Caracterización de RRSS Municiapales BOKU

5.
Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Characterisation of Waste
September 2016
Characterisation of
Municipal Solid Wastes
University of Natural Resources
and Life Sciences, Vienna
Department of Water, Atmosphere
and Environment
Institute of Waste Management
Stefan Salhofer
Gudrun Obersteiner
Marion Huber-Humer
Peter Beigl
Erwin Binner
Marlies Hrad
Peter Lechner
Sabine Lenz
Peter Mostbauer
Florian Part
Alexandra Pukhnyuk
Roland Ramusch
Silvia Scherhaufer
Elisabeth Schmied
Benjamin Steuer
Nicole Unger
Nina Degischer
Thomas Ebner
Reinhold Ottner
Zorica Stamenkovic
Erwin Binner MSc.

1
BOKUBOKU-University / Vienna
of Waste Management
Erwin Binner
Institute
Anna Happenhofer
Christian Hochhauer
Aleksander Jandric
Daniel Lesny
Simon Neubauer
La Molina 2016
Outlook
Analysis of Waste Composition
- Sampling Plan
- Number of Increment Samples
- Stratification
- Examples
Erwin Binner
ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 1
5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

September 2016
Analysis of
Waste Composition
3
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
Sampling of Wastes
wastes in most cases are

very inhomogeneous
particle size
water content
content of hazardous compounds

the problem is to get a

representative sample
4
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 2

September 2016
Sampling of Wastes
Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) - Delivery
Erwin Binner
photo: Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
Methods for Evaluation

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)
in order to obtain data on waste amount and
composition one possibility is to carry out a
Austrian Standard (NORM S 2097)
definition WSA: quantitative and qualitative

determination of waste fractions obtained by
sorting of waste
a WSA consists of the sorting and an analysis of
spot samples
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 3

September 2016

Procedure
motive / goal
(accuracy)
sampling scheme
(universal set, where to take samples and how many, which
fractions to analyse (products, materials) etc.)
sampling
(and documentation)
sorting of samples
analysis of results
7
Erwin Binner
report
La Molina 2016

Sampling Plan Sorting Fractions
fractions (components): compromise between
detailed results and effort, may be based on
materials, products or grain size
mostly based on materials, completed by selected
product groups and a sieving step
- recycling orientated (focused on materials)
- prevention orientated (focused on products)
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 4

September 2016

Sampling Plan Number of Increments
date of sampling
there are seasonal fluctuations because of:
- fluctuation in amount (biogenous wastes)
- consumer behaviour (beverages during summer,
Christmas holidays)
- daily variation (working day / weekend)
3 to 4 campaigns during the year
wastes from one week
(depending on collection interval
1 to 7 samples are to be analysed)
9
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016

number of increments: very important
- an increment sample is part of the population by
which via statistic data a characterisation of the
population shall be done.
compromise between accuracy and effort
- every element of population has to have the same
chance to become part of the sample
the less the homogeneity, the larger the
number of increment samples
calculation of number by statistical
criteria
choose of increments by chance (luck)
10
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 5

September 2016

number of increments - calculation
(according to SCHARFF, 1991)
11
! problem: needed data prior to analyses

Erwin Binner
mostly not available! La Molina 2016

number of increments (simplification)
according to Austrian Standard -NORM S 2097-2 (2005)
n=
* 1-
Ki
if
n
N
<
0.05
n = number of increments
= standard deviation
= confidence coefficient (1.96 for 95% safety)
Ki = allowed confidence interval
N = population
! problem: varies for each fraction!

12
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 6

September 2016

number of increments (case studies)
(Dahlen und Lagerkvist, 2008)
5 % of inhabitants should be covered (Nordtest, 1995)

100 to 200 households per stratum (Nordtest, 1995)
45 m3 volume of collection bins (EU, 2004)
amount (volume) per increment:

each collection vehicle 90 to 150 kg (ASTM, 2003)
6 m3 per stratum (EU, 2004)
300 kg per stratum when sorting collection bins
(Maystre und Viret, 1995)
10 increments if > 100 kg each (Sharma und Mc Bean, 2007)

40 increments if < 100 kg each (Zeng et al., 2005)
13
La Molina 2016
Erwin Binner

approximation for MSW:
Ms = 0.6 x max. grain size
Ms minimum amount of sample, in kg
max. grain size, in mm
14
max. grain
size
20 mm
50 mm
100 mm
200 mm
300 mm
400 mm
amount of
sample
12 kg
30 kg
60 kg
120 kg
180 kg
240 kg
density (kg/l)
1)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
volume of
sample
15 l
43 l
100 l
240 l
450 l
800 l
Erwin Binner
1)
very rough estimation!!
La Molina 2016
page 7

September 2016

Sampling Plan Level of Access
level of access
waste collection bin (e.g. waste):
- samples which are not of interest can be excluded easily
(e.g. commercial waste)
- huge effort for planning and sampling
- accessibility of bins (locked houses)
collection vehicle:
- high representativeness by mixing
- large sample amount
- Increase of fines
- compaction
15
La Molina 2016
Erwin Binner

Sampling Plan Stratification
strata of population:
similarities and differences in varying parts of the area
of investigation
- economic structure
- agriculture / forestry / commercial area / services area
- income of inhabitants
- settlement structure
- settlement density (multistory building / garden area)
- residential area / commercial area
- tourism
- waste management criteria

- collection interval / volume of collection bins
- measures for prevention / measures for recycling
16
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 8

September 2016

Sampling Plan Stratification
stratification allows:
- more exact characterisation of population
- increase of representativeness of results
- in the strata should exist a very homogenous
structure, but different strata should differ as clear as
possible
stratification takes place according to:

- socio-economic criteria (age-, education-, economy)
- settlement criteria (settlement density)
- waste management criteria
(collection system, fee system)
17
La Molina 2016
Erwin Binner

Calculation
extrapolation of data
simple estimation: direct calculation from average of
increment on average of population
estimation including rates: dependence of
command variable from another measurement is used.
Base mostly is number of inhabitants (I)
stratified increments need a stepwise calculation:
first in strata (i to n), second to population by share of
stratum (s)
meanpop =
mean1*s1+mean2*s2+..+meann*sn
spop
s (share of stratum) may be based on inhabitants or mass or
18
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 9

September 2016

Uncertainties
limits and disadvantages
huge effort in labour
sorting residue remains (not classifiable fines)
fractions with low share (e.g.: batteries) are estimated
very roughly (by chance!)
difficulties in homogenisation for physical/chemical
analyses
limited comparability because of different modi
operandi in praxis (STANDARDISATION is limited
because of variable local conditions and questions,)
19
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016

Example MSW Composition
20
question: composition of residual waste in multi

dwellings in the surrounding of Vienna
10 multi dwelling buildings with in average
63 households and 149 inhabitants
collection system: kerbside collection of residual
waste, biogenous waste, waste paper and yellow bag
(packaging material)
time frame:
classification campaigns from beginning of May to
beginning of July1999. Additional from May 1999 to
June 2000 the filling degree of residual waste bins and
bins for recyclables was estimated.
level of access:
waste bins ready for collection (120 l, 240 l, 770 l or 1100 l)
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 10

September 2016

fractions (components) for sorting:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
paper/cardboard
wood
leather/rubber/textiles
plastic packaging
plastic non packaging
compounds packaging
a) beverages
b) others
7. compounds non pack.
8. sanitary products
21
Erwin Binner
9. biogenous waste
10. food waste
a) proper for bio-bin
b) not for bio-bin
11. mineral
12. metals packaging
13. metals non packaging
14. glass packaging
15. glass non packaging
16. WEEE (electric/electronic)
17. Fines (0-40 mm)
La Molina 2016

Example Procedure
sieving <40mm
+ data collection
scale
sorting table
scale
22
Erwin Binner
fractions
source: ABF-BOKU
La Molina 2016
page 11

September 2016

fraction / component
23
share mass%
paper, cardboard
wood
leather, rubber, textiles
plastic (packaging)
plastic (non packaging)
compounds (beverage packaging)
compounds (other packaging)
compounds (non packaging)
sanitary products
biogenous wastes
food wastes (proper for bio bin)
food wastes (not for bio-bin)
mineral wastes
metal (packaging)
metal (non packaging)
glass (packaging)
problematic wastes (hazard. waste from households)
WEEE (electric/electronic)
fines (0-40 mm)
9.5 %
1.2 %
5.5 %
4.7 %
1.3 %
1.0 %
1.9 %
1.9 %
12.5 %
22.5 %
9.2 %
2.4 %
3.0 %
1.8 %
1.1 %
3.3 %
0.8 %
0.5 %
15.8 %
sum
Erwin Binner
100
La %
Molina 2016

Setting
24
Erwin Binner
photo: ABF-BOKU
La Molina 2016
page 12

September 2016

Sorting Table
25
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
photo: ABF-BOKU

Sieving
26
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
photos: ABF-BOKU
page 13

September 2016
27
Erwin Binner
photo: ABF-BOKU
La Molina 2016

Classification (Manual Sorting)
28
Erwin Binner
photo: ABF-BOKU
La Molina 2016
page 14

September 2016

Classification (Manual Sorting)
29
Erwin Binner
photo: ABF-BOKU
La Molina 2016

Fraction 20 40 mm
photos: ABF-BOKU
30
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 15

September 2016

Fractions (e.g. 26 different fractions)
31
La Molina 2016
Erwin Binner
photos: ABF-BOKU
e.binner@boku.ac.at
http://www.wau.boku.ac.at
Muchas
Gracias por
Su Atencin
32
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 16

September 2016

Literature
ASTM International (2003): Standard Test Method for Determination of the
Composition of Unprocessed Municipal Solid Waste. In: ASTM D5231-92. American
Society for Testing and Materials, US
Austrian Standard (2005): OE-NORM S2097 part 1-4, Sortieranalyse von Abfllen.
Austrian Standards Institute
Dahlen L. and Lagerkvist A. (2008): Methods for household waste composition
studies. Waste Management 28 (2008), pp. 11001112
European Commission (2004): Methodology for the analysis of solid waste (SWAtool), 5th Framework Program, Vienna, Austria. <http://www.wastesolutions.org>
Maystre L.Y. and Viret F. (1995): A goal-oriented characterization of urban waste.
Waste Management and Research 13 (3), pp. 207
Nordtest (1995): Solid waste, municipal: sampling and characterisation. Nordtest
method NT ENVIR 001, Finland. <www.nordtest.org>
Sharma M. and McBean E. (2007): A methodology for solid waste characterization
based on diminishing marginal returns. Waste Management 27 (3), pp. 337344
Zeng Y., Trauth K.M., Peyton R.L., Banerji S.K. (2005): Estimation of solid waste
composition using two-way stratification and optimum sample size theory and a
case study. Solid Waste Technology and Management 31 (4), pp.198213
33
Erwin Binner
La Molina 2016
page 17

Caracterización de RRSS Municiapales BOKU

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5.

Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Erwin Binner MSc.

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

wastes in most cases are

the problem is to get a

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Methods for Evaluation

definition WSA: quantitative and qualitative

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

! problem: needed data prior to analyses

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

according to Austrian Standard -NORM S 2097-2 (2005)

! problem: varies for each fraction!

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

5 % of inhabitants should be covered (Nordtest, 1995)

amount (volume) per increment:

10 increments if > 100 kg each (Sharma und Mc Bean, 2007)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

very rough estimation!!

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

- waste management criteria

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

stratification takes place according to:

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

s (share of stratum) may be based on inhabitants or mass or

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

question: composition of residual waste in multi

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

Waste Separation Analysis (WSA)

ABF-BOKU / Erwin Binner

5. Congreso Residuos Slidos en el Peru