INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS:

Intellectual property (IP) is a term referring to creations of the intellect for which a monopoly is
assigned to designated owners by law. Some common types of intellectual property rights (IPR) are
trademarks, copyright, patents, industrial design rights, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets: all
these cover music, literature, and other artistic works; discoveries and inventions; and words,
phrases, symbols, and designs.
While intellectual property law has evolved over centuries, it was not until the 19th century that the
term intellectual property began to be used, and not until the late 20th century that it became
commonplace in the majority of the world.
Intellectual property rights include patents, copyright, industrial design rights, trademarks, plant
variety rights, trade dress, and in some jurisdictions trade secrets. There are also more specialized or
derived varieties of sui generis exclusive rights, such as circuit design rights (called mask work
rights in the US) and supplementary protection certificates for pharmaceutical products (after expiry
of a patent protecting them) and database rights (in European law).

1.PATENT :
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a
limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a
solution to a specific technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of
intellectual property.
The procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the
exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international
agreements. Typically, however, a granted patent application must include one or more claims that
define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property
right. These claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and
non-obviousness. The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent
others, or at least to try to prevent others, from commercially making, using, selling, importing, or
distributing a patented invention without permission.
Under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights, patents should be available in WTO member states for any invention, in all fields
of technology, and the term of protection available should be a minimum of twenty
years.Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to
country.
The word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means "to lay open" (i.e., to make available
for public inspection). More directly, it is a shortened version of the term letters patent, which was a
royal decree granting exclusive rights to a person, predating the modern patent system. Similar
grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and
printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright.
In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the right granted to anyone who invents any new,
useful, and non-obvious process, machine, article of manufacture, or composition of matter. Some
other types of intellectual property rights are also called patents in some jurisdictions: industrial
design rights are called design patents in the US, plant breeders' rights are sometimes called plant
patents, and utility models and Gebrauchsmuster are sometimes called petty patents or innovation
patents.

The additional qualification utility patent is sometimes used (primarily in the US) to distinguish the
primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions
include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents and software patents.

2.COPY RIGHT:

Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work
exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited time. The exclusive
rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law, including fair use.
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative work. Under US
copyright law, legal protection attaches only to fixed representations in a tangible medium. It is
often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work,
and who are commonly referred to as rightsholders.These rights frequently include reproduction,
control over derivative works, distribution, public performance, and "moral rights" such as
attribution.
Copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond the
territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws have been
standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws vary by country.
Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the author's life plus 50 to 100 years (that is, copyright
typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the jurisdiction). Some
countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing copyright, but most recognize
copyright in any completed work, without formal registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a
civil matter, though some jurisdictions do apply criminal sanctions.
Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the creator's
exclusivity of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of digital media and
computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of these exceptions, introduced new
difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic
basis. Simultaneously, businesses with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in
the music business, have advocated the extension and expansion of copyright and sought additional
legal and technological enforcement.

3.COPY LEFT:

Copyleft (a play on the word copyright) is the practice of offering people the right to freely
distribute copies and modified versions of a work with the stipulation that the same rights be
preserved in derivative works down the line.
Copyleft is a form of licensing, and can be used to maintain copyright conditions for works ranging
from computer software, to documents, to art. In general, copyright law is used by an author to
prohibit recipients from reproducing, adapting, or distributing copies of their work. In contrast,
under copyleft, an author may give every person who receives a copy of the work permission to
reproduce, adapt, or distribute it, with the accompanying requirement that any resulting copies or
adaptations are also bound by the same licensing agreement.

Copyleft licenses for software require that information necessary for reproducing and modifying the
work must be made available to recipients of the binaries. The source code files will usually contain
a copy of the license terms and acknowledge the authors.
Copyleft type licenses are a novel use of existing copyright law to ensure a work remains freely
available. The GNU General Public License (GPL), originally written by Richard Stallman, was the
first software copyleft license to see extensive use, and continues to dominate in that area. Creative
Commons, a non-profit organization founded by Lawrence Lessig, provides a similar license
provision condition called share-alike.

4.TRADEMARK:
A trademark, is a recognizable sign, design, or unique expression related to products or services of a
particular source from those of others,although trademarks used to identify services are usually
called service marks. The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal
entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, a voucher, or on the product itself. For the
sake of corporate identity, trademarks are being displayed on company buildings.
A trademark identifies the brand owner of a particular product or service. Trademarks can be
licensed to others; for example, Bullyland obtained a license to produce Smurf figurines; the Lego
Group purchased a license from Lucasfilm in order to be allowed to launch Lego Star Wars; TT
Toys Toys is a manufacturer of licensed ride-on replica cars for children. The unauthorized usage of
trademarks by producing and trading counterfeit consumer goods is known as brand piracy.
The owner of a trademark may pursue legal action against trademark infringement. Most countries
require formal registration of a trademark as a precondition for pursuing this type of action. The
United States, Canada and other countries also recognize common law trademark rights, which
means action can be taken to protect an unregistered trademark if it is in use. Still, common law
trademarks offer the holder in general less legal protection than registered trademarks.
A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:
(the "trademark symbol", which is the letters "TM", for an unregistered trademark, a mark
used to promote or brand goods)
(which is the letters "SM" in superscript, for an unregistered service mark, a mark used to
promote or brand services)
(the letter "R" surrounded by a circle, for a registered trademark)
A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of
these elements.There is also a range of non-conventional trademarks comprising marks which do
not fall into these standard categories, such as those based on colour, smell, or sound (like jingles).
A trademark cannot be offensive.
The term trademark is also used informally to refer to any distinguishing attribute by which an
individual is readily identified, such as the well-known characteristics of celebrities. When a
trademark is used in relation to services rather than products, it may sometimes be called a service
mark, particularly in the United States.

5.INDUSTRIAL DESIGN:

Industrial design is a process of design applied to products that are to be manufactured through
techniques of mass production. Its key characteristic is that design is separated from manufacture:
the creative act of determining and defining a product's form takes place in advance of the physical
act of making a product, which consists purely of repeated, often automated, replication. This
distinguishes industrial design from craft-based design, where the form of the product is determined
by the product's creator at the time of its creation.
All industrial products are the result of a design process, but the nature of this process can take
many forms: it can be conducted by an individual or a large team; it can emphasize intuitive
creativity or calculated scientific decision-making; and it can be influenced by factors as varied as
materials, production processes, business strategy and prevailing social, commercial or aesthetic
attitudes. The role of an industrial designer is to create and execute design solutions for problems of
form, function, usability, physical ergonomics, marketing, brand development, and sales .Industrial
design studies function and formand the connection between product, user, and environment.
Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of
complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors,
electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects
through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as
marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations.
Industrial design can overlap significantly with engineering design, and in different countries the
boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general engineering focuses principally on
functionality or Utility of Products whereas industrial design focuses principally on aesthetic and
user-interface aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction is effectively defined by
credentials and/or licensure required to engage in the practice of engineering."Industrial design" as
such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of industrial engineering, except for
the latter's sub-specialty of ergonomics.