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Jerzy WRI5BLEWSKI
410
WRO BLEWSKI
LEGAL DE CI S I O N A N D I TS J US TI FI CA TI O N
a formal lo g ic o f norms adequate for a formal lo g ica l ju stifica tion of any legal decision, o r (b) legal decisions and reasonings
ju stifyin g th e m are governed b y the fo rma l lo g ic o f propositions. Th e re i s n o p la ce h e re t o discuss i n d e ta il these a ssumptions. I t seems t o me , t h a t assumption (a ) i n t h e p re sent status o f the fo rma l ca lcu li o f the lo g ic o f n o rms is n o t
fu lfille d y e t (
2anticognitivist philosophical attitude and, hence, the p ra ctica l
)use
; o f th e lo g ic o f propositions i n th e area o f n o rms i s n o t
a s s u m e xp la in e d n e it h e r i n me ta lo g ic n o r i n g e n e ra l
sufficiently
philosophy.
p t i o n
(
b
4.3. L o g ica l ju st f ica t io n se n su l a r g o co n sist s i n g i v i n g
)proper reasons f o r le g a l decision. These reasons a re the p re imisses f o r a n inference o f th e decision according t o th e a cscepted d ire ctive s o f inference. Ne it h e r a re these premisses
hrestricted
a to propositions n o r can these directives o f inference
rbe reduced
d
t o ru le s o f the f o rma l lo g ic o f propositions. I t is
tmy contention that this concept of justification is operationally
oadequate fo r analyses o f the justification o f legal decisions.
a
c
c 5. Thee concept o f lo g ica l ju stifica tio n sensu la rg o requires
psome explanatory
t
comments.
i
n 5.1. L o g ica l ju stifica tio n sensu la rg o co ve rs a l l reasonings
tfor wh ich the adjective " ra tio n a l" is cu rre n tly used. I t covers,
hhence, n o t o n ly the fie ld o f a fo rma l lo g ic o f propositions and
eof norms, b u t a lso th a t o f p ra ctica l reasonings d e a lin g wit h
norms a n d evaluations. I n o th e r wo rd s su ch ju stifica tio n i s
proper to use wit h in the fra me wo rk o f the lo g ic o f argumentation (
3
now
o n I shall use simp ly the te rm " ju stifica tio n " f o r " lo g ica l
justification
sensu largo".
)
Especially
imp o rta n t f o r a n y ju stifica tio n o f le g a l decision
w h
is
that
the
decision
treated as " in d ivid u a l norm" can be inferred
i c h
from
e n a "general norm" of an applied statute and from the propositional
statements o f facts. Th e se ma n tica lly different status
g l
of
these
premisses and the relations o f norms and propositions
o b
call
f
o
r
this
wid e concept o f justification.
e s
f
o
r
m
a
l
l
o
g
412
WRO BLEWSKI
LEGAL DE CI S I O N A N D I TS J US TI FI CA TI O N
414
WROBLEWSKI
8. Decisions o f evidence (") a re p rima fa cie decisions e x pressed in propositions o f the f o rm e.g. F at ime
at
c t t aFn d i n hp la a
ce ps " . T h is i s a n e le me n ta ry f o r m o f
o existential
an
c c u rstatement.
r e d A demonstration of its tru th o r fa lsity
depends o n it s re la tio n t o o th e r statements f ro m wh ich i t is
inferred. These statements a re "evidence". Th e simplest f o rm
of the decision o f evidence wo u ld be: " F has occurred in t, p
according to accepted evidence E
l E " .
LEGAL DE CI S I O N A N D I TS J US TI FI CA TI O N
416
WRO BLEWSKI
V
l. . . R E E
t.D. . Ra E nL d a/ on rd / o or
n
8.4..oIn te rnn a l ju stifica tio n o f t h e d e cisio n o f e vid e n ce e x pressed
.e in
v the
a formulas
l u a o
t f points
i o n8.1. and 8.2. does not in vo lve
.
evaluations.
s
Fo r th e fo rmu la o f p o in t 8.3., however, in t e rn a l
V
justification
depends o n t h e d e g re e o f preciseness o f t h e
2
evaluations
V
I External
V "
ju stifica tio n , i f th e l a w determines ru le s o f le g a l
.
nevidence
a n d / o r imposes t h e u se o f t h e ru le s o f e mp irica l
.evidence, f o r simple cases presents no differences wit h the in ternal ju stifica tio n . I f , h o we ve r, w e h a ve t o d o wit h evaluations a s i n choosing th e d ire ctive s o f evidence o r choosing
relevant values as in the fo rmu la in p o in t 8.3., then o u r p re vious comments t o the external ju stifica tio n o f in te rp re ta tive
decision are to be applied (point 7.3).
9. Th e f in a l ju d icia l decision determines th e consequences
of the proved fa ct according to the applied legal n o rm in the
determined meaning (").
LEGAL DE CI S I O N A N D I TS J US TI FI CA TI O N
418
WRO BLEWSKI
NOTES
(
it t1h e ju d g e i s " e l c anon d e l s ujet o c ognos c ente" ( C. Cos s io, L a le o r ia
egologica
d e l derec ho y e l c onc ept ju r id ic d e libert ad, Buenos A ires ,
)
1964,
T 2 ed., p. 29 33 and ff., 124 and ff.
(9
h Comp. G. KALINOWSKI, I nt roduc t ion a la logique juridique, Paris, 1965,
chapt,
I I I a n d esp. p. 137.
i
s(
Paris,
a3 1958, 2 v ol.; C. PERELMAN, J us tic e et rais on, Brux elles , 1963, chap. XI I ,
XIV,
s) X V I ; P, FORIERS, L't al des rec herc hes d e logique ju rid iq u e en Belgique,
sC (in ) Etudes d e logique juridique, Brux elles , 1968, v o l. I I ; T. VIEEIWEG,
Topik
uo u n d J uris prudenz , Miinc hen, 1965, 3 ed.; J. STONE, Legal Systems and
Lawyers',
Reas oning, Stanford, 1964, c hap. V I I I , 8, 9.
m
m
p(p
sadowym
s tos owaniu prawa, St udia Prawno-Ek ononic z we 3, 1969, p. 26-30;
.
t4
J. KMITA,
L . NOWAK, S t u d io n a d t eoret y c z ny mi pods t awami humanis t yki,
)i
C
Poznan,
1968, chap. II, 3 i G. G orruEs , The Logic o f Choic e, London, 1968,
C
.o
p. o
2 5 a n d ff., 154 a n d ff., 166 a n d f f . ; P . A . FREUND, O n L a w a n d Justice,
nP
Cambridge,
1968, c hapt. V .
m
iE
()
Comp. t he concept of the applic at ion o f la w J. WROBLEWSKI, I I modello
p
R
s
teorico
dell'applic az ione della legge, Riv is ta intern. d i filos ofia d e l d irit t o 1,
o.E p . 1 2 ; P . E . NEDBAJLO, P rimie n ie n je s owlet s k ic h p ra wo wy c h n o rm,
1967,
J
nL
Moskwa,
1960, p . 11; K . MAKKONEN, Z u r P roblemat ik d e r juridis c hen E nt e.M
scheidung,
Tu rk u , 1965, p . 13.
A
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(R
fN
Legal
8 Interpretation, Logique et Analy s e 21/24, 1963; t he same author, Legal
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LEGAL DE CI S I O N A N D I TS J US TI FI CA TI O N