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ECON 6022
Fall 2016
INSTRUCTIONS: Points for each sub-question are indicated in the brackets. Explanations and formulas are expected. Therefore, answers without explanations will lose most of the points (the same for the
homework).
Consider a Solow model where the production function is Y = AK N 1 , where A is productivity, K and
N are capital and the population in this economy, and is output elasticity of capital. A constant fraction
s of output is invested (or saved). And the depreciation rate for capital is , the population growth rate is
A
= g.
n, and the growth rate of TFP is constant, g > 0. Specifically,
A
1. (6 points) Define the capital per effective labor as k =
mulation equation in terms of k .
K
. Please derive the capital accu1
A1 N
2. (6 points) Calculate the steady state capital per effective worker, k , output per effective worker level,
y and consumption per effective worker c .
Y
, solve the steady state level of output per worker y .
N
4. (6 points) Derive the golden rule steady state capital per effective worker kG
and the steady state
1. (6 points) We assume k =
. Then
A 1 N
K
k
1 A N
=
K
1 A
N
k
sY dK
1
=
gn
K
1
1
sA 1 N y
1
=
d
+
g
+
n
1
1
A 1 N
k
1
k = sk d +
g + n k.
1
2. (6 points) We now set k = 0. Then
k =
d+
1
! 1
y = k
g
1
(1)
+n
! 1
d+
g
1
+n
! 1
c = (1 s) y = (1 s)
d+
g
1
+n
y =A
1
1
y = A
! 1
1
1
d+
g
1
+n
sk =
d+
1
g + n k .
1
1
kG
=d+
=
1
g+n
1
1
! 1
d+
1
1 g
+n
Therefore, we have
cG
= (1 s) k
= (1 s)
! 1
d+
1
1 g
+n
(b) (6 points)
yt = yt A1/(1)
Take log of both sides:
log(yt ) = log(
yt ) +
1
log(A)
1
Then take time derivatives of both sides, the growth rate of output per capita can be written as
4yt
4
yt
1
k
1
=
+
g= +
g.
yt
yt
1
1
k
As it can be seen in the following picture, at time t , the growth rate of y jumps and then decreases
to the original level
1
1 g.
Suppose an agent lives for three periods without initial wealth. The agent earns labor income only in the
second period. The agents net asset position at the end of period t is at+1 , and consumption in each period
ct , where t = 1, 2, 3. The agent faces the following sequence of budget constraints during her life:
c1 + a2 = 0
c2 + a3 = y + (1 + r)a2
(2)
c3 = (1 + r)a3 .
where y is the labor income in Period 2, r is the interest rate. The agent maximizes his life-time utility:
U = u(c1 ) + u(c2 ) + 2 u(c3 )
where
u(c) = ln(c).
Assume that in the first period the agent can borrow a certain fraction of his labor income, . That is,
c1
y
.
1+r
1. (6 points) From (2) we can derive the following inter-temporal budget constraint:
c1 +
y
c2
c3
=
+
.
2
1 + r (1 + r)
1+r
(3)
(4)
(5)
c1 =
c2 =
c3
c3
.
(1 + r)
2.
(1 + r)
y
1+r
2 (1
So that
y
,
(1 + + 2 )(1 + r)
y
,
c2 =
1 + + 2
(1 + r) 2 y
.
c3 =
1 + + 2
c1 =
(6)
(7)
4. (6 points) With c1 =
y
, the problem becomes a two-period decision. From (3), we have
1+r
c3 = (1 )(1 + r)y (1 + r)c2 .
(8)
Combine (8) and (6), we can solve for the optimal consumption at Period 3:
c3 = (1 ) (1 + r) y c3
=
(1 ) (1 + r) y
.
2
Therefore,
c2 =
(1 ) y
.
2
1+r
y
(1 + r)u0 (c2 ) =
(1 + r)2
(1 )y
(9)
(10)
Since < 1/3, u0 (c1 ) > (1 + r)u0 (c2 ). Euler equation does not hold. That is because the consumer
cannot borrow a sufficient amount to smooth consumption.
Precautionary Savings
In a two-period model, suppose the agents lifetime utility function is U (c1 , c2 ) = u(c1 ) + u(c2 ), where u()
is a concave function. The market interest rate is constant, r. The agents incomes are y1 and y2 in Period
1 and 2, respectively. The initial wealth endowment is w0 .
1. (6 points) Derive the inter-temporal budget constraint in this case.
2. (6 points) Further assume that = 1 and r = 0, solve for the optimal consumption (c1 ,c2 ) in Period
1 and 2.
3. (6 points) Further assume that y2 is uncertain in Period 2. y2 can be y2 h and y2 l with equal probability.
Specifically, y2 h = y1 + > 0 and y2 l = y1 > 0. Moreover, the utility function takes the following
form, u(c) = ln(c). What is the agents optimal consumption in Period 1 (i.e., c
1 )?
4. (6 points) Do precautionary savings increase in w0 ? Please show it carefully.
5. (6 points) Do precautionary savings increase in 2 ? Please show it carefully.
Solution:
1. (6 points) The agents inter-temporal budget constraint is
c1 +
c2
y2
= w0 + y1 +
1+r
1+r
w0 +y1 +y2
.
2
subject to
c2 h
= w0 + y1 +
1+r
c2 l
= w0 + y1 +
c1 +
1+r
c1 +
y2 h
1+r
y2 l
1+r
3
3
The optimal consumption c
1 = 4 w0 + 2 y1
(w0 +2y1 )2 +8 2
.
4
sp =
c1
c
1
w0
3
3
=
+ y1 [ w0 + y1
2
4
2
p
p
(w0 + 2y1 )2 + 8 2
(w0 + 2y1 )2 + 8 2
1
1
] = w0 + y1 +
4
4
2
4
Then
dsp
1 1
= +
dw0
4 4
(w0 + 2y1 )2
< 0.
(w0 + 2y1 )2 + 8 2
dsp
d 2
1
(w0 +2y1 )2 +8 2