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I. I NTRODUCTION
There has been significant recent interest in massive MIMO,
which refers to the use of base-station antenna arrays with
a very large number of elements to communicate with a
much smaller number of spatially dispersed users. This attention is largely due to the fact that, as the base-station
array size increases, simple linear beamforming asymptotically
achieves the capacity of the multi-user channel [1], [2], [3].
In essence, massive MIMO base-stations exploit a very high
degree of spatial resolution to distinguish the users unique
spatial signatures and apply beamforming to cancel interuser interference. Under the relatively modest (and reasonable,
according to measurements [4], [5]) condition that the users
channels become asymptotically orthogonal, it is possible to
near-perfectly cancel inter-user interference as the base-station
array size grows large [1], [6], [7], [8].
Accompanying the theoretical interest in massive MIMO,
there have been several recent demonstrations of test systems aimed at verifying theoretical results and understanding
practical design considerations. The Argos [9] and ArgosV2
[10] projects demonstrate systems with 64 and 96 antennas,
respectively, operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band. The system is
designed in a hierarchical manner, with the central controller
serving several hubs, each of which connects to a number of
radio modules and provides both a backhaul connection as well
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IEEE ICC 2015 - Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications
/2
/2
/2
ADC
ADC
DAC
DAC
ADC
Dig.
BB
Dig.
BB
ADC
DAC
Dig.
BB
Dig.
BB
DAC
Beamforming
ADC
ADC
DAC
DAC
ADC
Dig.
BB
Dig.
BB
ADC
DAC
Dig.
BB
Dig.
BB
DAC
Beamforming
ADC
Digital
Baseband
DAC
Digital
Baseband
per antenna
Beamforming
Coding,
Mapping,
etc
per user
Digital
Baseband
Beamforming
Digital
Baseband
per antenna
Central Processor
Coding,
Mapping,
etc
per user
Central Processor
(b)
(a)
Coding,
Mapping,
etc
per user
Central
Processor
(c)
Fig. 1. Three possible array architectures. Analog traces are shown in red and digital links in green. (a) Analog-connected array: analog signals are routed
from the antenna to the central processor. (b) Digitally-connected array: the RF front end and data converters are collocated with each antenna and ADC/DAC
samples are exchanged with the central processor. (c) Digitally-connected array with distributed beamforming: per-antenna digital baseband processing is
performed at the antenna and the beamforming computation is distributed through the routing network.
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IEEE ICC 2015 - Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications
Common Module
CM7
CM5
CM8
Digital Link
RF FrontEnd + Dataconversion
Digital Sig.
Process.
Digital Link
CM6
CM4
Freq.
Gen.
CM2
Network
Interface
CM3
CM1
Digital Link
CM0
Digital Link
(External I/O)
Fig. 2. Block diagram of example array and common module. Analog wires
are shown in red and digital links in green. For clarity, this example only shows
two antennas per common module. Each antenna is served by a separate RF
chain and data converters.
Rtot = Nchain
!
i=1
"
#
M
1
N
i R= M
+1 R
N
2
Nchain
(1)
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IEEE ICC 2015 - Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications
CM1
CM0
400 Mb/s
400 Mb/s
400 Mb/s
CM3
CM2
0 b/s
0 b/s
CM1
CM0
400 Mb/s
600 Mb/s
CM3
CM2
CM3
600 Mb/s
400 Mb/s
1600 Mb/s
(External I/O)
(a)
600 Mb/s
CM2
800 Mb/s
400 Mb/s
CM1
CM0
600 Mb/s
(External I/O)
(External I/O)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 3. Three possible routing schemes. Datarates are shown for an illustrative example where each chip generates a datarate of 400Mb/s and the total
users sample rate is 600Mb/s. (a) Fully parallel backhaul: each chip has an independent connection to the central processor. (b) Mesh network backhaul with
centralized beamforming: chips are chained together into a mesh network and each antenna exchanges its unique waveform with the central processor. (c)
Mesh network with distributed beamforming: each chip computes its estimate of the users signals and these are summed throughout the routing network to
generate the overall beamformed samples.
1.6
R
, centralized
, distributed
max
350
1.4
max
R , centralized
300
1.2
tot
R , distributed
tot
250
200
0.8
150
0.6
100
0.4
50
0.2
200
400
600
Size of array
800
400
Maximum backhaul datarate (Gb/s)
0
1000
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Rmax = 2KBNbit,bf
(2)
IEEE ICC 2015 - Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications
1500
1000
P = 0.3mW
tx
500
P = 1mW
tx
P = 4mW
tx
P = 10mW
tx
100
200
300
Total number of antennas
400
500
MODULE
Ptot =
EIRP (
e
M
M
k
2
+ M Ptx + N Pchip
Large arrays offer potentially large improvements in radiated power efficiency, exploiting high directivity to reduce
the actual power consumption required to deliver a certain
equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP). However, radiated
power is only one part of the total power consumption, since
there are several sources of overhead that contribute a fixed
power cost for every transceiver. This overhead limits the
minimum achievable power consumption.
To formulate a power optimization problem, we follow a
similar procedure as in [17]. In the downlink, the total power
consumption of the array can be split into three contributions,
parametrized by the array parameters M and N .
(4)
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
= 1mW
600
= 4mW
400
Pchip = 10mW
chip
chip
200
0
chip
10
20
30
40
50
Number of antennas per module
= 25mW
60
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IEEE ICC 2015 - Workshop on 5G & Beyond - Enabling Technologies and Applications
0055. The authors would also like to acknowledge the students, faculty, and sponsors of the Berkeley Wireless Research
Center, in particular Lingkai Kong, Greg LaCaille, Kosta
Trotskovsky, Amy Whitcombe, Vladimir Milovanovic, Simon
Scott, and Stephen Twigg.
R EFERENCES
[1] T. L.Marzetta, Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas, IEEE Trans. Wireless Communications,
vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 14361449, Nov. 2010.
[2] F.Rusek, D.Persson, B. K.Lau, E. G.Larsson, T. L.Marzetta, O.Edfors,
and F.Tufvesson, Scaling up MIMO: Opportunities and Challenges with
Very Large Arrays, IEEE Sig. Process. Mag., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 4060,
Jan. 2013.
[3] E. G.Larsson, F.Tufvesson, O.Edfors, and T. L.Marzetta, Massive
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[4] X.Gao, O.Edfors, F.Rusek, and F.Tufvesson, Linear pre-coding performance in measured very large MIMO channels, in Proc. IEEE Veh.
Tech. Conf (VTC), San Francisco, CA, USA, Sep. 2011.
[5] J.Hoydis, C.Hoek, T.Wild, and S.tenBrink, Channel measurements for
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(ISWCS), Paris, France, Aug. 2012.
[6] H.Huh, G.Caire, H. C.Papadopoulos, and S. A.Ramprashad, Achieving
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[11] C.Shepard, N.Anand, and L.Zhong, Practical performance of MUMIMO precoding in many-antenna base stations, in Proc. ACM workshop on Cellular Networks: operations, challenges, and future design
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[12] J.Vieira et al., A flexible 100-element testbed for Massive MIMO,
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[13] H.Suzuki, R.Kendall, K.Anderson, A.Grancea, D.Humphrey,
J.Pathikulangara, K.Bengston, J.Matthews, and C.Russel, Highly
spectrally efficient Ngara Rural Wireless Broadband Access
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[14] H. V.Balan, M.Segura, S.Deora, A.Michaloliakos, R.Rogalin, K.Psounis,
and G.Caire, USC SDR, an easy-to-program, high data rate, real
time software radio platform, in SRIF 13, Proceedings of the second
workshop on Software radio implementation forum. ACM, 2013.
[15] B.Raghavan et al., A Sub-2 W 39.844.6 Gb/s Transmitter and Receiver
Chipset With SFI-5.2 Interface in 40 nm CMOS, IEEE J. Solid-State
Circuits, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 32193228, Dec. 2013.
[16] M.Zargari et al., A Dual-Band CMOS MIMO Radio SoC for IEEE
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[17] L.Kong, Energy-efficient 60ghz phased-array design for multigb/s communication systems, Ph.D. dissertation, EECS Department,
University of California, Berkeley, Dec 2014. [Online]. Available:
http://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/Pubs/TechRpts/2014/EECS-2014191.html
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported in part by the DARPA Arrays
on Commercial Timescales program, contract HR0011-14-1-
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