ADTH MARDD

Rejected adth
* Defects due to the transmitters

ADTH MATRK

Literally = ( )left behind, abandon X take

Definition

That which in the chain of transmitters there is a

transmitter accused/suspected of lying, commits many
mistakes, negligent or involved in sins continuously
(fsiq)
The reason of the accusation of lying is the fact that in
conversations the transmitter is known to lie, though it
has not been firmly established that he lied when
transmitting adth

ADTH MATRK
Example:
'Amr ibn Shamir al-Ju'f Jbir al-Ju'f al-rith
al-A'war 'Al
Position:
The worst type of weak adth after the fabricated
adth according to Ibn ajr. It cannot be elevated to
the status of al-asan li ghayrihi

ADTH MAJHL

Literally = ( )unknown

Definition

That which its transmitter's identity or character is unknown

Majhl al-'Ayn = A transmitter which is mentioned in a chain
of transmitters and no one transmits from him except one.
Majhl al-l (al-Mastr) = A transmitter whose transmission
is transmitted by two or more, but his reliability is unknown
Position
not accepted, except if transmitted through another
stronger/better chain then it is elevated to al-asan li ghayrihi

ADTH MUBHAM

Literally = ( )unclear, vague

Definition

A transmitter whose name is not mentioned in the

chain of transmitters or the transmission
Example
It is said: ( ) a man told me (not mentioned in
the chain)
In the transmission: A man asked the Prophet

ADTH MUBHAM
Position
mubham in the chain = not accepted, except if
transmitted through another stronger/better chain then
it is elevated to al-asan li ghayrihi
mubham in the transmission (matn) = does not affect
the authenticity of the adth

ADTH MAJHL & MUBHAM

Compilations
al-Wudn by Imm Muslim
al-Asm' al-Mubhamah f al-Anb' al-Mukamah by
al-Khab al-Baghdd
al-Mustafd min Mubhamt al-Matn wa al-Isnd by
Wal al-Dn al-'Irq

MUBTADI' TRANSMITTER

Mubtadi' = ( )starting what has no precedence,

innovation
Definition = a person who introduces innovated belief
or practice in the religion
Usually refer to innovation in belief as introduced by
al-Rfiah, al-Mu'tazilah, al-Khawrij, al-Murji'ah,
al-Qadariyyah etc.
There is no specific name for a adth transmitted by
a mubtadi'

MUBTADI' TRANSMITTER
Position

If the transmitter is involved in bid'ah mukaffirah (bid'ah

which leads to disbelief) such as rejecting one of the pillars
of Islam, his transmission is out-rightly rejected and cannot
be elevated to the status of al-asan li gahyrihi

If the transmitter is involved in bid'ah ghayr mukaffirah

(bid'ah which does not lead to disbelief):
1.
2.

If he invites people to the bid'ah, most scholars reject his

adth.
If he does not invite people to the bid'ah, his adth is accepted
with two prerequisites:

the adth is not related to the bid'ah

he is characterised as being a just/reliable and possess retentive
memory

ADTH MUNKAR

Literally = ( ) i) reject X accept, ii) unknown

Definition =

That which is transmitted by a weak transmitter in
contradiction with that which is transmitted by the
reliable/upright/trustworthy

That which in the chain of transmitters there is a
transmitter whose mistake is severe or very
negligent/forgetful or apparently is a fsiq

ADTH MUNKAR
Example
Ibn Ab tim ubayyib ibn abb al-Zayyt Ab
Ishq al-Sab' al-'Ayzr ibn urayth Ibn 'Abbs
Prophet :

Whoever establishes the prayer, gives the zakt, fasts,

treats well guests, will enter Paradise
ubayyib ibn abb al-Zayyt is weak. This adth is
transmitted from others who are reliable from Ab Isq
on the authority of Ibn 'Abbs (i.e. adth mawqf)

ADTH MUNKAR
Example
Al-Nas'/Ibn Mja Ab Zukayr Yay ibn
Muammad ibn Qays Hishm ibn 'Urwah
'Urwah ''ishah Prophet :

Eat unripe dates with dried dates. If the son of 'dm

does so, Shayn becomes angry.
Only Ab Zukayr relates this adth, he hasn't
reached the status of those whose isolated
transmissions are considered

ADTH MUNKAR
Position
It is extremely weak. Comes after adth matrk
It is weak due to its weak transmitters (commit severe
mistake, very negligent/forgetful or apparently is a
fsiq)
It is weak due to being isolated/ in disagreement with
the transmission(s) of reliable transmitters

ADTH SHDH

Literally = ( ) abnormal, irregular, peculiar,

strange, isolated, against the norm, against the
majority
Definition

That which is transmitted by a trustworthy

transmitter but contradicts a transmitter who is
more trustworthy, or a group of trustworthy
transmitters

ADTH SHDH
Example:
Shdh in the chain:
ammd ibn Zayd 'Amr ibn Dnr 'Awsajah a man:
Al-Nas' Ibn Jurayj 'Amr ibn Dnr 'Awsajah Ibn
'Abbs:
Al-Tirmidh/Ibn Mja Sufyn ibn 'Uyaynah 'Amr ibn Dnr
'Awsajah Ibn 'Abbs:

A man died during the time of the Messenger of Allh , and he
did not have a relative to inherit his wealth except his former
slave whom he freed. The Prophet gave the wealth (of the
deceased) to him (i.e. his former slave).

ADTH SHDH
Example:
Shdh in the transmission (matn)
Ab Dwud/al-Tirmidh 'Abd al-Wid ibn Ziyd alA'mash Ab li Ab Hurayrah Prophet :

When one of you offer two units (before) fajr prayer, he should
lie down on his right
Al-Bayhaq comments: 'Abd al-Wid's transmission differs from
the majority of the transmissions which relate the Prophet's
action not his saying on this matter

ADTH SHDH
Position
adh shdh is weak and rejected, and it cannot be
elevated to al-asan li ghayrihi
Difference between adth shdh & adth munkar
adth shdh transmitter is trustworthy
adth munkar transmitter is weak

AL-MUKHLAFAT AL-THIQT

A transmitter contradicting two or more trustworthy

transmitters whether he is trustworthy as in adth
shdh or weak as in adth munkar.
This contradiction is of five categories:
1. al-Mudraj
2. al-Maqlb
3. al-Mazd f Muail al-Isnd
4. al-Muarib
5. al-Muaaf & al-Muarraf

AL-MUDRAJ

Literally = ( ) penetrate, enter, infiltrate, add

Definition

That which is added to the chain of transmitters or

the transmission what does not belong to it, but is
made to appear it belongs to it
It can occur in the chain of transmitters (sanad) or the
transmission itself (matn)

AL-MUDRAJ in the sanad

1.

A group of transmitters transmit a adth through different

chains. Then a transmitter combines all the different chains
and presents it as a single chain without mentioning it.

'Abd al-Ramn ibn Mahd Sufyn al-Tahwr Wil &

Manr & al-A'mash Ab W'il 'Amr ibn Shurabl
'Abdullh ibn Mas'd
Sufyn al-Thawr Manr & al-A'mash Ab W'il 'Amr
ibn Shurabl 'Abdullh ibn Mas'd
Sufyn al-Thawr Wil Ab W'il Abdullh ibn Mas'd

AL-MUDRAJ in the sanad

2. A transmitter transmits a transmission (matn), one part is
from a certain chain, while the other part is from another
chain. Then another transmitter transmits the whole
adth (i.e. combined parts) from the first chain.
Ab Dwud Z'idah & Shark 'im ibn Kulayb
Kulayb W'il ibn ujr:
Ab Dwud Z'idah & Shark 'im ibn Kulayb
'Abd al-Jabbr ibn W'il family of 'Abd al-Jabbr
W'il ibn ujr:

AL-MUDRAJ in the sanad

3. A transmitter has two different transmissions with two
different chains of transmitters, it is then both transmitted from
him through one of the chains, or one of it is transmitted
through a certain chain, and added to it other text(s)
Ab Ya'l Mlik al-Zuhr Anas Prophet :

Do not hate, nor envy, nor display hostility, nor vie against
one another
The portion: ( ) do not vie against one another is added
from a transmission through another chain of transmitters:
Ab Zind al-A'rj Ab Hurayrah

AL-MUDRAJ in the sanad

4.

A transmitter in mentioning his chain of transmitters made

comments which had no relation whatsoever with the chain,
and one of those present assumed that his comments were part
of the adth
Thbit ibn Ms entered upon Shark ibn 'Abdullh al-Q
and he was mentioning the chain: al-A'mash Ab Sufyn
Jbir Prophet : Shark then looked at Thbit ibn Musa
and said:

Whoever performs night prayers, his face shines during the day

The statement is for Thbit ibn Ms, praising his piety. But
Thbit thought that it was the transmission.

AL-MUDRAJ in the matn

1. In the beginning of the matn
Ab Qutn & Shabbah Shu'bah Muammad ibn Ziyd Ab
Hurayrah Prophet :

Perform the ablution properly, woe to the heels due to the Fire

The portion: ( ) Perform the ablution properly is the

saying of Ab Hurayrah but it was presumed to be part of the
saying of the Prophet
Al-Bukhr dm Shu'bah Muammad ibn Ziyd
Abu Hurayrah: ( ) Perform the ablution properly, for
Ab al-Qsim (i.e. the Prophet ) said:
( ) woe to the heels due to the Fire

AL-MUDRAJ in the matn

2. In the middle of the transmission
Fulah Prophet :

I am the leader, and the leader is responsible, for those
who believe in me, submit to Islam, migrate (for the sake
of Allh), for (those) a house in the garden of Paradise

Al-Suyi observed that the statement ( ) and the

leader is responsible is from the interpretation of Ibn
Wahhb

AL-MUDRAJ in the matn

3. At the end of the transmission
Ab Hurayrah Prophet :
!

A righteous servant attains two rewards, by my soul which is

in His hand, if it was not for jihd in the path of Allh, ajj
and kindness to my mother, I would rather die as a slave

The underlined portion is in fact the words of Ab Hurayrah

since the mother of the Prophet died when he was still
young

AL-MUDRAJ
Position
It is not permissible to make an addition to a adth except for
the purpose of explanation or clarification of certain difficult
terms
If it was done for the purpose of explanation/clarification it is
tolerated although it would have been better that it is
mentioned directly
If it was done by mistake, it could be tolerated, but frequent
mistakes damage the transmitters reputation
If it was intentional, it is rejected as the transmitters loses
credibility and could be accused of lying

AL-MUDRAJ
Identifiers
1.
There is another detailed transmission through other
chain of transmitters
2.
Statement of the transmitter and well versed
scholars of adth
3.
Impossibility of it being said by the Prophet

AL-MUDRAJ
Compilations
al-Fal li al-Wal wa al-Mudraj fI al-Naql by Khab
al-Baghdd
Taqrb al-Manhaj bi Tartb al-Mudrj by Ibn ajr
Al-Madraj il Ma'rifat al-Mudraj by al-Suy
Tashl al-Madraj il al-Mudrj by al-Ghimr

AL-MAQLB

Literally = ( )turn, change, invert

Definition

That which its chain of transmitter or transmission

is changed, or reversed in order

The inversion could occur in the chain of transmitters

(sanad) or the transmission itself (matn)

AL-MAQLB
Inversion in the chain
1.
The name of the reporter is reversed:
Ka'ab ibn Murrah Murrah ibn Ka'ab / Muammad ibn Ism'l
Ism'l ibn Muammad

2.

Change in name of the transmitter with someone else who is of the

same level to make the adth look strange:
Ya'qb ibn Ab Salmah Ab Salmah Ab Hurayrah Prophet
This adth is transmitted by Ya'qb ibn Salmah al-Layth not Ya'qb ibn
Ab Salmah
amd ibn 'Amr al-Nasb al-A'mash Ab li Ab Hurayrah
Prophet
. Suhayl ibn Ab li Ab li Ab Hurayrah
Prophet

3. The chains of transmitters and the transmissions are inverted

AL-MAQLB

Inversion in the transmission (matn)

...
a man who gives in charity and conceals it, to the
extent that his right hand does not know what his left
hand gives
...
a man who gives in charity and conceals it, to the
extent that his left hand does not know what his right
hand gives

AL-MAQLB
Position

If the inversion is unintentional due to mistake or confusion,

the transmission is deemed weak. If the inversion occurs
frequently, the transmitter is considered unreliable due to his
weak memory

If the inversion is intentional:

1. if it was intended to make the adth seem strange to encourage
people to listen to the transmission, this is tantamount to lying
2. if it was intended for trial and examination, it is permitted
provided that the authentic transmission is clarified in the same
sitting

AL-MAZD

Literally = ( )increase

Definition

That containing an additional transmitter to the chain of

transmitters, which appears continued
Example
'Abdullh ibn Slim al-Zubayd al-Zuhr abb the
former servant of 'Urwah 'Urwah ibn al-Zubayr ''ishah
Yay ibn Sa'd & Ynus & Shu'ayb ibn Ab Hamzah al-Zuhr
'Urwah ibn al-Zubayr ''ishah

AL-MAZD
Example
'Abdullh ibn al-Mubrak Sufyn 'Abd alRamn ibn Yazd Busr ibn 'Ubaydillh Ab
Idrs Wthilah Ab Mirthad Prophet

'Abdullh ibn al-Mubrak 'Abd al-Ramn ibn

Yazd .
'Abd al-Ramn ibn Yazd Busr ibn
'Ubaydillh Wthilah Ab Mirthad Prophet

AL-MAZD
Conditions of Rejection
The transmitter who excluded the additional transmitter(s)
should be more reliable/trustworthy than the transmitter who
included the additional transmitter(s)
The expression used indicate direct hearing in the segment
where the additional transmitter(s) is/are excluded from the
chain of transmitters
* The absence of either one or both of these conditions will
enable the acceptance of the addition
Compilation
Tamyz al-MazId f Muail al-Asnd by al-Khab alBaghdd

AL-MUARIB

Literally = ( )shake, vibrate, disorder

Definition

That which is transmitted in different forms but being equal
in strength, where it is impossible to reconcile between them
or prefer one over the other
Conditions:
1. The adth in question are equal in terms of strength.
2. Impossibility of reconciliation

The disorder could occur in the chain of transmitters (sanad)

or the transmission (matn)

AL-MUARIB
Iirb in the chain
Yay al-Qan & 'Al ibn Mushar & Manr ibn
Ab al-Aswad & Ab 'Uwnah & Ibn Ab Dhi'b &
others: Muammad ibn 'Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab
Layl his brother; 's his father; 'Abd alRamn ibn Ab Layl 'Al
Shu'bah ibn al-ajjj & 'Ad ibn 'Abd al-Ramn
Ab al-Haytham:
Muammad ibn 'Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab Layl his
brother; 's his father; 'Abd al-Ramn ibn Ab
Layl Ab Ayyb al-Anr

AL-MUARIB
Iirb in the Matn

Indeed upon wealth there is a right other than zakt

There is no right upon wealth except for zakt

AL-MUARIB
Position
Disorder leads to weakness as it indicates the lack of
retentive memory of its transmitter(s)
If the confusion occur in the transmiters name, or the
name of his father, nickname etc., whereas his
reliability is well-known, this confusion would not
affect the authenticity of the adth
Compilation
Al-Muqtarib f Bayn al-Muarib by Ibn ajr

AL-MUAAF

Literally = ( )misplace, misspell, distortion

Definition

That which its characters/dots has been changed but
the form remains the same

1.
2.

Distortion in the chain:

Distortion in the matn:

AL-MUARRAF

Literally = ( )change, corrupt

Definition

That which its shakl/harakat has been changed but the
form remains the same

Corruption in the chain:

Corruption in the matn:

AL-MUAAF & ALMUARRAF

Position
Not permitted to distort adth intentionally, especially in the
matn as the understanding and meaning is derived from the
matn
If done unintentionally and occasionally, it wont damage the
reliability of the transmitter
If done frequently, reputation of the transmitted is tarnished
Generally do not occur except by those who learn adth from
documentations without a specific shaykh who could rectify
errors

AL-MUAAF & ALMUARRAF

Compilations
Taft al-Muaddithn by Ab Amad al-'Askar
al-assan ibn 'Abdullh
Ilh Ghala al-Muaddithn by al-Khab alBaghdd
Al-Taf by al-Druqun

TRANSMITTER WITH POOR MEMORY

Inherent poor memory
Transmitter cannot distinguish between right and
wrong statements whereby the transmitter suffered
from poor memory since birth and remained so
throughout his life.
Transmission(s) is/are termed as adth shdh by
some scholars, and it is rejected. However, it could be
elevated to the status of al-asan li ghayrihi if it is
transmitted through other chains which are better

TRANSMITTER WITH POOR MEMORY

Circumstantial poor memory
Might be due to old age as experienced by 'A' ibn
al-S'ib, or losing eyesight as 'Abd al-Razzq ibn
Hamm, documentations burnt as 'Abdullh alLah'ah or the lost of documentations
This category of transmitters are termed as alMukhtali which connotes derangement or imbalance
of the mind

TRANSMITTER WITH POOR

MEMORY
Position
Transmissions prior to the occurrence of poor memory could
be accepted
Transmissions after suffering from poor memory are
considered weak but could be elevated to the status of al-asan
li ghayrihi if it is transmitted through other chains which are
stronger
Transmissions which are impossible to determine whether it
were done before or after experiencing poor memory could be
elevated to the status of al-asan li ghayrihi if it is transmitted
through other chains which are stronger

TRANSMITTER WITH POOR MEMORY

Compilations
Al-Ightib bi Ma'rifat man Rumiya bi al-Ikhtil by
Sib ibn al-'Ajam al-alab
Al-Kawkib al-Nrt f Ma'rifat man Ikhtalaa min alRuwt al-Thiqt by Ibn al-Kayyl

AL-MA'LL

Literally = ( )defect, disease

Definition =

That which under scrutiny has defects disparaging

its soundness, while it apparently seems to be sound

The adth appears to fulfill the conditions of

acceptance, but it has hidden defects which
disparages its acceptability.

AL-MA'LL

Could occur in the chain of transmitters or the

transmission
Detecting the defects
1. Collection of all the transmissions of a adth
2. Analysis of the differences

AL-MA'LL
Example:
Al-Tirmidh & Ab Dwud Qutaybah ibn Sa'd 'Abd
al-Salm ibn arb al-Mul' al-A'mash Anas ibn
Mlik:

If the Prophet wanted to fulfill his natural need, he would

not lift his garment until he was near the earth
The chain appears authentic as all the transmitters are
reliable. However, al-A'mash did not hear from Anas ibn
Mlik, but had only seen him while he was praying behind
the station of Ibrhm