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Del Operator
The operators are mathematical tools or prescriptions.
Note: DEL operator is not a vector quantity in itself, but it may operate
on various scalar or vector fields.
Del Operations
Gradient
Divergence
Curl
Gradient
Physical Significance
The gradient is a fancy word for derivative, or the rate of change of a function. Its
a vector that Points in the direction of greatest increase of a function
Then small change in scalar field as we alter all three variables by small amount dx, dy
and dz is given by fundamental theorem of partial derivative, i.e.
Divergence
Physical Significance
spread outs.
Curl
Physical Significance of Curl:
The maximum value of the
circulation density evaluated at a
point in the vector field is known
as curl of vector field
The rotation with maximum value is known as curl and is a vector quantity.
Thus curl of vector field signifies the whirling nature or circulation of the
vector field A around any point O.
The direction of the curl is the axis
of rotation, as determined by the
right-hand rule, and the magnitude
of the curl is the magnitude of
rotation
Conservative Fields
For a conservative vector field ,
CURL IS ZERO
Divergence Theorem
It states that the surface integral of any vector field
Stokes Theorem
It states that line integral of the tangential component of
Continuity Equation
Maxwells equations
Maxwell's equations are a set of
partial differential equations that,
together with the Lorentz force law,
form the foundation of classical
electrodynamics, classical optics, and
electric circuits. These fields in turn
underlie modern electrical and
communications technologies.
Maxwell's equations describe how
electric and magnetic fields are
generated and altered by each other
and by charges and currents. They are
named after the physicist and
mathematician James Clerk Maxwell,
who published an early form of those
equations between 1861 and 1862.
Maxwells equations
Maxwell's four equations describe the electric and magnetic fields
arising from distributions of electric charges and currents, and
how those fields change in time.
They were the mathematical distillation of decades of
experimental observations of the electric and magnetic effects
of charges and currents, plus the profound intuition of Michael
Faraday.
Maxwell's own contribution to these equations is just the last term
of the last equation -- but the addition of that term had
dramatic consequences. It made evident for the first time that
varying electric and magnetic fields could feed off each other -these fields could propagate indefinitely through space, far from
the varying charges and currents where they originated.
Previously these fields had been envisioned as tethered to the
charges and currents giving rise to them. Maxwell's new term
(called the displacement current) freed them to move through
space in a self-sustaining fashion, and even predicted their
velocity -- it was the velocity of light!
Maxwell equations
Differential form
E =
OR D =
0
r Qenc
E da =
S
B = 0
B dS = 0
B
i) E =
t
ii)
B = 0 J + 0 0
Integral form
E
D
OR H = J +
t
t
where,
iii) D = 0 E &
B = 0 H
r
d
E
d
l
=
B dS
C
S
dt
r
d
CB dl = 0 I enc + 00 dt SE dS
20
Maxwell Equation:
Maxwell Equation:
Maxwell Equation:
According to Faradays law,
Also,
Maxwell Equation:
According to Amperes Law
Gradient
Explain the physical significance:
Curl, Divergence & Gradient
Write the expression for Deloperator
Write continuity equation and its
physical significance
Derive an equation which
express conservation of charge
in a localized volume.
Write Maxwell equations in both
differential and integral form