Baron Munchausen

This article is about the literary character. For other Versions of the ctional Baron have appeared on stage,
uses, see Mnchhausen.
screen, radio, and television, as well as in other literary works. Though the Baron Munchausen stories are
[1][lower-alpha 1]
Baron Munchausen /mn.ta.zn/
is a no longer well-known in English-speaking countries, they
are still popular in continental Europe. The character has
ctional German nobleman created by the German
writer Rudolf Erich Raspe in his 1785 book Baron inspired numerous memorials and museums, and several
medical conditions and other concepts are named after
Munchausens Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and
Campaigns in Russia. The character is loosely based him, including Munchausen syndrome, the Mnchhausen
on a real baron, Hieronymus Karl Friedrich, Freiherr trilemma, and Munchausen numbers.
von Mnchhausen (17201797, German pronunciation:
[mn(h)azn]).

1 Historical gure

Born in Bodenwerder, Electorate of BrunswickLneburg, the real-life Mnchhausen fought for the
Russian Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1735
1739. On retiring in 1760, he became a minor celebrity
within German aristocratic circles for telling outrageous
tall tales based on his military career. After hearing
some of Mnchhausens stories, Raspe adapted them
anonymously into literary form, rst in German as
ephemeral magazine pieces and then in English as the
1785 book, which was rst published in Oxford by a
bookseller named Smith. The book was soon translated
into other European languages, including a German
version expanded by the poet Gottfried August Brger.
The real-life Mnchhausen was deeply upset at the
development of a ctional character bearing his name,
and threatened legal proceedings against the books
publisher. Perhaps fearing a libel suit, Raspe never
acknowledged his authorship of the work, which was
only established posthumously.
The ctional Barons exploits, narrated in the rst-person,
focus on his impossible achievements as a sportsman, soldier, and traveller, for instance riding on a cannonball,
ghting a forty-foot crocodile, and travelling to the Moon.
Intentionally comedic, the stories play on the absurdity
and inconsistency of Munchausens claims, containing an
undercurrent of social satire. The earliest illustrations of
the character, perhaps created by Raspe himself, depict
Munchausen as slim and youthful, although later illustrators have depicted him as an older man, and have added
the sharply beaked nose and twirled moustache that have
become part of the characters denitive visual representation. Raspes book was a major international success,
becoming the core text for numerous English, continental European, and American editions that were expanded
and rewritten by other writers. The book in its various
revised forms remained widely read throughout the nineteenth century, especially in editions for young readers.

The real-life Mnchhausen circa 1740, as a Cuirassier in Riga,

by G. Bruckner

Hieronymus Karl Friedrich von Mnchhausen was

born on 11 May 1720 in Bodenwerder, Electorate
of Brunswick-Lneburg.[4] He was a younger son of
the Black Line of Rinteln-Bodenwerder, an aristocratic family in the Duchy of Brunswick-Lneburg.[5]
His cousin, Gerlach Adolph von Mnchhausen,[6] was
the founder of the University of Gttingen and later
the Prime Minister of the Electorate of Hanover.[7]
1

FICTIONALIZATION

Mnchhausen started as a page to Anthony Ulrich

II of Brunswick-Wolfenbttel, and followed his employer to the Russian Empire during the Austro-Russian
Turkish War (173539).[4] In 1739, he was appointed a
cornet in the Russian cavalry regiment, the BrunswickCuirassiers.[4] On 27 November 1740, he was promoted
to lieutenant.[5] He was stationed in Riga, but participated
in two campaigns against the Turks in 1740 and 1741. In
1744 he married Jacobine von Dunten, and in 1750 he
was promoted to Rittmeister (cavalry captain).[4]
In 1760 Mnchhausen retired to live as a Freiherr at
his estates in Bodenwerder, where he remained until his
death in 1797.[4][8] It was there, especially at parties given
for the areas aristocrats, that he developed a reputation
as an imaginative after-dinner storyteller, creating witty
and highly exaggerated accounts of his adventures in Russia. Over the ensuing thirty years, his storytelling abilities gained such renown that he frequently received visits
from travelling nobles wanting to hear his stories.[9] One
guest described Mnchhausen as telling his stories cavalierly, indeed with military emphasis, yet without any
concession to the whimsicality of the man of the world;
describing his adventures as one would incidents which
were in the natural course of events.[10] Rather than being considered a liar, Mnchhausen was seen as an honest
man.[4] As another contemporary put it, Mnchhausens
unbelievable narratives were designed not to deceive, but
to ridicule the disposition for the marvellous which he The Baron entertaining guests, from a series of postcards by Osobserved in some of his acquaintances.[11]
kar Herrfurth
Mnchhausens wife Jacobine von Dunten died in
1790.[12] In January 1794, Mnchhausen married
Bernardine von Brunn, fty-seven years his junior.[12] In his native German language, Raspe wrote a collecVon Brunn reportedly took ill soon after the marriage tion of anecdotes inspired by Mnchhausens tales, calland spent the summer of 1794 in the spa town of Bad ing the collection M-h-s-nsche Geschichten (M-h-sPyrmont, although contemporary gossip claimed that she n Stories).[16] It remains unclear how much of Raspes
spent her time dancing and irting.[12] Von Brunn gave material comes directly from the Baron, but the mabirth to a daughter, Maria Wilhemina, on 16 February jority of the stories are derived from older sources,[17]
1795, nine months after her summer trip. Mnchhausen including Heinrich Bebel's Faceti (1508) and Samuel
led an ocial complaint that the child was not his, and Gotthold Lange's Delici Academic (1765).[18] M-hspent the last years of his life in divorce proceedings and s-nsche Geschichten appeared as a feature in the eighth
alimony litigation.[12] Mnchhausen died childless on 22 issue of the Vade mecum fr lustige Leute (Handbook for
February 1797.[4]
Fun-loving People), a Berlin humor magazine, in 1781.
Raspe published a sequel, Noch zwei M-Lgen (Two
more M-Fibs), in the tenth issue of the same magazine
in 1783.[16] The hero and narrator of these stories was
2 Fictionalization
identied only as M-h-s-n, keeping Raspes inspiration
partly obscured while still allowing knowledgeable Gerto Mnchhausen.[19]
The ctionalized character was created by a Ger- man readers to make the connection[16]
man writer, scientist, and con artist, Rudolf Erich Raspes name did not appear at all.
Raspe.[13][14] Raspe probably met Hieronymus von In 1785, while supervising mines at Dolcoath in
Mnchhausen while studying at the University of Cornwall, Raspe adapted the Vade mecum anecdotes into
Gttingen,[6] and may even have been invited to dine with a short English-language book, this time identifying the
him at the mansion at Bodenwerder.[13] Raspes later ca- narrator of the book as Baron Munchausen.[20] Other
reer mixed writing and scientic scholarship with theft than the anglicization of Mnchhausen to Munchausen,
and swindling; when the German police issued advertise- Raspe this time made no attempt to hide the identity of
ments for his arrest in 1775, he ed continental Europe the man who had inspired him, though he still withheld
his own name.[21]
and settled in England.[15]

3
subsumed into the body of stories. In the process of revision, Raspes prose style was heavily modied; instead
of his conversational language and sportsmanlike turns of
phrase, Kearsleys writers opted for a blander and more
formal tone imitating Augustan prose.[27] Most ensuing
English-language editions, including even the major editions produced by Thomas Seccombe in 1895 and F. J.
Harvey Darton in 1930, reproduce one of the rewritten
Kearsley versions rather than Raspes original text.[28]
At least ten editions or translations of the book appeared
before Raspes death in 1794.[29] Translations of the book
into French, Spanish, and German were published in
1786.[21] The text reached the United States in 1805, expanded to include American topical satire by an anonymous Federalist writer, probably Thomas Green Fessenden.[30]

Portrait of Rudolf Erich Raspe, creator of the ctional Baron

This English edition, the rst version of the text in

which Munchausen appeared as a fully developed literary character,[22] had a circuitous publication history. It
rst appeared anonymously as Baron Munchausens Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and Campaigns in Russia,
a 49-page book in 12mo size, published in Oxford by the
bookseller Smith in late 1785 and sold for a shilling.[23] A
second edition released early the following year, retitled
Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Sporting Adventures of Baron Munnikhouson, commonly pronounced
Munchausen, added ve more stories and four illustra- Gottfried August Brger translated the book into German, and
tions; though the book was still anonymous, the new text was often assumed to be its author
was probably by Raspe, and the illustrations may have
been his work as well.[24]
The rst German translation, Wunderbare Reisen zu
By May 1786, Raspe no longer had control over the Wasser und Lande, was made by the German Romantic
book, which was taken over by a dierent publisher, poet Gottfried August Brger. Brgers text is a close
G. Kearsley.[25][lower-alpha 2] Kearsley, intending the book translation of Smiths second edition, but also includes
for a higher-class audience than the original editions had an interpolated story, based on a German legend called
been, commissioned extensive additions and revisions "The Six Wonderful Servants". Two new engravings were
from other hands, including new stories, twelve new en- added to illustrate the interpolated material.[31] The Gergravings, and much rewriting of Raspes prose. This man version of the stories proved to be even more poputhird edition was sold at two shillings, twice the price lar than the English one.[32] A second German edition in
of the original, as Gulliver Revived, or the Singular Trav- 1788 included heavily altered material from an expanded
els, Campaigns, Voyages, and Adventures of Baron Mu- Kearsley edition, and an original German sequel, Nachtrag zu den wunderbaren Reisen zu Wasser und Lande,
nikhouson, commonly pronounced Munchausen.[26]
Kearsleys version was a marked popular success. Over was published in 1789. After these publications, the Enthe next few years, the publishing house issued further glish and Continental versions of the Raspe text continincreasingly dierent traditions
editions in quick succession, adding still more non-Raspe ued to diverge, following
[33]
of
included
material.
material along the way; even the full-length Sequel to the
Adventures of Baron Munchausen, again not by Raspe and Raspe, probably for fear of a libel suit from the realoriginally published in 1792 by a rival printer, was quickly life Baron von Mnchhausen, never admitted his author-

FICTIONAL CHARACTER

ship of the book.[34] It was often credited to Brger,[18]

sometimes with an accompanying rumor that the reallife Baron von Mnchhausen had met Brger in Pyrmont
and dictated the entire work to him.[35] Another rumor,
which circulated widely soon after the German translation was published, claimed that it was a competitive collaboration by three University of Gttingen scholars
Brger, Abraham Gotthelf Kstner, and Georg Christoph
Lichtenbergwith each of the three trying to outdo one
another by writing the most unbelievable tale.[36] The
scholar Johann Georg Meusel correctly credited Raspe
for the core text, but mistakenly asserted that Raspe had
written it in German and that an anonymous translator
was responsible for the English version.[35] Raspes authorship was nally proven in 1824 by Brgers biographer, Karl Reinhard.[37][lower-alpha 3]
In the rst few years after publication, German readers
widely assumed that the real-life Baron von Mnchhausen
was responsible for the stories.[21] According to witnesses, Mnchhausen was deeply angry that the book had
dragged his name into public consciousness and insulted
his honor as a nobleman. Mnchhausen became a recluse,
refusing to host parties or tell any more stories,[21] and
Munchausen rides the cannonball, as pictured by August von
he attempted without success to bring legal proceedings
Wille
[39]
against Brger and the publisher of the translation.

2.1

Publication history

The following tables summarize the early publication

history of Raspes text, from 1785 to 1800. Unless
otherwise referenced, information in the tables comes
from the Munchausen bibliography established by John
Carswell.[40]

Fictional character

The ctional Baron Munchausen is a braggart soldier,

most strongly dened by his comically exaggerated boasts
about his own adventures;[43] all of the stories in Raspes
book are told in rst-person narrative, with a prefatory
note explaining that the Baron is supposed to relate
these extraordinary Adventures over his Bottle, when surrounded by his Friends.[44] The Barons stories imply
him to be a superhuman gure who spends most of his
time either getting out of absurd predicaments or indulging in equally absurd moments of gentle mischief.[45]
In some of his best-known stories, the Baron rides a
cannonball, travels to the Moon, is swallowed by a giant sh in the Mediterranean Sea, saves himself from
drowning by pulling on his own hair, ghts a forty-foot
crocodile, enlists a wolf to pull his sleigh, and uses laurel
tree branches to x his horse when the animal is accidentally cut in two.[18]

objectivity; absurd happenings elicit, at most, mild surprise from him, and he shows serious doubt about any unlikely events he has not witnessed himself.[46] The resulting narrative eect is an ironic tone, encouraging skepticism in the reader[47] and marked by a running undercurrent of subtle social satire.[45] In addition to his fearlessness when hunting and ghting, he is suggested to be a
debonair, polite gentleman given to moments of gallantry,
with a scholarly penchant for knowledge, a tendency to
be pedantically accurate about details in his stories, and
a deep appreciation for food and drink of all kinds.[48]
The Baron also provides a solid geographical and social
context for his narratives, peppering them with topical
allusions and satire about recent events; indeed, many of
the references in Raspes original text are to historical incidents in the real-life Mnchhausens military career.[49]
Because the feats the Baron describes are overtly implausible, they are easily recognizable as ction,[50] with a
strong implication that the Baron is a liar.[43] Whether
he expects his audience to believe him varies from version to version; in Raspes original 1785 text, he simply
narrates his stories without further comment, but in the
later extended versions he is insistent that he is telling the
truth.[51] In any case, the Baron appears to believe every
word of his own stories, no matter how internally inconsistent they become, and he usually appears tolerantly indierent to any disbelief he encounters in others.[52]

Illustrators of the Baron stories have included Thomas

Rowlandson, Alfred Crowquill, George Cruikshank,
In the stories he narrates, the Baron is shown as a calm, Ernst Ludwig Riepenhausen, Theodor Hosemann,
rational man, describing what he experiences with simple Adolf Schrdter, Gustave Dor, William Strang,[53]

5
W. Heath Robinson,[54] and Ronald Searle.[55] The
Finnish-American cartoonist Klaus Nordling featured
the Baron in a weekly Baron Munchausen comic strip
from 1935 to 1937,[56] and in 1962, Raspes text was
adapted for Classics Illustrated #146 (British series), with
both interior and cover art by the British cartoonist Denis
Giord.[57]
In the rst published illustrations, which may have been
drawn by Raspe himself, the Baron appears slim and
youthful.[58] For the 1792 Sequel to the Adventures of
Baron Munchausen, an anonymous artist drew the Baron
as a dignied but tired old soldier whose face is marred
by injuries from his adventures; this illustration remained
the standard portrait of the Baron for about seventy years,
and its imagery was echoed in Cruikshanks depictions of
the character. Dor, illustrating a Thophile Gautier ls
translation in 1862, retained the sharply beaked nose and
twirled moustache from the 1792 portrait, but gave the
Baron a healthier and more aable appearance; the Dor
Baron became the denitive visual representation for the
character.[59]
The relationship between the real and ctional Barons is
complex. On the one hand, the ctional Baron Munchausen can be easily distinguished from the historical
gure Hieronymus von Mnchhausen;[3] the character is
so separate from his namesake that at least one critic, the
writer W. L. George, concluded that the namesakes identity was irrelevant to the general reader,[60] and Richard
Asher named Munchausen syndrome using the anglicized
spelling so that the disorder would reference the character rather than the real person.[3] On the other hand,
Mnchhausen remains strongly connected to the character he inspired, and is still nicknamed the Lgenbaron
(Baron of Lies) in German.[21] As the Munchausen researcher Bernhard Wiebel has said, These two barons
are the same and they are not the same.[61]

Critical and popular reception

Statue of Munchausen in Bodenwerder

W. L. George described the ctional Baron as a comic

giant of literature, describing his boasts as splendid,
purposeless lie[s] born of the joy of life.[64] Thophile
Gautier ls highlighted that the Barons adventures are
endowed with an absurd logic pushed to the extreme
and which backs away from nothing.[65] According to
an interview, Jules Verne relished reading the Baron stories as a child, and used them as inspiration for his own
adventure novels.[66] Thomas Seccombe commented that
Munchausen has undoubtedly achieved [a permanent
place in literature] ... The Barons notoriety is universal, his character proverbial, and his name as familiar as
that of Mr. Lemuel Gulliver, or Robinson Crusoe.[67]

Reviewing the rst edition of Raspes book in Decem- Steven T. Byington wrote that Munchausens modest
ber 1785, a writer in The Critical Review commented seat in the Valhalla of classic literature is undisputed,
comparing the stories to American tall tales and concludappreciatively:[62]
ing that the Baron is the patriarch, the perfect model,
the fadeless fragrant ower, of liberty from accuracy.[68]
This is a satirical production calculated to
The folklore writer Alvin Schwartz cited the Baron stories
throw ridicule on the bold assertions of some
as one of the most important inuences on the American
parliamentary declaimers. If rant may be best
tall tale tradition.[69] In a 2012 study of the Baron, the
foiled at its own weapons, the authors design
literary scholar Sarah Tindal Kareem noted that Munis not ill-founded; for the marvellous has never
chausen embodies, in his deadpan presentation of absurbeen carried to a more whimsical and ludicrous
dities, the novelty of ctionality [and] the sophistication
[62][lower-alpha 6]
extent.
of aesthetic illusion, adding that the additions to Raspes
A writer for The English Review around the same time was text made by Kearsley and others tend to mask these
literary qualities by emphasizing that the Baron is
less approving: We do not understand how a collection ironic[51]
lying.
of lies can be called a satire on lying, any more than the
adventures of a woman of pleasure can be called a satire By the beginning of the nineteenth century, Kearsleys phenomenally popular version of Raspes book had
on fornication.[63]

spread to abridged chapbook editions for young readers,

who soon became the main audience for the stories.[70]
The book, especially in its adaptations for children, remained widely popular throughout the century.[71] It was
translated into nearly all languages spoken in Europe;[72]
Robert Southey referred to it as a book which everybody knows, because all boys read it.[70] Notable later
translations include Gautiers French rendering[58] and
Korney Chukovsky's popular Russian adaptation.[73] By
the 1850s, Munchausen had come into slang use as a
verb meaning to tell extravagantly untruthful pseudoautobiographical stories.[74] Robert Chambers, in an
1863 almanac, cited the iconic 1792 illustration of the
Baron by asking rhetorically:

IN CULTURE

put the Baron character in a science ction setting; the

novel was serialized in The Electrical Experimenter from
May 1915 to February 1917.[81]
Pierre Henri Cami's character Baron de Crac, a French
soldier and courtier under Louis XV,[82] is an imitation
of the Baron Munchausen stories.[83] In 1998,[84] the
British game designer James Wallis used the Baron character to create a multi-player storytelling game, The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen, in which
players improvise Munchausen-like rst-person stories
while overcoming objections and other interruptions
from opponents.[85]

5.2 Stage and audio

Who is there that has not, in his youth, enjoyed The Surprising Travels and Adventures
of Baron Munchausen in Russia, the Caspian
Sea, Iceland, Turkey, &c. a slim volumeall
too short, indeedillustrated by a formidable
portrait of the baron in front, with his broadsword laid over his shoulder, and several deep
gashes on his manly countenance? I presume
they must be few.[71]
Though Raspes book is no longer widely read by English
speakers,[75] the Munchausen stories remain popular in
Europe, especially in Germany and in Russia.[76]

5
5.1

In culture
Literature

As well as the many augmented and adapted editions

of Raspes text, the ctional Baron has occasionally appeared in other standalone works.[77] In 183839, Karl
Leberecht Immermann published the long novel Mnchhausen: Eine Geschichte in Arabesken (Mnchhausen: A
History of Arabesques)[78] as an homage to the character, and Adolf Ellissen's Munchausens Lgenabenteur, an
elaborate expansion of the stories, appeared in 1846.[72]
In his 1886 philosophical treatise Beyond Good and Evil,
Friedrich Nietzsche uses one of the Barons adventures,
the one in which he rescues himself from a swamp,
as a metaphor for belief in complete metaphysical free
will; Nietzsche calls this belief an attempt to pull oneself up into existence by the hair, out of the swamps of
nothingness.[79]

For radio, Jack Pearl (right) and Cli Hall (left) played the Baron
and his disbelieving foil Charlie, respectively

On stage, Harlequin Munchausen, or the Fountain of

Love, a pantomime based on the Raspe text, was
produced in London in 1818,[74] and Herbert Eulenberg made the Baron the main character of a 1900
play, Mnchhausen.[86] The Expressionist writer Walter
Hasenclever turned the stories into a comedy, Mnchhausen,[78] in 1934.[87] Grigori Gorin used the Baron as
the hero of his 1976 play That Very Munchausen;[88]
a lm version was made in 1980.[89] Baron Pril, a
Czech musical about the Baron, opened in 2010 in
Prague.[90][lower-alpha 7] The following year, the National
Black Light Theatre of Prague toured the United Kingdom with a nonmusical production of The Adventures of
Baron Munchausen.[91]

In the late nineteenth century, the Baron appeared as

a character in John Kendrick Bangs's comic novels A
House-Boat on the Styx, Pursuit of the House-Boat, and
The Enchanted Type-Writer.[80] Shortly after, in 1901,
Bangs published Mr. Munchausen, a collection of new
Munchausen stories, closely following the style and humor of the original tales.[77] Hugo Gernsback's second
novel, Baron Mnchhausens New Scientic Adventures, In 1932, the comedy writer Billy Wells adapted Baron

5.3

Film

Munchausen for a radio comedy routine starring the comedians Jack Pearl and Cli Hall.[92] In the routine,
Pearls Baron would relate his unbelievable experiences
in a thick German accent to Halls straight man character, Charlie. When Charlie had had enough and expressed
disbelief, the Baron would invariably retort: Vass you
dere, Sharlie?"[93] The line became a popular and muchquoted catchphrase, and by early 1933 The Jack Pearl
Show was the second most popular series on American radio (after Eddie Cantor's program).[93] Pearl attempted to
adapt his portrayal to lm in Meet the Baron in 1933, playing a modern character mistaken for the Baron,[93] but
the lm was not a success.[92] Pearls popularity gradually
declined between 1933 and 1937, though he attempted
to revive the Baron character several times before ending
his last radio series in 1951.[94]
For a 1972 Caedmon Records recording of some of the
stories, Peter Ustinov voiced the Baron. A review in
The Reading Teacher noted that Ustinovs portrayal highlighted the braggadocio personality of the Baron, with
self-adulation ... plainly discernible in the intonational
innuendo.[95]

5.3

Film

7
of intoxication-induced dreams.[96] Mlis may also have
used the Barons journey to the moon as an inspiration for
his well-known 1902 lm A Trip to the Moon.[65] In the
late 1930s, he planned to collaborate with the Dada artist
Hans Richter on a new lm version of the Baron stories,
but the project was left unnished at his death in 1938.[97]
Richter attempted to complete it the following year, taking on Jacques Prvert, Jacques Brunius, and Maurice
Henry as screenwriters, but the beginning of the Second
World War put a permanent halt to the production.[98]
The French animator mile Cohl produced a version of
the stories using silhouette cutout animation in 1913;
other animated versions were produced by Richard Felgenauer in Germany in 1920, and by Paul Pero in the
United States in 1929.[98] Colonel Heeza Liar, the protagonist of the rst animated cartoon series in cinema
history, was created by John Randolph Bray in 1913 as
an amalgamation of the Baron and Teddy Roosevelt.[99]
The Italian director Paolo Azzurri lmed The Adventures
of Baron Munchausen in 1914,[100] and the British director F. Martin Thornton made a short silent lm featuring the Baron, The New Adventures of Baron Munchausen, the following year.[101] In 1940, the Czech director Martin Fri lmed Baron Pril, starring the comic
actor Vlasta Burian as a twentieth-century descendant of
the Baron.[102][lower-alpha 7]
For the German lm studio Ufa's twenty-fth anniversary in 1943, Joseph Goebbels hired the lmmaker
Josef von Bky to direct Mnchhausen, a big-budget
color lm about the Baron.[103] David Stewart Hull
describes Hans Albers's Baron as jovial but somewhat sinister,[104] while Tobias Nagle writes that Albers imparts a male and muscular zest for action and
testosterone-driven adventure.[105] A German musical
comedy, Mnchhausen in Afrika, made as a vehicle for
the Austrian singing star Peter Alexander, appeared in
1957.[106] Karel Zeman's 1961 Czech lm The Fabulous Baron Munchausen commented on the Barons adventures from a contemporary perspective, highlighting
the importance of the poetic imagination to scientic
achievement; Zemans stylized mise-en-scne, based on
Dor's illustrations for the book, combined animation
with live-action actors, including Milo Kopeck as the
Baron.[107]

The Baron travels underwater, illustrated by Gottfried Franz

The early French lmmaker Georges Mlis, who greatly

admired the Baron Munchausen stories,[65] lmed Baron
Munchausens Dream in 1911. Mliss short silent lm,
which has little in common with the Raspe text, follows a sleeping Baron through a surrealistic succession

In the Soviet Union, Soyuzmultlm released a 16-minute

stop-motion animation Adventures of Baron Munchausen
in 1967, directed by Anatoly Karanovich.[108] Another
Soviet animated version was produced as a series of short
lms, Munchausens Adventures, in 1973 and 1974.[109]
The French animator Jean Image lmed The Fabulous Adventures of the Legendary Baron Munchausen in
1979,[100] and followed it with a 1984 sequel, Moon Madness.[110] Oleg Yankovsky appeared as the Baron in the
1980 Russian television lm That Same Munchausen,
directed by Mark Zakharov from Grigori Gorins play.
The lm, a commentary on Soviet censorship and social mores, imagines an ostracized Baron attempting to

7 NOTES

prove the truth of his adventures in a disbelieving and 6.2 Nomenclature

conformity-driven world.[89]
In 1951, the British physician Richard Asher published an
In 1988, Terry Gilliam adapted the Raspe stories into a
article in The Lancet describing patients whose factitious
lavish Hollywood lm, The Adventures of Baron Mundisorders led them to lie about their own states of health.
chausen, with the Canadian stage actor John Neville in
Asher proposed to call the disorder Munchausens synthe lead. Roger Ebert, in his review of the lm, described
drome, commenting: Like the famous Baron von
Nevilles Baron as a man who seems sensible and matterMunchausen, the persons aected have always travelled
of-fact, as anyone would if they had spent a lifetime growwidely; and their stories, like those attributed to him,
[111]
ing accustomed to the incredible.
The German actor
are both dramatic and untruthful. Accordingly, the synJan Josef Liefers starred in a 2012 two-part television lm
drome is respectfully dedicated to the baron, and named
titled Baron Mnchhausen; according to a Spiegel Online
after him.[18] The disease is now usually referred to
review, his characterization of the Baron strongly resemas Munchausen syndrome.[118] The name has spawned
bled Johnny Depp's performance as Jack Sparrow in the
two other coinages: Munchausen syndrome by proxy,
Pirates of the Caribbean lm series.[112]
in which illness is feigned by caretakers rather than
patients,[18] and Munchausen by Internet, in which illness
is feigned online.[119]

6
6.1

Legacy
Memorials

In 1968, Hans Albert coined the term "Mnchhausen

trilemma" to describe the philosophical problem inherent in having to derive conclusions from premises; those
premises have to be derived from still other premises,
and so on forever, leading to an innite regress interruptible only by circular logic or dogmatism. The problem is
named after the similarly paradoxical story in which the
Baron saves himself from being drowned in a swamp by
pulling on his own hair.[120] The same story also inspired
the mathematical term "Munchausen number", coined by
Daan van Berkel in 2009 to describe numbers whose digits, when raised to their own powers, can be added together to form the number itself (for example, 3435 = 33
+ 44 + 33 + 55 ).[121]

Subclass ATU1889 of the AarneThompsonUther classication system, a standard index of folklore, was named
Mnchhausen Tales in tribute to the stories.[122] In
Latvian commemorative coin of 2005
1994, a main belt asteroid was named 14014 Mnchhausen in honor of both the real and the ctional
[123]
In 2004, a fan club calling itself Munchausens Grandchil- Baron.
dren was founded in the Russian city of Kaliningrad (formerly Knigsberg). The clubs early activities included
identifying historical proofs of the ctional Barons 7 Notes
travels through Knigsberg, such as a jackboot supposedly belonging to the Baron[113] and a sperm whale skele7.1 Footnotes
ton said to be that of the whale in whose belly the Baron
was trapped.[114]
[1] The German name for both the ctional character and
On 18 June 2005, to celebrate the 750th anniversary of
Kaliningrad, a monument to the Baron was unveiled as
a gift from Bodenwerder, portraying the Barons cannonball ride.[115] Bodenwerder sports a Munchausen monument in front of its Town Hall,[76] as well a Munchausen
museum including a large collection of illustrated editions of the stories.[116] Another Munchausen Museum
(Minhauzena Muzejs) exists in Duntes Muia, Latvia,
home of the real Barons rst wife;[117] the couple had
lived in the town for six years, before moving back to the
baronial estate in Hanover.[76] In 2005, to mark the reallife Barons 285th birthday, the National Bank of Latvia
issued a commemorative silver coin.[76]

his historical namesake is Mnchhausen. The simplied

spelling Munchausen, with one h and no umlaut, is standard in English when discussing the ctional character, as
well as the medical conditions named for him.[2][3]
[2] Both booksellers worked in Oxford and used the same
London address, 46 Fleet Street, so it is possible that
Kearsley had also been involved in some capacity with
publication of the rst and second editions.[25]
[3] Nonetheless, no known edition of the book credited Raspe
on its title page until John Carswells 1948 Cresset Press
edition.[38]
[4] An Irish edition issued soon after (Dublin: P. Byrne,

7.2

References

1786) has the same text but is reset and introduces a few
new typographical errors.[41]

[30] Gudde 1942, p. 372.

[31] Carswell 1952b, p. xxx.

[5] A pirated reprint, with all the engravings except the new
frontispiece, appeared the next year (Hamburgh: B. G.
Homann, 1790).[42]

[32] Blamires 2009, 5.

[6] At the time, ludicrous was not a negative term; rather, it

suggested that humor in the book was sharply satirical.[39]

[34] Blamires 2009, 67.

[7] Among Czech speakers, the ctional Baron is usually

called Baron Pril.[98]

[33] Carswell 1952a, p. 171.

[35] Seccombe 1895, p. xi.

[36] Seccombe 1895, p. x.
[37] Seccombe 1895, p. xii.

7.2

References

[38] Blamires 2009, 4.

[1] Cambridge University Press 2015.

[39] Kareem 2012, p. 491.

[2] Olry 2002, p. 56.

[40] Carswell 1952a, pp. 164175.

[3] Fisher 2006, p. 257.

[41] Carswell 1952a, pp. 165166.

[4] Krause 1886, p. 1.

[42] Carswell 1952a, p. 173.

[5] Carswell 1952b, p. xxvii.

[43] George 1918, pp. 169171.

[6] Carswell 1952b, p. xxv.

[44] Kareem 2012, p. 488.

[7] Levi 1998, p. 177.

[45] Fisher 2006, p. 253.

[8] Olry 2002, p. 53.

[46] George 1918, pp. 174175.

[9] Fisher 2006, p. 251.

[47] Kareem 2012, p. 484.

[10] Carswell 1952b, pp. xxviixxviii.

[48] George 1918, pp. 181182.

[11] Kareem 2012, pp. 495496.

[49] Blamires 2009, 1213.

[12] Meadow & Lennert 1984, p. 555.

[50] Kareem 2012, p. 492.

[13] Seccombe 1895, p. xxii.

[51] Kareem 2012, p. 485.

[14] Carswell 1952b, p. x.

[52] George 1918, pp. 177178.

[15] Seccombe 1895, pp. xvixvii.

[53] Seccombe 1895, pp. xxxvxxxvi.

[16] Blamires 2009, 3.

[54] Blamires 2009, 29.

[17] Krause 1886, p. 2.

[55] Raspe 1969.

[18] Olry 2002, p. 54.

[56] Holtz 2011.

[19] Blamires 2009, 8.

[57] Jones 2011, p. 352.

[20] Seccombe 1895, p. xix.

[58] Kareem 2012, p. 500.

[21] Fisher 2006, p. 252.

[59] Kareem 2012, pp. 500503.

[22] Carswell 1952b, pp. xxvixxvii.

[60] George 1918, pp. 179180.

[23] Carswell 1952a, pp. 164165.

[61] Wiebel 2011.

[24] Carswell 1952a, pp. 166167.

[62] Seccombe 1895, p. vi.

[25] Carswell 1952a, p. 167.

[63] Kareem 2012, p. 496.

[26] Carswell 1952a, pp. 167168.

[64] George 1918, p. 169.

[27] Carswell 1952b, pp. xxxixxxii.

[65] Lefebvre 2011, p. 60.

[28] Carswell 1952b, p. xxxvii.

[66] Compre, Margot & Malbrancq 1998, p. 232.

[29] Olry 2002, p. 55.

[67] Seccombe 1895, p. v.

10

7 NOTES

[68] Byington 1928, pp. vvi.

[105] Nagle 2010, p. 269.

[69] Schwartz 1990, p. 105.

[106] Arndt & von Brisinski 2006, p. 103.

[70] Blamires 2009, 24.

[107] Hames 2009, pp. 197198.

[71] Kareem 2012, p. 503.

[72] Carswell 1952b, p. xxxiii.

[108] Venger & Reisner, Adventures of Baron Munghausen

[sic].

[73] Balina, Goscilo & Lipovets ki 2005, p. 247.

[109] Venger & Reisner, Munchausens Adventures.

[74] Kareem 2012, p. 504.

[110] Willis 1984, p. 184.

[75] Kareem 2012, p. 486.

[111] Ebert 1989.

[76] Baister & Patrick 2007, p. 159.

[112] Hass 2012.

[77] Blamires 2009, 30.

[113] 2004.

[78] Ziolkowski 2007, p. 78.

[114] & 2006.

[79] Nietzsche 2000, p. 218.

[115] Kaliningrad-Aktuell 2005.

[80] Bangs 1895, p. 27; Bangs 1897, p. 27; Bangs 1899, p.
[116] Blamires 2009, 32.
34.
[81] Westfahl 2007, p. 209.

[117] Baister & Patrick 2007, p. 154.

[82] Cami 1926.

[118] Fisher 2006, p. 250.

[83] George 1918, p. 175.

[119] Feldman 2000.

[84] Wardrip-Fruin 2009, p. 77.

[120] Apel 2001, pp. 3940.

[85] Mitchell & McGee 2009, pp. 100102.

[86] Eulenberg 1900.
[87] Furness & Humble 1991, p. 114.

[121] Orly & Haines 2013, p. 136.

[122] Ziolkowski 2007, p. 77.
[123] NASA 2013.

[88] Balina, Goscilo & Lipovets ki 2005, pp. 246247.

[89] Hutchings 2004, pp. 130131.
[90] Koatka 2010.
[91] Czech Centre London 2011.
[92] Erickson 2014, p. 50.

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[94] Erickson 2014, p. 52.
[95] Knight 1973, p. 119.
[96] Zipes 2010, p. 43.
[97] Ezra 2000, p. 20.
[98] Sadoul & Morris 1972, p. 25.
[99] Shull & Wilt 2004, p. 17.
[100] Zipes 2010, p. 408.
[101] Young 1997, p. 441.
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13
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External links
Baron Munchausens Narrative of his Marvellous
Travels and Campaigns in Russia (Raspes original
1785 text) at Wikisource
The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen
(Thomas Seccombes edition of a Kearsley text) at
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Mnchhausen (Gottfried August Brgers translation) at Project Gutenberg (German)
The Munchausen Museum in Latvia
The Munchausen Library in Zurich

14

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Baron Munchausen Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Munchausen?oldid=746721359 Contributors: Bryan Derksen, Tarquin,

Christopher Mahan, Deb, Mintguy, Hephaestos, Leandrod, Ubiquity, Patrick, Jahsonic, Sannse, Paul A, Ellywa, Samuelsen, John K, Smack,
Borkabrak, Ptoniolo, Adam Bishop, Zoicon5, Tpbradbury, RayKiddy, SEWilco, AnonMoos, Chl, Calieber, Zandperl, Altenmann, Pjedicke,
Xyzzyva, Decumanus, Josh Martin, Aratuk, Marcika, Varlaam, Beardo, MistToys, Rdsmith4, Klemen Kocjancic, D6, DanielCD, Guanabot, Factitious, Leandros, Antaeus Feldspar, Bender235, Djordjes, El C, Marcok, Mikecap, Phiwum, Philosophistry, MarkGallagher,
Hohum, Ksnow, Suruena, Yoz, Blue Slime, Kitch, Oleg Alexandrov, Stemonitis, Woohookitty, Scriberius, Jok2000, Tabletop, Yuriybrisk,
BD2412, Kbdank71, Jorunn, Rjwilmsi, Lockley, Olessi, MarnetteD, CBR1kboy, FlaBot, Catsmeat, Quuxplusone, Preslethe, Aloysius,
Jaraalbe, Kummi, YurikBot, RobotE, RussBot, Hede2000, Gaius Cornelius, Fnorp, Janke, Dfgarcia, Menelaos, Whooligan, Xil, Curpsbotunicodify, Sneftel, Allens, Rehevkor, True Pagan Warrior, SmackBot, Bobet, InverseHypercube, Unyoyega, Stephensuleeman, Delldot, Eskimbot, Edgar181, Ian Rose, Nbarth, Mistico, Baligant, The PIPE, Curly Turkey, Cyberevil, SashatoBot, John, Guroadrunner, Mike1901, J
1982, Agencius, Ampersand777, The Man in Question, RandomCritic, Mr Stephen, Midnightblueowl, Dl2000, Tryde, Newone, George100,
J Milburn, Drinibot, Ken Gallager, Penbat, Karenjc, Bobnorwal, URORIN, Paterm, Cydebot, Bellerophon5685, Trident13, Kirk Hilliard,
Thijs!bot, Faigl.ladislav, Zickzack, EdJohnston, Nick Number, Noclevername, Futurebird, HarvardOxon, Fru1tbat, Deective, Omeganian, Craw-daddy, Pixel ;-), Twsx, Hiplibrarianship, Mike Searson, STBot, R'n'B, Erendwyn, Helon, Jerry, D-Looth, Plasticup, Kolja21,
Wikimandia, Amikake3, Jamesjamerson, TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Philaweb, Pstril, JanRu, Alex.rosenheim, Muenchhausen, SieBot, YonaBot, Jauerback, Phe-bot, Westfalenbaer, FunkMonk, Monegasque, Zalktis, Jack1956, Goustien, Hello71, Thisis0, Msrasnw, Dabomb87,
ClueBot, All Hallows Wraith, Kironoryx, Foofbun, Niceguyedc, Bees151, Pointillist, Spirals31, Nad2000, TheRedPenOfDoom, Hans
Adler, Audaciter, Dank, Lord Cornwallis, MelonBot, Johnuniq, Indopug, Pirags, Kintaro, Dthomsen8, Moisesencyclopedia, MystBot, Addbot, DOI bot, Ccacsmss, Doniago, Ehrenkater, Komischn, Faunas, Dmitry Rozhkov, Zorrobot, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Hohenloh, Kjell
Knudde, Hydroracee, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Rubinbot, Mintrick, Gordenie, Citation bot, Bob Burkhardt, Cliftonian, Xqbot,
RibotBOT, AustralianRupert, FrescoBot, Haeinous, Citation bot 1, Jason.e.stewart, RedBot, Full-date unlinking bot, TobeBot, Trappist
the monk, NFSreloaded, Dinamik-bot, Aa42john, PBS-AWB, GermanJoe, Lotygolas Ozols, Zach the Wanderer, ClueBot NG, Fregyui,
Lemuellio, Helpful Pixie Bot, Uriyo123, Equord, Wbm1058, SchroCat, BG19bot, Neptunes Trident, Flax5, Bugsysiegel71, Susiesongling,
Pcgame, ChrisGualtieri, Neidr, Kanghuitari, FoCuSandLeArN, VIAFbot, TFA Protector Bot, DrRC, OccultZone, Stamptrader, Olivier
Baghdadi, Mirogeorgiev1997, Monkbot, FACBot, Famous Hobo, KasparBot, My Chemistry romantic, Roskova, Dilidor, HenryVII1546,
InternetArchiveBot, Rattler21 and Anonymous: 133

9.2

Images

File:Baron07a.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Baron07a.gif License: Public domain Contributors:

http://homepage.ntlworld.com/forgottenfutures/munch/munch.htm Original artist: Anonymous (possibly Rudolf Erich Raspe)
File:Bodenwerder-Mnchhausen-Denkmal.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Bodenwerder-M%
C3%BCnchhausen-Denkmal.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Franzfoto
File:Bruckner_-_Mnchhausen.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Bruckner_-_M%C3%
BCnchhausen.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.kinder.niedersachsen.de/index.php?id=676 Original artist: G.
Bruckner
File:Cliff_Hall_and_Jack_Pearl_1952.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Cliff_Hall_and_Jack_
Pearl_1952.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: eBay item Original artist: NBC Radio
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Cruik4.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Cruik4.gif License: Public domain Contributors: http:
//homepage.ntlworld.com/forgottenfutures/munch/munch.htm Original artist: ?
File:Fronta.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Fronta.gif License: Public domain Contributors: http://
homepage.ntlworld.com/forgottenfutures/munch/munch.htm Original artist: George Cruikshank
File:G_a_buerger_sw.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/G_a_buerger_sw.jpeg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Gottfried_Franz_-_Munchhausen_Underwater.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Gottfried_
Franz_-_Munchhausen_Underwater.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Miraculous Andventures of Baron Mnchhausen.
Translated by O. I. Rogova - 3rd ed. SPb. Publisher: A. F. Devrien, 1896. 50 pages Original artist: Gottfried Franz (1846-1905)
File:Gustave_Dor_-_Baron_von_Mnchhausen_-_067.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
Public domain Contributors:
http:
2/26/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9_-_Baron_von_M%C3%BCnchhausen_-_067.jpg License:
//gravures.ru/photo/gjustav_dore/prikljuchenija_barona_mjunkhgauzena/115-1-0-0-2 Original artist: Gustave Dor
File:Hosemann_Mnchhausen_11.png
Source:
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BCnchhausen_11.png License: Public domain Contributors: Gottfried August Brger: Wunderbare Reisen zu Wasser und zu Lande,
Feldzge und lustige Abenteuer des Freiherrn von Mnchhausen. Diana Vlg., Zrich 1972 Original artist: Theodor Hosemann (1807-1875)
File:Muenchhausen-1lats.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Muenchhausen-1lats.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Coin: The Bank of Latvia
Original artist: Photo: UrSuS
File:Muenchhausen_Herrfurth_1_500x763.jpg Source:
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