely
good chance
I reckon
I bet
Its
reasonable to
believe
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v IMPOSSIBILITY
NEUTRAL
INFORMAL
FORMAL
I dont think
Probably not.
Its very doubtful
Its not likely
Impossible.
Its extremely
I dont expect
Perhaps not.
unlikely/improbable
Its not probable
May be not.
I think theres absolutely
No way.
no possibility of
Its unlikely
Surely not.
I think theres very little
Its impossible
Not a chance.
chance of ..
That's not
possible.
It's unlikely.
Not a chance!
It was impossible
to ...
There's no chance
of ...
It's not likely that
...
Look at the example:
Jimmy : Is there a chance that well win the football match?
Alex : Of course there is a chance. We are one of the ten best teams in
the district.
Jimmy : Is it possible coz our rival is the first place?
Alex : Well, theres possibility of being the winner. Dont be discouraged.
THE EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1
Answer the following questions by choosing the correct option.
1)
Mike : are you sure to come to Dinas party tonight?
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When you ask for permission to use something that belongs to someone
else you have to do your best to be polite. It is desirable to use the word
"please."
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Rejecting advice
I'm sorry, i can't agree with that.
I don't think that's a good idea.
I don't think we should do that.
That's very interesting, but ...
ef
Accepting advice
Yes, I agree with that.
That sounds like a good idea!
OK, why don't we do that.
That's very interesting.
Giving
I would recommend that you
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Liza:
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Direct speech
Reported speech
She says:" she likes tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna fish.
pronouns
tense
place and time expression
1-Pronouns
In reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on
who says what.
Example:
She says, My dad likes roast chicken. She says that her dad likes roast
chicken.
2-Tenses
If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift
of tenses in Reported speech.
If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift
of tenses in Reported speech.
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Direct speech
Reported speech
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(backshift)
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No backshift
Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense
(e. g. He says). Note, however, that you might have to change the form of
the present tense verb (3rd person singular).
Example:
He says, I write poems. He says that he writes English.
Backshift
You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense
(e. g. He said).
Example:
He said, I am happy. He said that he was happy.
Examples of the main changes in tense:
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
Simple Present
He said: "I am happy"
Simple Past
He said that he was happy
Present Progressive
He said: "I'm looking for my keys"
Past Progressive
He said that he was looking for his
keys
Present Perfect
He said: " I've lived here for long
time "
Present Perfect
He said that he had lived there for a
long time
Past Perfect
He said: "They had finished the
work when I arrived"
Present Perfect
He said that they had finished the
work when he had arrived"
Past Progressive
He said: "I was playing football
when the accident occured"
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Simple Past
He said: "I visited New York last
year"
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would open the door.
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Conditional (would+verb)
He said: "I would buy Mercedes if
I were rich"
Conditional (would+verb)
He said that he would buy Mercedes
if he had been rich"
The verbs could, should, would, might, must, neednt, ought to, used to do
not normally change.
Example:
He said, She might be right. He said that she might be right.
3-Place and time expressions
Place and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement
(ie the location and/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct
speech.
In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time
expressions into reported speech.
Direct Speech
Reported Speech
that day
now
then
yesterday
days ago
days before
last week
next year
tomorrow
here
there
this
that
these
those
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today
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B. Reporting Questions
When transforming questions, check whether you have to change:
pronouns
place and time expressions
tenses (backshift)
Also note that you have to:
transform the question into an indirect question
use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if /
whether
Direct speech
Types of questions
Do you speak
Without question word
English?
(yes or no questions)
C. Reporting requests / commands
Reported speech
He asked me why I
didnt speak English.
He asked me
whether / if I spoke
English.
Reported speech
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"Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.
e.
Tenses are not relevant for requests simply use to / not to + verb
(infinitive without "to")
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Example:
She said, Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.
She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy
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D. Other transformations
Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are
usually reported using advise / urge.
Example:
You must read this book.
He advised / urged me to read that book.
The expression lets is usually reported using suggest. In this
case, there are two possibilities for reported speech: gerund or
statement with should.
Example:
Lets go to the cinema.=
1. He suggested going to the cinema.
2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.
Main clauses connected with and/but
If two complete main clauses are connected with and or but, put that
after the conjunction.
Example:
He said,I saw her but she didnt see me. He said that he had seen her
but that she hadnt seen him.
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Can we
would
What about
next ... ?
Is
Are you
Examples:
... is fine
.... would be fine.
....
suits me
would be perfect.
I'm afraid
I'm sorry
I can't on ....
I won't be able to... on ...
on ...
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Yes,
Examples:
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Replies
I prefer baseball.
I'd prefer to drink juice
I'd rather drink mineral water
If I had a choice, I would eat a sandwich.
A cup of coffee would be suitable.
Things to remember about preferences
1. "I'd prefer" + to + verb
2. "I'd rather" + verb
Making Invitations
Making invitations
Do you know how to invite someone to your house for dinner or to go to the
movies?
What do you say in English when someone invites you?
Here are some common expressions you can use when making or
responding to invitations
Inviting:
Do you want to go to the movies tonight?
Would you like to go to the theatre tomorrow?
Would you be interested in going to the the stadium next
Sunday?
How do you fancy going to the the restaurant for dinner?
How about going to the movies?
Care to come over for lunch?
I was just wondering if you would like to come over for a drink.
We'd be delighted to have you over for my birthday party.
Accepting invitations:
Sure. What time?
I'd love to, thanks.
That's very kind of you, thanks.
That sounds lovely, thank you.
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The cause of
global
warming
is polluton.
is due to
.a
Due to
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Example:
"The flight was cancelled owing to (because of) high winds."
Use of thanks to
People tend to use thanks to in positive situations.
Example:
"Thanks to his intelligence he managed to find the solution to that math
problem."
Sometimes thanks to is used ironically in a nagative way
Example:
"Did she lose the election?"
"Yeah, thanks to you and to all the others who didn't bother to vote."
"The baby is awake thanks to your shouting."
Things to remember about cause and effect:
a. Due to, because of, owing to and thanks to are followed by a noun.
b. Because, since, as, for are followed by a verb.
Noun because
since
Owing to
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Because of
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Subject + Verb
for
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Thanks to
Examples:
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Make a list of causes or effects. Then narrow down that list to include
only the most important causes or effects.
Writing
Write a draft explaining each cause or effect in the paragraph in as
much detail as possible. and don't forget to use transitional words in
your paragraph, such as: also, as a result, because, first and finally.
It is very important to include in your paragraph a clear topic sentence.
This sentence should state the main idea of your paragraph.
Punctuation
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Punctuation rules
Punctuation marks are symbols which
1. organize the structure of written language,
2. and idicate intonation and pauses to be observed when reading
aloud.
Punctuation marks are also used to avoid ambiguity. For example, "woman,
without her man, is nothing" has a different meaning from "woman: without
her, man is nothing"
This is a summary of punctuation rules.
Read the punctuation rules and study the examples given.
End punctuation marks:
1. Full stop , or period (.)
Used a full stop at the end of a sentence:
She stood up and went away. She was furious.
Used for abreviations:
Co. (Company)
M.P. (Member of Parliament)
2. Question marks (?)
Question marks are used at the end of direct questions:
Where do you live?
Are you crazy?
Did you do the homework?
Use a question mark at the end of tag questions:
You will help me, won't you?
He likes soccer, doesn't he?
3. Exclamation marks (!)
Used to indicate strong emotions:
She's so beautiful!
What a nice girl!
How interesting!
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Commas (,)
Commas are used between items in a series or list. The last
two items of the series usually do not need a comma between
them. They are separated by "and".
I like spaghetti, fish, pizza and couscous.
Commas are also used between adjectives or adverbs:
I'd like to have a big, black, German car.
She speaks slowly, quietly and eloquently.
After the street address and city in an address:
34 Hassan II Street, Rabat, Morocco.
Before or after direct speech:
He said,"I hate being treated like that."
"I'm sorry", she replied.
Before a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
He woke up late, so he had to drive to work.
Semicolons (;)
Semicolons are used instead of a full stop or period to separate
independent sentences:
They woke earlya book; then they went jogging.
Use a semicolon to separate items in a series when those items
contain punctuation such as a comma:
They visited the Eiffel Tower, Paris; Big Ben, London; and the
statue of liberty, New York
Colons (:)
Use a colon to introduce a list:
He visited three cities last summer holiday: Madrid, Roma and
Athens.
To introduce an idea or an explanation:
He had one idea in mind: to see her as soon as possible.
To introduce direct speech or a quotation:
The secretary whispered in his ear: "Your wife is on the phone.
"
Dashes (--)
To introduce paranthetical information:
I put on a blue jacket --the one my mother bought me-- and
blue jeans.
To show an afterthought:
I explained to him my point of view-- at least I tried!
Apostrophes (')
Use an apostrophe to indicate a missing letter or letters in a
contraction.
I'm fed up with his strories
Use an apostrophe plus the letter "s" to show possession.
My brother's girlfriend is such a sweet girl.
Quotation marks ("")
Quotation marks are used to quote speech, sentences or
words.
She said, "I love you."
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And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yetthese are the seven coordinating
in
conjunctions.
The squid eyeball stew is so thick that you can eat it with a fork or
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spoon.
Rocky, my orange tomcat, loves having his head scratched but hates
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Rocky terrorizes the poodles next door yet adores the German
Rocky refuses to eat dry cat food, nor will he touch a saucer of squid
eyeball stew.
Even though I added cream to the squid eyeball stew, Rocky ignored
his serving, so I got a spoon and ate it myself.
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