SQQS1013 Ch6 A122

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
6.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

6.1.1 Population Distribution
Definition:
The probability distribution of the population data.
Example 1
Suppose there are only five students in an advanced statistics class and the midterm scores
of these five students are:
70
78
80
80
95
Let x denote the score of a student.
Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions
Mean for Population

Based on Example 1, to calculate mean for population:
x 70 78 80 80 95 80.6
N
Standard Deviation for Population

Based on example 1, to calculate standard deviation for population:
N
32809
403 2
5
8.0895
6.1.2 Sampling Distribution

Definition:
The probability distribution of a sample statistic.
Sample statistic such as median, mode, mean and standard deviation
6.1.2.1
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

Definition:
The sampling distribution of x is a distribution obtained by
using the means computed from random samples of a
specific size taken from a population.
Example 2
Reconsider the population of midterm scores of five students given in example 1. Let say
we draw all possible samples of three numbers each and compute the mean.
Total number of samples = 5C3 =
5!
10
3!(5 3)!
Suppose we assign the letters A, B, C, D and E to scores of the five students, so that
A = 70,
B = 78,
C=80, D = 80,
E = 95
Then the 10 possible samples of three scores each are
ABC, ABD, ABE, ACD, ACE, ADE, BCD, BCE, BDE, CDE
for sample ABC,
Use all the possible

means samples to
form the frequency
distribution table
Sampling distribution
offor samples of three
scores
Sampling Error
Sampling error is the difference between the value of a sample statistic and
the value of the corresponding population parameter. In the case of mean,
FORMUL
A
Sampling error = x
Mean ( x ) for the Sampling Distribution of x

Based on example 2,
x
76 76 81 76.67 81.67 81.67 79.33 84.33 84.33 85

80.6
10
The mean of the sampling

distribution of is always
equal to the mean of the
population
Standard Deviation
) for the Sampling Distribution of
x
4

FORMUL
A
Where:
is the standard deviation of the population

n is the sample size
n
0.05
This formula is used when N
FORMUL
A
When N is the population size
x
Where
N n
N 1
N n
N 1
is the finite population correction factor
This formula is used when
n
0.05
N
The spread of the sampling distribution of x is smaller than the spread of the
corresponding population distribution, x .
The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of x decreases as the
sample size increase.

The standard deviation of the sample means is called the standard error of
the mean.
6.1.3 Sampling From a Normally Distributed Population

The criteria for sampling from a normally distributed population are:
The shape of the sampling distribution of x is normal, whatever the value of n.

o
Shape of the sampling distribution
6.1.4 Sampling From a Not Normally Distributed Population
Most of the time the population from which the samples are selected is not
normally distributed. In such cases, the shape of the sampling distribution of
x is inferred from central limit theorem.

Central limit theorem
For a large sample size, the sampling distribution of x is approximately

normal, irrespective of the population distribution.
The sample size is usually considered to be large if n 30 .
x
n
Shape of the sampling distribution
6.1.5 Application of the Sampling Distribution x

of
The z value for a value of x is calculated as:
FORMUL
A
x
x
Example 3
In a study of the life expectancy of 500 people in a certain geographic region, the mean
age at death was 72 years and the standard deviation was 5.3 years. If a sample of 50
people from this region is selected, find the probability that the mean life expectancy will
be less than 70 years.
Solution:
Example 4
Assume that the weights of all packages of a certain brand of cookies are normally
distributed with a mean of 32 ounces and a standard deviation of 0.3 ounce. Find the
probability that the mean weight, x of a random sample of 20 packages of this brand of
cookies will be between 31.8 and 31.9 ounces.
Solution:

Although the sample size is small ( n 30 ), the shape of the sampling distribution of x is
normal because the population is normally distributed.
Example 5
A Bulletin reported that children between the ages of 2 and 5 watch an average of 25 hours
of television per week. Assume the variable is normally distributed and the standard deviation
is 3 hours. If 20 children between the ages of 2 and 5 are randomly selected, find the
probability that the mean of the number of hours they watch television will be:
a) greater than 26.3 hours.
b) less than 24 hours
c) between 24 and 26.3 hours.
Solution:
10
Remember!
Sometimes you have difficulty deciding whether to use:
x
x
; should be used to gain information about a
sample mean.
OR
x
; used to gain information about
an
individual data value obtained from the population.
Example 6
The average number of pounds of meat that a person consumes a year is 218.4 pounds.
Assume that the standard deviation is 25 pounds and the distribution is approximately
normal.
a) Find the probability that a person selected at random consumes less than 224
pounds per year.
b) If a sample of 40 individuals selected, find the probability that the mean of the
sample will be less than 224 pounds per year.
Solution:
11
12
6.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE PROPORTION

FORMUL
A
Population proportion
p
Where; N
n
X
N
Sample proportion
p
x
n
= total number of element in the population

= total number of element in the sample
X = number of element in the population that possess a specific
characteristic
= number of element in the sample that possess a specific

characteristic
Example
Suppose
a total of 789 654 families live in a city and 563 282 of them own homes. A sample
7
of 240 families is selected from the city and 158 of them own homes. Find the proportion of
families who own homes in the population and in the sample.
Solution:
The proportion of all families in this city who own homes is
p
X 563282
0.71
N 789654
The sample proportion is

p
x 158
0.66
n 240
p
6.2.1 Sampling Distribution of
Example 8
13
Boe Consultant Associates has five employees. Table below gives the names of these
five employees and information concerning their knowledge of statistics.
Where: p = population proportion of employees who
know statistics
X 3
p
0 .6
N 5
Let say we draw all possible samples of three
employees each and compute the proportion.
Total number of samples
5!
= 5C3 = 3!(5 3)! 10
Mean of the sample proportion:

FORMUL
A
p p
14
Standard deviation of the sample proportion:

FORMUL
A
where
pq
n
pq
n
; if
N n
N 1
n
0.05
N
; if
n
0.05
N
p = population proportion
q =1p
n = sample size
Example 9
Based on Boe Consultant Associates in Example 8,
Shape of the sampling distribution of p
According to the central limit theorem, the sampling distribution of
is
approximately normal for a sufficiently large sample size.
In the case of proportion, the sample size is considered to be sufficiently large if np

> 5 and nq > 5
15
Example 10
A binomial distribution has p = 0.3. How large must sample size be such that a normal
.
distribution can be used to approximate sampling distribution of p
Solution:
p
6.2.2 Application of the Sampling Distribution of
z value for a value of p
FORMUL
A
p p
p
Example 11
The Dartmouth Distribution Warehouse makes deliveries of a large number of products to its
customers. It is known that 85% of all the orders it receives from its customers are delivered
on time.
a) Find the probability that the proportion of orders in a random sample of 100 are
delivered on time:
i.
less than 0.87
ii.
between 0.81 and 0.88
16

b) Find the probability that the proportion of orders in a random sample of 100 are not
delivered on time greater than 0.1.
Solution:
Example 12
The machine that is used to make CDs is known to produce 6% defective CDs. The quality
control inspector selects a sample of 100 CDs every week and inspects them for being good
or defective. If 8% or more of the CDs in the sample are defective, the process is stopped
and the machine is readjusted. What is the probability that based on a sample of 100 CDs
the process will be stopped to readjust the mashine?
Solution:
17
6.3 OTHER TYPES OF SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS

6.3.1 Sampling Distribution for the Difference Between Means With Two
Independent Population
When independent random sample of n1 and n2 observations have been
2
2
selected from populations with means 1 and 2 and variance 1 and 2
18

respectively, for the sampling distribution of the difference (x1 x2 ) has the
following properties:
the mean of (x1 x2 ) is 1 2
the standard error of (x1 x2 ) is s1 s2
s 21 s 2 2
n1 n2
If the sample populations are normally distributed then the sampling

distribution of
(x1 x2 ) is exactly normally distributed, regardless of the
sample size.
If the sample populations are not normally distributed then the sampling
distribution of (x1 x2 ) is approximately normally distributed when n1 and
n2 are both 30 or more, due to the Central Limit Theorem
6.3.2 Sampling Distribution for the Difference Between Proportions With

Two Independent Population
Assume that independence random samples of n 1 and n2 observations have been
selected from binomial populations with parameters p 1 and p2 respectively. The
sampling
distribution
of
the
difference
between
sample
proportions
x1 x2
has these properties;
n1 n2
( p1 p 2 )
The mean of ( p1 p 2 ) is p1 - p2
The standard error is
p1q1 p 2q2
n1
n2
EXERCISE
1.
Given a population with mean, = 400 and standard deviation, = 60.

a) If the population is normally distributed, what is the shape for the sampling
distribution of sample mean with random sample size of 16
19

b) If we do not know the shape of the population in 1(a), Can we answer 1(a)?
Explain.
c) Can we answer 1(a) if we do not know the population distribution but we have
been given random sample with size 36? Explain.
2.
A random sample with size, n = 30, is obtained from a normal distribution population
with = 13 and = 7.
a) What are the mean and the standard deviation for the sampling distribution of
sample mean.
b) What is the shape of the sampling distribution? Explain.
c) Calculate
i)
P ( x < 10)
ii)
P ( x < 16)
3.
Given a population size of 5000 with standard deviation 25, Calculate the standard
error of mean sample for:
a) n = 300
b) n = 100
4.
Given X ~ N (5.55, 1.32). If a sample size of 50 is randomly selected, find the sampling
distribution for x . (Hint: Give the name of distribution, mean and variance).Then,
Calculate:
a) P ( 5.25 x 5.90)
b) P (5.45 x 5.75)
5.
64 units from a population size of 125 is randomly selected with mean 105 and
variance 289, Find:
a) the standard error of the sampling distribution above
b) P( 107.5 < x < 109.0)
6.
The serving time for clerk at the bank counter is normally distributed with mean 8
minutes and standard deviation 2 minutes. If 36 customers is randomly selected:
a) Calculate x
b) The probability that the mean of serving time of a clerk at the bank counter is
between 7.7 minutes and 8.3 minutes
7.
The workers at the walkie-talkie factory received salary at an average of RM3.70 per
hour and the standard deviation is RM0.80. If a sample of 100 is randomly selected,
find the probability the mean of sample is:
a) at least RM 3.50 per hour
b) between RM 3.20 and R3.60 per hour
20

8.
1,000 packs of pistachio nut have been sent to one of hyper supermarket in Puchong.
The weight of pistachio nut packs is normally distributed with mean 99.3g and standard
deviation is 1.8g.
a) If a random sample with 300 packs of pistachio nut is selected, find the
probability that the mean of the sample will be between 99.2g and 99.5g.
b) Find the probability that mean of sample 300 packs of pistachio nut is between
99.2g and 99.5g with delivery of
i)
2,000 packs
ii)
5,000 packs
c) What is the consequence of the incremental in population size toward the
probability value on the 9(b)?
9.
An average age of 1500 staffs Tebrau Co. Limited is 38 years old with standard
deviation 6.2 years old. If the company selects 50 staffs at random,
a) Do we need correction factor in this situation? Justify your answer.
b) Find the probability of average age for the group of this staff is between 35
and 40 years old.
10.
A test of string breaking strength that has been produced by Z factory shows that the
strength of string is only 60%. A random sample of 200 pieces of string is selected for
the test.
a) State the shape of sampling distribution
b) Calculate the probability of string strength is at lest 42%
11.
Mr. Jay is a teacher at the Henry Garden School. He has conducted a research about
bully case at his school. 61.6% students said that they are ever being a bully victim. A
random sample of 200 students is selected at random. Find the proportion of bully
victim is
a) between 60% and 66%
b) more than 64%
12.
The information given below shows the response of 40 college students for the
question, Do you work during semester break time? (The answer is Y=Yes or N=No).
NNYNNYNYNYNNYNYYNNNY
NYNNNNYNNYYNNNYNNYNN
If the proportion fo population is 0.30,
21
a) Find the proportion of sampling for the college student who works during
semester break.
b) Calculate the standard error for the proportion in (a).
13.
A credit officer at the Tiger Bank believes that 25% from the total credit card users will
not pay their minimum charge of credit card debt at the end of every month. If a sample
100 credit card user is randomly selected:
a) What is the standard error for the proportion of the customer who does not
pay their minimum charge of credit card debt at the end of every month?
b) Find the probability that the proportion of customer in a random sample of 100
do not pay their minimum charge of credit card debt:
i) less than 0.20
ii) more than 0.30
ANSWER FOR EXERCISE

1. a. Normal distribution with = 400 and standard deviation, = 15
b. Cannot because the sampling distribution might be not normal
c. Can because based on the central limit theorem, the sampling distribution of mean sample will
normally distributed if the selected sample size is at least 30
22

2. a. x 13 ; x
7
1.28
30
b. The sampling distribution is normal because the population distribution is normal

10 13
c.
i. P ( x < 10 ) = P z
1.28
= P ( z < -2.34)
= 0.0096
16 13
iii. P ( x < 16) = P z
1.28
= P ( z < 2.34)
= 0.9904
3.
a.
n = 300
n
300
0.06( 0.05)
N 5000
25
5000 300
g
300 5000 1
1.3995
b.
n = 100
n
100
0.02( 0.05)
N 5000
25
x
100
2.5
4. Normal distribution ( n = 50; >30)
x 5.55 ;
1.32
0.187
50
5.90 5.55
5.25 5.55
z
0.187
0.187
a. P (5.25 < x < 5.90) = P
= P (-1.60 < z < 1.87)

= P (z < 1.87) P (z < -1.60)
= 0.9693 0.0548
= 0.9145
5.75 5.55
5.45 5.55
z
0.187
0.187
b. P (5.45 < x < 5.75) = P
= P (-0.53 < z < 1.07)

= P (z < 1.07) P (z < -0.53)
= 0.8577 0.2981
= 0.5596
23
5.
a.
n
64
0.512 0.05
N 125
- need correction factor
x
17
2.125
64
109.0 105
107.5 105
z
2.125
2.125
b. P (107.5 < x < 109.0) = P
= P (1.17 < z < 1.88)

= P (z < 1.88) P (z < 1.18)
= 0.9699 0.8810
= 0.0889
6.
a. x
2
0.333
36
b. P ( 7.7 < x < 8.3)
8.3 8.0
7.7 8.0
z
0.33
0.33
= P
= P (-0.91 < z < 0.91)

= P (z < 0.91) P (z < -0.91)
= 0.8186 0.1814
7.
= 0.6372
x 3.7
x
0.8
0.08
100
a. P ( x > 3.5)
= P z
3.5 3.7
0.08
= P (z > -2.5)
= 1 P (z < -2.5)
= 1 0.0062
= 0.9938
b. P (3.2 < x < 3.6 )
3.6 3.7
3.2 3.7
z
0.08
0.08
= P
= P (-6.25 < z < -1.25)

= P (z < -1.25) P (z < -6.25)
= 0.1056 0
= 0.1056
8.
x 99.3
24

n
300
0.3 0.05 - need correction factor

N 1000
1.8 1000 300
x
0.1539
1000 1
300
99.5 99.3
99.2 99.3
z
0.1539
0.1539
a. P ( 99.2 < x < 99.5) = P
= P (-0.65 < z < 1.30)
= P (z < 1.30) P (z < -0.65)

= 0.9032 0.2578
= 0.6454
b. i) N = 2000
n
300

N 2000
2000 300
0.1696
2000 1
99.5 99.3
99.2 99.3
z
P ( 99.2 < x < 99.5) = P
0.1696
0.1696
= P (-0.59 < z < 1.18)
1.8
300
= P (z < 1.18) P (z < -0.59)

= 0.8810 0.2776
= 0.6034
ii) N = 5000
n
300

N 5000
x
1.8
300
5000 300
0.1783
5000 1
99.5 99.3
99.2 99.3
z
0.178
0.178
P ( 99.2 < x < 99.5) = P
= P (-0.56 < z < 1.12)

= P (z < 1.12) P (z < -0.56)
= 0.8686 0.2877
= 0.5809
c. If the sample size is constant but the population size is increasing, the probability value
will be reduced.
9.
a.
n
50
0.0333 0.05
N 1500
- correction factor can be ignored
b.
25
6.2
0.8768
n
50
40 38
35 38
P 35 x 40 P
z
0.8768
0.8768
P 3.4215 z 2.2810
x 38, x
P z 2.2810 P z 3.4215
0.9887 0.0003
0.9884
10.
a.
np = 200(0.60) = 120 , nq = 200(0.40) = 80

0.55(0.45)
p 0.55, p2
0.0012
200
b.
pq
0.40(0.60)
0.0346
n
200
0.42 0.40
P p 0.42 P Z
0.0346
P Z 0.58
1 0.7190 or 0.5 0.2190
0.2810
11 a.
(1 )
0.616(0.384)
0.0344
n
200
0.66 0.616
0.60 0.616
P(0.60 p 0.66) P
Z
0.0344
0.0344
P 0.4651 Z 1.2791
p 0.616,
0.8997 0.3192
0.5805
b.
0.64 0.616
P ( p 0.64) P Z
0.0344
P Z 0.6977
1 P Z 0.6977
1 0.7580
0.2420
12.
a.
14
0.35
40
b.
26
p
13.
a. p
pq
0.3(0.7)
0.0725
n
40
0.25(0.75)
0.043
100
< 0.20) = P z
b. i. P ( p
0.20 0.25
0.043
= P (z < -1.16)
= 0.1230
> 0.30) = P z
ii. P ( p
0.30 0.25
0.043
= P (z > 1.16)
= 1 P (z < 1.16)
= 1 0.8770
= 0.1230
27

SQQS1013 Ch6 A122

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SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

6.1 POPULATION AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION

The probability distribution of the population data.

Let x denote the score of a student.

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Mean for Population

Standard Deviation for Population

6.1.2 Sampling Distribution

Sample statistic such as median, mode, mean and standard deviation

The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Then the 10 possible samples of three scores each are

for sample ABC,

Use all the possible

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Mean ( x ) for the Sampling Distribution of x

76 76 81 76.67 81.67 81.67 79.33 84.33 84.33 85

The mean of the sampling

) for the Sampling Distribution of

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

is the standard deviation of the population

is the finite population correction factor

This formula is used when

sample size increase.

6.1.3 Sampling From a Normally Distributed Population

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

The shape of the sampling distribution of x is normal, whatever the value of n.

Shape of the sampling distribution

6.1.4 Sampling From a Not Normally Distributed Population

x is inferred from central limit theorem.

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

For a large sample size, the sampling distribution of x is approximately

Shape of the sampling distribution

6.1.5 Application of the Sampling Distribution x

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

; should be used to gain information about a

individual data value obtained from the population.

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

6.2 POPULATION AND SAMPLE PROPORTION

= total number of element in the population

= number of element in the sample that possess a specific

The sample proportion is

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Mean of the sample proportion:

Chapter 6: Sampling Distributions

SQQS1013 Elementary Statistics

Standard deviation of the sample proportion:

Shape of the sampling distribution of p