The 3rd International Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation 2016 (ICEEDM-III 2016)

Identification of Potential Criteria and Assessment of

Escape Building in Banda Aceh
Hafnidar A. Rania, Meillytab
a
Lecturer,
b

Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Muhammadiyah Aceh , Banda Aceh 23245, Indonesia
Lecturer, Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, University of Muhammadiyah Aceh , Banda Aceh 23245, Indonesia E-mail
address: hafnidar.ar@teknik.unmuha.ac.id

Abstract
Escape building is an infrastructure building built for public using the special design to accommodate the community in the
evacuation process due to tsunami disaster. This research aims to identify the most dominant criteria and factors f or potential
escape building to be applied and escape building assessment which is located in one of the coastal area, Lambung Village,
Meuraxa Sub District, Banda Aceh. Qualitative method used in this research. It is obtained from Slovin equation that the
research sample is 81 from the total population of 420. Questioner was spread to the research sample. The researchs result
shows that the dominant criteria of the potential escape building could be applied in
Lambung Village are it is located in the position > 500 from the coastline with distance range < 1 km and adapted to the
building capacity; road access to the building; evacuation signs clearly seen; it can be accessed by the community 24 hours
without any obstacles; it has the emergency stairs outside the building and can be used as the access toward the save place
located above the tsunami water average (run up) predicted. The factors of potential escape building that could be applied are
accessibility, information and administration, logistic, building management, supporting facilities and equipments, and
regulation factor. It can be concluded from the assessment that escape building in Lambung Village is feasible, but in fact only
few communities evacuate to this building when the earthquake hit.
Keywords: Escape building, assessment, evacuation, earthquake, tsunami.

1. INTRODUCTION
Banda Aceh and some other coastal cities in Indonesia become the cities which are prone to earthquake and tsunami
th
disasters. The earthquake and Tsunami on December 26 2004 caused by 9.1 SR earthquake on the sea bed of the Indian
Ocean (Aceh West Area) had been 11 years passed. Tsunami disaster resulted hundred thousand people had passed away
and lost, destroyed thousand houses, schools, office buildings and everything that was in front of tsunami. Post disaster,
various disaster reliefs had been done, since emergency response phase to rehabilitation and reconstruction phase with all

the efforts done. The effort had been involved various stakeholders, both national and international.
Indonesia which is located in Pacific ring of fire track becomes prone to earthquake and tsunami disasters, including Banda
Aceh. For the coastal cities located in danger zone of tsunami disaster such as Banda Aceh, it is a need to think how to save the
city with the dense population. Banda Aceh in the future must be capable to prevent and become model city in tsunami disaster
mitigation efforts. One of the government efforts seen is the construction of escape building which one is located in Lambung
Village, Meraxa Sub District Banda Aceh. Escape building is public infrastructure building built along the coastline, using the
special design to accommodate the community in the evacuation process if unpredictable disaster happen which could
endanger the human life. With the escape building, the community can have an effective solution for evacuation when the
disaster occur and can reduce the traffic jam when people run to escape and save themselves. This place is also used as helipad
to provide the relief for the survivors.
2
This escape building has four floors, 18 m height and 1,400 m width and built by the relief of Japan Government.
The escape building also designed by planning consultant came from Japan, Nippon Koei, Co. Ltd, as JICS Team in
2006. This escape building construction project had been allocated large budget as IDR 10,500,000,000.00 (Ten Billion
Five Hundred Million Rupiah). Based the information obtained from the community about the building, when the
earthquake with tsunami potentia l happened, the community less functioning the escape building to save themselves and
choose to evacuate through other evacuation roads. Therefore it is necessary to carry out the criteria determination
analysis to this building. This building criteria determination is carried out to determine the standard requirements must
be met by the escape building in Lambung Village, and assess the existing criteria on the building as the design.

Based on the above background, the main issue to be concerned in this study research is what the most dominant
criteria dominant and the factors of an escape building can potentially be applied is and how the assessment of an
escape building in Lambung Village, Meuraxa Sub District, Banda Aceh, based on the local community perception.
This research aims to identify the most dominant criterias and factors of the escape building can potentially be
applied and the assessment of an escape building in Lambung Village, Meuraxa Sub District, Banda Aceh, based on
the local community.

2. LITERATURE STUDY
2.1. Earthquake and Tsunami
[7] explained that the earthquake is a physical phenomena characterized by earth shaking with the various intensity, the
shakes occur due to the energy is released suddently. But the geology phenomena can cause other geology disasters

excluding the earthquake such as volcano, landslide, flood and tsunami.

[6] mentioned that tsunami comes from Japan language, which the means are port (tsu) and wave (nami), this is the

terminology to mention the high and big ocean waves phenomena because of suddently disturbing in the buttom of the sea
which vertically can decrease the water coloum volume. So that the earthquake and tsunami have the close relation and only
happen in the different location in which tsunami become the effect of the earthquake occurs in the botton of the sea. Yet the
effect of the ocean waves can expand the area of the victims if there are no strong barricades.

2.2. Escape Building

[9] stated that escape buiding is the public infrastructure building which is built using the specific designs to
accommodate the community if the disaster happens anytime. Escape building is built with 20 m height to avoid
tsunami waves. The communities come to the escape building to evacuate themselves when tsunami e arly warning
alarm rings and they can go back after tsunami waves have receded and the condition becomes condusive and it is
informed by the disaster management institution.

2.3. Escape Building Function

The other opinion was explained by [9] about the function of the escape building development which will be
mentioned below.
1. As the vertical line to the communities to evacuate themselves when tsunami occurs;
2. As the safe place in the disaster condition; and
3. As the effort of the government in avoiding and minimizing the victims when the disaster occurs.

2.4. Escape Building Criteria

The other opinion was also explained by [9] about the determination of potential escape building criterias in the
area which is prone to earthquake and tsunami. There are some factors which consist of accebility factor,
information and administration factor, logistic factor, supporting facilities and equipments factor, regulation factor
and building management factor. The complete explanation is analized below.
1. Accebility factor
a. Located in the position > 500 from the coastline;
b. Escape building distance range < 1 km and adapted to the building capacity;
c. There is road access without calculation;
d. There are evacuation signs clearly seen;
e. There are information signs about building capacity and height;
f. Escape building can be accessed by the community in 24 hours without any obstacles (such as locked gate,
the security staff block the access, and others);
g. Escape building must have the emergency stairs outside the building and can be used as the acces toward
the save place located above the tsunami water average (run up) predicted
h. The building have some doors in some points and can be used by the communities as the access to come in
or come out;
i. There are some evacuation signs in the building;
j. The signs which are available in the building must be made from the material which can be seen in the
dark (glow in the dark) as spotlight;
k. There is the sketch of the building in every floor; and
l. The buiding sketch is located in the access road toward buiding which is safe from tsunami.
2. Information and communication factor
a. There are communication and information equipemnts such as telephone /HT/RIG/ HF/UHF/radio;
b. There are evacuee data forms;
c. There are information boards;
d. There are regulation boards; and
e. There are signal equipments to communicate with the outside parties such as semaphore flag for the
daytime, the lighting for the night, and the whistle for the closed location
3. Logistic factor
a. There are basic needs in the evacuation place, which is minimally can cover the prone groups (baby,
children, older, women and others);
b. There are the first kits tools and medicines; and
c. There are clean water stocks located in the safe area (cannot be contaminated by tsunami/sea water) in the
enough quantity to meet the needs and building capacity.
4. Supporting facilities and equipments factor
a. There are some toilets;
b. The adequate buiding area with the standard 1 per person;
c. There are some lighting such us electricity, emergency lamps and others;
d. For the buiding which has opened roof in the evacuation location must provide the tents in the logistic
warehouse which can cover all of the evacuation area coverage;
e. There is the warehouse which can store community logistic needs in the amount which meet the building
capacity;
f. There are sets of root rescue;
g. There are stationeries;
h. There are energy sources can be used in the critical period (genset);
i. There is water heater;
j. There is the small mosque;
k. There are fire extinguishers; and
l. There is helipad.

5.

Regulation factor
a. The evacuee must be located in the safe place until the situation is announced condusive enough by Operation

6.

Controlling Center (PUSDALOP);

b. The evacuee must register to the team of evacuation building management;
c. The evacuee must keep the cleanliness; and
d. The evacuee must keep the security and order.
Building management factor
a. There is management organization system in the escape building;
b. The building management team must have ID Card;
c. The escape building management team must periodically monitor the building supporting facilities and
equipments;
d. The escape building management team must manage the community in the evacuation area; and
e. There is the agreement letter between the government and building owner so that the building can be used
as vertical evacuation place.

3. RESULT
3.1. Validity test
The validity test is used to find out whether the question item in the questionnaire becomes valid or not. The test is
carried out by choosing 81 respondent samples, so that df = 81 2 = 79. It means that rtable value for 5% significant level
obtained is 0.218. The output of validity test for each question in the variable processed can be shown in Table 1 below.

No.
1

Table 1. The Validity Test Output of Escape Building Criteria

Inter Correlation
Rcount
Rtable
Accebility factor
X1.1 X1
0.650 0.218
X1.2 X1
0.570 0.218
X1.3 X1
0.601 0.218
X1.4 X1
0.628 0.218
X1.5 X1
0.465 0.218
X1.6 X1
0.565 0.218
X1.7 X1
0.413 0.218
X1.8 X1
0.637 0.218
X1.9 X1
0.548 0.218
X1.10 X1
0.522 0.218
X1.11 X1
0.677 0.218
X1.12 X1
0.660 0.218
Information and communication factor
X2.1 X2
0.733 0.218
X2.2 X2
0.357 0.218
X2.3 X2
0.873 0.218
X2.4 X2
0.882 0.218
X2.5 X2
0.889 0.218
Logistic factor
X3.1 X3
0.874 0.218
X3.2 X3
0.864 0.218

Exlpanation
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid

X3.3 X3
4

Supporting facilities and equipments factor

X4.1 X4
X4.2 X4
X4.3 X4
X4.4 X4
X4.5 X4
X4.6 X4
X4.7 X4
X4.8 X4
X4.9 X4
X4.10 X4
X4.11 X4
X4.12 X4
Regulation factor
X5.1 X5
X5.2 X5
X5.3 X5
X5.4 X5
Building management factor
X6.1 X6
X6.2 X6
X6.3 X6
X6.4 X6
X6.5 X6

0.695

0.218

Valid

0.729
0.398
0.746
0.814
0.732
0.820
0.399
0.699
0.735
0.571
0.790
0.320

0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218

Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid

0.857
0.748
0.746
0.908

0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218

Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid

0.816
0.893
0.822
0.325
0.814

0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218
0.218

Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid
Valid

Based on the above table, conclude that all question items tested have Rcount value which is higher than Rtable. It means that
validity test of escape building criteria factors show that questionnaire data collection in this research are all valid , so

the next analysis process can be continued.

3.2. Reliability Test

Reliability test is used to find out whether a variable in the questionnaire become reliable or not. This calculation
uses Cronbach Alpha Formula. A variable can be reliable if Cronbach Alpha value is higher than 0.6. The output of
reliability test for each variable processed can be shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2. The Reliability Test Output of Escape Building Criteria
No.

Variable

Cronbach Alpha

Classification

X1
X2

Accebility factor
Information and communication factor

0.818
0.780

Very Reliable
Reliable

X3

Logistic factor

0.744

Reliable

X4
X5

Supporting facilities and equipments factor

Regulation factor

0.870
0.832

Very Reliable
Very Reliable

X6

Building management factor

0.786

Reliable

Based on interval table of Alpha coeeficient value and constancy dimension in literature study, the values of
Conbrach Alpha are 0.780, 0.744 and 0.786 located in the forth interval, the interval which has the value between
0.61 to 0.80 (0.61-0.80), and it shows the constancy dimension level is reliable. While the values of Conbrach
Alpha are 0.818, 0.870 and 0.832 located in the fifth interval, the interval which has the value between 0.81 to 1.00
(0.81-1.00), and it shows the constancy dimension level is very reliable. It means that the measurement using the
questionnaire output can provide the consistent results, if it is redone the measurement to the same subject, so that
the questionnaire can be used as the instrument in this research.

3.3. Descriptive Analysis

Descriptive analysis is used to obtain the respondent characteristics, measurement frequency or the answers, and
to find out the mean of each variable.

3.3.1. Respondent Characteristic

Respondent characteristic can be grouped based on gender, age, education level and occupation. The
characteristic of 51 respondents can be shown in Table 3 below.
Table 3. Respondent Characteristic
No.
1

Demography

Frequency

Percentage

44

54.32%

b. Female
Age

37

45.68%

a. 20 30 years old
b. 31 40 years old

37
14

45.68%
17.28%

c. 41 50 years old

30

37.04%

Education level
a. Junior High School/equal

3.70%

b.
c.

37
1

45.68%
1.23%

d. Bachelor Degree
Occupation

40

49.38%

a.
b.

Government staff
Private staff

9
1

11.11%
1.23%

c.
d.

Academics (lecturer)
Teacher

1
4

1.23%
4.94%

e.
f.

Trader
Driver

11
2

13.58%
2.47%

g.
h.

Labor
Carpenter

14
2

17.28%
2.47%

i.

University Student

22

27.16%

j.

Jobless

15

18.52%

Gender
a. Male

Senior High School/equal

Diploma Degree

3.3.2. Criteria of Potential Escape Building in Lambung Village

This analysis is carried out to find out community perception of Lambung Village about escape building criterias
which is potential to be applied in Lambung Village. All criterias overall the potential escape building can be
ranked in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Mean of Potential Escape Building Criteria

The figure above explains that there are 41 criterias of potential escape building in this research. From those 41
criterias, it takes 5 of the most dominant criterias which is shown in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Dominant Criteria of Potential Escape Building
No.

Dominant Criteria

Mean

Rating

X1.1

Located in the position > 500 from the coastline

Escape building distance range < 1 km and adapted to the building
capacity
There is road access without calculation
There are evacuation signs clearly seen
Escape building can be accessed by the community in 24 hours
without any obstacles ( such as locked gate, the security staff block
the access, and others)
Escape building must have the emergency stairs outside the
building and can be used as the acces toward the save place located
above the tsunami water average (run up) predicted

4.59

4.58

4.53
4.53

3
3

4.52

4.51

X1.2
X1.3
X1.4
X1.6

X1.7

3.3.3. The Factor of Potential Escape Building in Lambung Village

The table below explains that the lowest mean is obtained from regulation factor which is 4.27. While the
highest mean is obtained from accebility factor which is 4.49.

Table 5. Mean Recapitulation of Potential Escape Building Factors

No.

Variable

Mean

Rating

X1
X2

Accebility factor
Information and communication factor

4.49
4.46

1
2

X3
X6

Logistic factor
Buiding management factor

4.41
4.38

3
4

X4
X5

Supporting facilities and equipments factor

Regulation factor

4.29
4.27

5
6

Mean value recapitulation completely of potential escape building factors which could be applied in Lambung
Village can be shown in Figure 2.

Accebility
factor

Fig. 2. Mean of Escape Building Factors

4. DISCUSSION
This escape building assessment was carried out to obtain the escape building assessment in Lambung Village from the
Surrounding Village Leaders information through the interviews. Base on the assessment of community evacuation process in
Lambung Village during the earthquake that had been conducted, it is summarized that only few communities run to evacuate
to the escape building. It is because the community still less trust the building as the safe evacuation place, and they more
choose to run and escape to the higher place or run with their family members using vehicles, the communities still traumatized
to the previous tsunami disaster, they also only have limited information about the existance of the escape building, then more
choose to evacuate themselves through other evacuation routes or roads, they more choose to evacuate to Baiturrahman
Mosque because this escape building is still located so near to the sea.

Based on the research results and the calculation which have been discussed before, so this section will discuss
the results of criteria determination and the assessment of the potential escape building in Lambung Village,
Meuraxa Sub District, Banda Aceh according to surrounding community perceptions. The recapitulation and all
analysis output are summarized in Table 6.

Table 6. Analysis Output Recapitulation

No.

Analysis

Dominant criterias of
escape building

Output
Located in the position > 500 from the coastline, with the mean is 4.59.
Escape building distance range < 1 km and adapted to the building capacity , with the mean is
4.58.
There is road access without calculation, with the mean is 4.53.
There are evacuation signs clearly seen, with the mean is 4.53.
Escape building can be accessed by the community in 24 hours with the mean is 4.52.

Escape building
factors

Escape building must have the emergency stairs outside the building , with the mean is 4.51.
Accebility factor, with the mean is 4.49.
Information and communication factor, with the mean is 4.46.
Logistic factor, with the mean is 4.41.
Buiding management factor, with the mean is 4.38.

Escape building
assessment

Supporting facilities and equipments factor, with the mean is 4.29.

Regulation factor, with the mean is 4.27.
that escape building built in Lambung Village is quite feasible but when the earthquake happened
only a few community escape to this escape building

5. CONCLUSION
The dominant criterias of the potential escape building which could be applied in Lambung Village are the
escape building located in the position > 500 from the coastline, escape building distance range < 1 km and adapted
to the building capacity, road access without calculation, evacuation signs clearly seen, escape building can be
accessed by the community in 24 hours without any obstacles (such as locked gate, the security staff block the
access, and others), and escape building must have the emergency stairs outside the building and can be used as the
acces toward the save place located above the tsunami water average (run up) predicted.
Escape building potential factors which could be applied in Lambung Village based on surrounding community
perceptions are accebility factor, information and administration factor, logistic factor, building management factor,
supporting facilities and equipments factor, and regulation factor.
Escape building Assessment in Lambung Village was carried out by interviewing the surrounding Village
Leaders, it is obtained that escape building built in Lambung Village is quite feasible but when the earthquake
happened only a few community escape to this escape building.
This research is expected to become output for the government in providing socialization to the community in
Lambung Village, so that the communitys awereness can improve especially about the importance of escape
building as the public evacuation building, so when the earthquake happen in the future, most of the community can
escape and evacuate themselves to this building.

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