1 Roger White Presentation

AC Railway Electrification
System Design
Railway Electrification
Infrastructure School
07 June 39
June 2013
Dr Roger D White
World System Voltages
DC System Voltage
160, 180, 500, 525, 550, 600,630, 650, 750,
800, 825, 850, 860, 900, 1000,1200, 1350,
1500, 2400, 3000, 3500, 6000DC
11kV 16 2/3 Hz; 15kV 16 2/3
15,000 Variable Frequency up to 50 Hz

Zosen to Marienfede [Trial 1901-1904]
Three Phase
725 V [Gornergratbahn] , 1125
[Jungfraubahn],
3600V 16 2/3 Hz three-phase [1912-1976]
Single Phase AC System Voltage:

6.25/ 50, 6.3/25, 11/ 25, 12.5/60, 20/50 ,
20/60 , 25/50, 25/ 60, 50.50 kV/Hz
3 Phase Overhead Supply
Petit Train de la Rhune France
Gornergratbahn Switzerland
AC UK Network
Current Network
25kV AC electrified track 8800
single track kms
AC feeder stations 73
40% of the UK Network
60% operated electrically

Future Electrification Schemes
Agreed NR (1600km)
Edinburgh Glasgow 350km STKm

North West Electrification 1,2 &3
320km STKm
Great Western (including Integration
with
Crossrail) 870STKm
Under Consideration
Cardiff Valleys
Midland Mainline
Transpennine (West&East)
Walsall Rugeley
Paisley Canal
Gospel Oak to Barking
ECML PSU
NW Electrification 4
Other Electrification projects
HS2, Cross Rail, Thameslink, GE

ECML WCML
DC to AC Conversion
4
Connection to the National Grid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Connection to the National Electricity Supply

25kV Sub Station
Earthing 25 kV Electrified Railway
Traction Return Current System
Supply Point Disturbances
Regeneration
Reactive Power Compensation
Classic 25kV Feeding Arrangement
Autotransformer 25-0-25 kV Railway
Autotransformer Verses Classic Feeding
Induced Voltage
Radio Frequency Disturbances
Lightning Protection
A.C. Electrification Disturbance
Safety Legislation and Regulations
UK Regulations
ROGS
Health and Safety
Electricity at Work
CDM
Factories Act
EU Directive
Low voltage
EMC
Machinery
PPE
RTTE
Medical implants
Physical Agents
25 kV Sub Station
Equipment Connected at the Supply Point
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage

Typical High Voltage Feeding of the Classic Railway
nationalgrid
Blue Lines at 400kV
Red Line at 275kV
132 kV
Busbar Main
132kV
Busbar Reserve
Banked Utility
33kV Busbar
132/33k
V
132/33kV
Circuit Breaker Normally Closed

Copyright R D White 2002
Isolator
Switching
Isolator
132/25kV
132/25k
V
25kV Railway
Supply
Electrical Supply Point Classic Railway
Feeder Stations 40-60 km intervals

Two Transformers
275kV or 132 kV/ 25kV

10/15/18/20/26.5MVA
System Characteristics
Fault level to 6 kA
single pole
neutral earthed/connected rail
Autotransformer 25-0-25kV
(Picture feeder station Leighton Buzzard)
Feeder Station 40-100km intervals

Two Transformers per site
40 or 80MVA transformers
System Characteristics
Fault level to 6/8/10/12/15 kA
single pole
neutral earthed/connected rail
Auto transformers
Rated at 10MVA
Every 5km - 10km
UK Fault Limiting Reactors
Classic 6kA
AT Operation 6, 8 or 10 kA
10
Typical Electricity Supply Tariffs
Metering data collection [1%]

Connection Charge [12%]
Unit Cost [Energy 82%].
Distribution charge; cost of transferring the energy across the national grid [5%]
11
Ground potential modelling of a Grid Site

Earth Fault ( based on EA 34)
The Graph concludes that a

fault of 20kA 645V contour given
when
100m separation required when

resistivity 30 ohm.m ( approx)
50m separation required when

resistivity 10 ohm.m( approx)
12
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
13
Traction Earthing and Bonding
Return Current Bonding
Protective Earthing: Human
Functional Earth: Equipment
Suppression of Electrical Noise: equipment EMC
Equipotential Bonding: Human
Lightning protection,
14
Earthing of the Railway
European Standard
BS EN 50122 part 1
BS EN 50122-part 3
BS EN 61140:2002; IEC 61140:2001

Protection against electric shock Common aspects for
installation and equipment
EN 61140 Protection against electric shock Common

aspects for installation and equipment
IEC 60364 Low-voltage electrical installations

Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general
characteristics, definitions
UK Standards
National Electricity Supply Rules
BS 7430 Code of Practice for Earthing
BS 767117th Edition Wiring Regulations
G59/1 Electricity Association Engineering Recommendation for

25kV A.C. electrified
GI/RT7077 Low Voltage Electrical Installation

CoP
NR/SP/ELP/21085 Network Rail Earthing Standard
P24 AC Traction Supplies to British Rail
RSSB Web site on mangement

www.rssb.co.uk/ManagementOfEngineeringChange/pages/
default.aspx
15
Requirements for Touch and Step

Potentials ( reference Central Networks)
16
Electrical Injury UK Statistics
Between 2000 and 2012,
14 electrocutions
41 major electrical injuries suffered by members of the
public in contact with AC electrification.
46 cases involved misadventure such as
using long objects to touch the OLE
climbing of structures;
6 involved cable theft or other serious crime;
3 were deliberate suicide attempts.
17
Effects of Electric Shock on Human Body
Human Body impedance is between 10003000ohms
Touch perception 0.20.4mA

Pain on finger contact 0.91.8mA
Painful shock/let-go threshold 816mA
Severe shock/breathing difficulty 1223mA
18
Earthing of HV System and Safety
19
Classic Railway 6kA:
20
12kA Railway: Signalling Equipment co-located

with cross track bond & BEW
21
Generic Earthing Arrangement on a AC Railway
Earth Wire
Telecoms PSU
Telecoms.
Cable
400kV Grid
Tower
25kV
Track circuit
NGC
Substation
Track Structures
SignallingPSU
Local
RECS
Tunnel
Structures
Station
Apparatus
Metal Fences
Rebars
Copper
Earth Mat
Tunnel
Structure
Station
Metallic
Structures
R D White 2004
22
Final Setup for 25-0-25 kV Classic
23
Leighton Buzzard Short Circuit Tests

Feb 2003
24
25 kV Modelling Schematic
25
Overbridge 231 on the West Coast Main

Line
26
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Reactive Power Compensation Classic 25kV
Feeding Arrangement
Induced Voltage
27
Rail Return
Rail return NR- Euston, Northampton]
Rail return with earth wires [NR-LTS]
Rail return; earth wires; additional
earth mats [ KCRC West Rail]
Rail return; return conductors
[ NR, KCRC East Rail]
Booster System ( UK, France )

Return conductors: booster
transformers
Rail return and booster transformers
Auto Transformer System ( UK,

France Germany, New Zealand)
28
Classic Boosters and Return Conductors
Design Arrangement
Additional return conductors
One booster required for each
track
Boosters at 3.2 km intervals
Mid Point Connectors
Reduction of induction
interference
Telecommunications
Control and System
29
CLASSIC Feeding of the 25 kV Railway

Train in section effect Slide 1
30
CLASSIC Feeding of the 25 kV Railway

Train in section effect Slide 2
31

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Reactive Power Compensation Classic 25kV
Feeding Arrangement
Induced Voltage
32
Electrical Supply Point Disturbances

Harmonics at the point of common
coupling [G5/4 2001]
Power Factor
Displacement Factor
Distortion factor
Unbalance of the Grid [Grid Code;

P29, P24, IEC]
Transformer inrush
Neutral Sections
Resonance [RT/E/S/27010]
Regeneration
Balancer CTRL
feeding points along the route, with SVCs.

33
P24 NR and NGC Connection Agreement

EN 50163 Traction Voltage
34
UK Traction Unit Harmonics
350
300
Current Level [Amps]
250
200
150
100
50
0
50
150
250
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
1050
Harmonic Number
Class 86
Class 87
Class 90
Class 91
Class 92
Class 390
Square wave
35
Resonance and Over-Voltages
Resonance
Series
Parallel
Disturbances
Overvoltages on the OLE
Track circuits
Reduction
Filters fitted to traction unit
Filters fitted to
electrification
36
Class 390 Spectrum of Current Harmonics [top]

Voltage Harmonics [bottom]
37
Regenerative Braking Compensation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
38
Regeneration
Technical Interfaces to be considered
Electrical Control Room

25 kV Distribution Network
Overhead line Protection System
Traction Protection System
ESI Interconnection: harmonics etc
Energy savings Ref J Evans (IMechE

gaining More Traction 2012)
Pendalenos Fleet
14.2kWt.hr/km ( Manchester to
London)
Regeneration 17%
55 million kWh generated per year.
39

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
40
Design Arrangement
Series compensation
25 kV 50 Hz single phase
capacitor in series main power circuit
Circuit breaker
Shunt compensation
Saturable reactor
inductors and/or capacitors parallel
System Performance
Increased Peak load
Reduces the 3-phase unbalance.
Increase in the substation

spacing
Capacitor banks and

harmonics filtering system
Air core
main reactor (1/2)
Thyristor
valve
Air core
main reactor (1/2)
Ground
Measuring system
(including dc component)
41
Static Var Compensator (SVC)

at Chathill [ Network Rail]
x 10
2.6
OHL voltage at Chathill [V]
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.1
12.5
13
13.5
Time [h]
14
14.5
42
HS1 Supply Point Singlewell SVC
43
25kV Classic Feeding Arrangement
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
44
`Magnetic Field Demo along 20km of track
45
Use of Neutral Sections (insulators)
46
Security of Supply ( multiple grid transformers)
47
Mid-Point Sectioning
48
Intermediate Sectioning
49
Feeding Arrangement for the Railway

Reserved Service Capacity (RSC)
Feeder Station
2x18MVA
Intermediate
Track Sectioning Cabin
Mid Point
Intermediate
Track Sectioning
Cabin
Feeder Station
1x18MVA
132/25kV Transformer
Circuit Breaker Normally Open
Neutral Section
Copyright Dr R D White 2002
50
First Stage Emergency Feeding

Firm Service Capacity (FSC)
Feeder Station
2x18MVA
Intermediate
Mid Point
Intermediate
Track Sectioning
Cabin
Feeder Station
1x18MVA
Neutral Section
51
Second Stage Emergency Feeding

Conditional Service Capacity (CSC)
Feeder Station
2x18MVA
Intermediate
Mid Point
Intermediate
Track Sectioning
Cabin
Feeder Station
1x18MVA
Neutral Section
Section Overlap
52
WCML Classic Fault Current Profiles Modelling

WCRM OLE Alliance Design Group 2003
Comparison of fault current profiles of existing and enhanced classic system normal feeding
arrangement , WCML Euston to Crewe via LBW (Weedon)
Existing system
Upgraded system SD06
6000
5500
5000
Fault current level (A)
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
Distance from Euston (km)
53
25 kV Autotransformer Railway
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
54
Autotransformer 25-0-25kV System
Design Features
Standard 25kV traction equipment.
Distribution at 50kV
Transformer Design
Two Winding secondary
Centre tap earthed
Rails connected to neutral
Electrical System Behaviour

Voltage regulation is better
Most train current from two adjacent
ATs [earth return]
25-0-25 kV Magnetic balance
55
25 kV Autotransformer Current Distribution
56
25 kV Autotransformer Verses Classic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
57
Benefits of Autotransformer Versus Classic Feeding
Advantages
Disadvantages
Higher fault current

Increased feeder station separation
Lower line current for same traction load
Increased traction loads
Fewer grid connections
OHL- no booster or overlaps
Additional 25kV Insulator
More complex protection
Additional clearances at bridges and stations
Complexity of earthing and bonding
Increased overhead line drop zone
Other factors
Induced Voltage dependant on AT spacing

58
Atkins Multi-Train Modelling Percentage System Losses

Model includes Virgin Pendalenos at 5 min headway
Author M Chen Date Jan 2013
System
Feed Length
MW
Supplied
Grid
Transformer
% Loss
Rail Return
Rail Return
Classic ( BT plus
RCs) BTs at
3.2km
9.6km
19.8km
19.8km
7,325
14,809
15,021
0.395%
0.769%
0.791%
Auto Transformer 38.6km

ATs 5km
29,387

ATs 7km
ATs or BTs
% Loss
Con/Cat Wire
%loss
AT feeder
Rails %loss
Wire OR RC
%loss
0.17%
0.43%
1.45%
1.50%
2.13%
0.14%
0.47%
0.04%
0.119%
0.01%
1.37%
1.12%
0.05%
29,401
0.119%
0.02%
1.41%
1.11%
0.06%

ATs 10km
29,411
0.119%
0.02%
1.44%
1.10%
0.07%

ATs 12km
29,428
0.120%
0.03%
1.49%
1.08%
0.09%

ATs 19km
29,468
0.121%
0.04%
1.62%
1.05%
0.14%
59
Atkins Multi-Train Modelling Summary of Energy Losses

Model includes Virgin Pendalenos at 5 min headway
Author M Chen Date Jan 2013
System
Feeding
length
Losses
MW)
%Losses
Equivalent
Losses(MW)
Rail Return
Rail Return
Classic ( BT
plus RCs)BTs
at 3.2km
9.6km
19.6km
19.6km
70.33
398.29
695.06
0.960% 38.6km
2.689% 38.6km
4.627% 38.6km
281.31
796.59
1390.13
Auto Transformer
ATs 5km
38.6km
784.47
2.669% 38.6km
784.47
Auto
Transformer
ATs 7.8km
38.6km
799.44
2.719% 38.6km
799.44
Auto
Transformer
ATs 10km
38.6km
810.84
2.757% 38.6km
810.84
Auto
Transformer
ATs 12km
38.6km
828.89
2.817% 38.6km
828.89
Auto Transformer
ATs 19km
38.6km
876.43
2.974% 38.6km
876.43
38.6km
60
Induced Voltage into Lineside Cables

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
61
Protection for Humans

Induced Voltage
Induced Voltages
ITU-T Directive Vol VI Protection of telecommunications lines against

harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines Danger,
Damage and Disturbance.
ITU-T Directive Vol II Protection of telecommunications lines against

harmful effects from electric power and electrified railway lines;
Calculating induced voltage and currents in practical cases.
62
Induced Voltage Effects

NR/GN/TEL/31106
63
Induced Voltage into Line Side Conductors
Victim Cable
Position of receptor cables [telecoms, signalling]

Length of Parallelism of cables
Mutual impedance as a function frequency
Intentional screening mutual or RC Screening Conductor
Dependencies
Change of traction load or fault current [ time varying]

Coupling increases with harmonics [j2..f.M]
Normal load Current Typically < 600A
Fault current typically < 6kA [ UK] or <12kA (UK)
Earth proximity effects
Unintentional screening
64
The Railway Configuration
65
Classic Railway Two Track Double Rail Return

PF 0.8 Traction Load 300A [top]
Short Circuit [bottom]
INDUCED TELECOMS VOLTAGE [V]
PLOT OF THE TELECOMS INDUCED VOLTAGE

9.6km CABLE
75
60
Limits
45
30
15
0
0
0.96 1.92 2.88 3.84
4.8
5.76 6.72
CABLE DISTANCE FROM FEEDER STATION [km]
7.68
8.64
9.6
IN D UCE D T EL E COM S V OL T AG E [ V]
PLOT OF THE TELECOMS INDUCED VOLTAGE

9.6km CABLE
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0.96
1.92 2.88 3.84 4.8

5.76 6.72 7.68
CABLE DISTANCE FROM FEEDER STATION [km]
8.64
EN 50122-1 645V for < 200ms

ITU-T Volume V1
430 for < 100mS (
severe);
2000V 0.1s ( typical)
NR/SPT/TEL/300003
430V 200mS
Note [EN 50121-4 2006
induction limit removed
Transverse 0.5 mV ITU 0.41 [
BR13422 1.5mV]
9.6
66

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
67
RFI Disturbance Emissions
Rolling Stock
Infrastructure
68
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
69
Lightning storms
Lightning
Locomotive Specification
Attracted to earth structure

Protection area 20m
10-100 kA rise time 1 S
Overvoltage 1MV 1 MHz
Flashover of insulator
170kV Full cycle

1/50 S chopped 195kV
Storm Damage
Lightning, switching and earth faults

Weather, blizzards, conductor
clashing,
wind blown debri, insulator damage
70
Entry Point for Lightning and Surges
Entry Points: Power System

Electrical Supply Points
Overhead Lines
Entry Points: LV & Signalling

LV earths: earth mat, screens etc
Station/track structures;
Rail and track connections
Radio Masts
Coupling
Ground Conduction;
Induction (control cables)
71
Lightning Strike to Railway on Viaduct
72
3500 Lightning Strike 25kV railway 4.5 hr period

25kV Line 30km
73
RUN media Program for Lightning Animation
74

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

25kV Sub Station
Regeneration
Induced Voltage
75
Summary of A.C. Electrification Disturbance

This list is not definitive!
HV Supply
Unbalance of the 3 phase supply,
Harmonics three phase supply,
400kV earth faults
Rise of earth potentials
Lightning
25 kV distribution system
Charging of the overhead line at

1st resonant frequency
Switching on the a.c. power
Changes with the feeding

arrangement,
Outages of the feeder stations
Outages of Booster transformers
Magnetic fields
Line resonance effects
25kV earth faults
Induced voltages into line-side

cables
Neutral sections
Radio Frequency Interference
Traction unit disturbances
Inrush effects of the traction

transformer,
Characteristic disturbance
switching, overlap effect
Production of 25kV system

resonant frequencies
Radio Frequency Interference
Disturbance to signalling track

circuits
Return current systems
Traction currents
lightning
RFI Disturbances
Traction Unit
Electrification
Signalling Return currents and

earth currents to third parties
Disturbance to signalling track

circuits
Lightning Ground voltages

76
System Disturbance
Third Parties Victims

Radio TV UHF transmitters, Radar/Microwave Noise Source,
Satellite Data Link, Other Railway e.g Metro Tram,
Private Radio and TV Receivers, Nav Sat, Mobile Phone
Station and Railway Operation Communications

Equipment
Radio Control of Train, Track to Track Communication via
Cables or Rail, Mobile Radio Phone, Telecomms Cables,
Radio Telephone, Control and Data Cables
Railway Emissions to the Outside World

25kV, 50Hz Railway [RT/GM RC 1500]
Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field = 20V/m
Power Frequency Magnetic Field (Normal Load) = 20A/m
Power Frequency Magnetic Field (NR Fault) = 100A/m
DC Railway [RT/GM RC 1500, M1027 A2]
Power Frequency Magnetic Field (NR & LUL Normal Load) = 100A/m
Power Frequency Magnetic Field (NR Fault) = 600A/m
Grid Site
Sub Station
Track Side
Feeder
Station
Railway Immunity and Emissions to the

Outside world
Date Jan 2010
Copyright R D White and K McCaw
Lightning
IMHz
Third Party Aggressors
EN
50121
Lightning, National Three Phase
Immunity Limit [EN50121-4]

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field
(80-1000MHz) = 10V/m
Power Frequency Magnetic Field (50Hz) = 100A/m
Supplies, Radio, TV UHF,

Radar, Microwave, Satellite,
Data link
Radiated Emission
Magnetic Field
Hz-GHz
EN 501221-1
Conducted
Emissions
DC to GHz
Radiated Emission
Magnetic Field
Hz-GHz
Conducted
Emissions
DC to GHz
Functional Specification [Not in EN50121-4]

430V for 200ms [NR/SP/TEL/30003, ITU-T VI (EU)]
670V for 200ms [EN50122-1, NR/SP/ELP/21085]
Magnetic Fields
DC to kHz
EN 50121-3 Belise
Control
System
Earth Port 1kV fast

transient
Loops
Coils
Transponder
Level Crossing
TV
Rails
I4
Conducted
Emissions
DC to GHz
Conducted
Emissions
DC to GHz
Induced Emissions
50Hz to kHz
Signalling
EN 50121-4
Auxiliaries
I3
CSR
I2
I1 Induction Voltage Limits
50Hz - KHz
GSMR
Rails
Radiated Emission
Magnetic Field
Hz-GHz
EN 50121-3
Telephone Lineside Cable

Screening
Radiated Emission
Magnetic Field
Hz-GHz
EN 501221-5
Radiated Emission
Magnetic Field
Hz-GHz
EN 50121-5
Signalling & Telecommunication Equipment

Radio Signalling, Microprocessor Interlocking, Relay Interlocking,
Electronic Train Control Centre, Hot Box Detector, Auto
Identification, Axle Counter
Radiated Emission
Magnetic Field
Hz-GHz
EN 61000
EN 50121-4&5

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (80-1000MHz) = 10V/m
Signalling Cable
Power
Supply
Electrification Feeder Stations

Track Section Cabins
AC and DC Distribution Networks
(80-1000MHz) = 10V/m
Power
Supply
Conducted
Emissions
50Hz and
Harmonics G5/4
Regional Electricity
Companies and Distribution
Network Operators
Electricity Association
Engineering Recommendation
G5/4
Power
Supply
Conducted
Emissions
50Hz and
Harmonics G5/4
Conducted
Emissions
kHz-GHz
E & M Equipment
Industrial Loads, Domestic Loads, Computers
Computer Data Links
Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field (801000MHz) = 10V/m
[Note IEC 61000 Industrial limit 30A/m]
Power
Supply
Station/Concourse
Lighting, Heating, Shops, Offices, Information
Display, Mobile Phone, V.D.U
Immunity Limit [Industrial limits IEC 61000]
(80-1000MHz) = 10V/m
[Note IEC 61000 Residential Commercial limit 3A/m]
77
AC Railway Electrification
System Design
Railway Electrification
Infrastructure School
June 2013
Dr Roger D White
78

1 Roger White Presentation

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Formats disponibles

AC Railway Electrification

World System Voltages

11kV 16 2/3 Hz; 15kV 16 2/3

15,000 Variable Frequency up to 50 Hz

Single Phase AC System Voltage:

3 Phase Overhead Supply

Petit Train de la Rhune France

60% operated electrically

Edinburgh Glasgow 350km STKm

Other Electrification projects

HS2, Cross Rail, Thameslink, GE

Connection to the National Grid

Connection to the National Electricity Supply

Safety Legislation and Regulations

Connection to the National Electricity Supply

Connection to the National Electricity Supply

Circuit Breaker Normally Closed

Electrical Supply Point Classic Railway

Feeder Stations 40-60 km intervals

275kV or 132 kV/ 25kV

Feeder Station 40-100km intervals

UK Fault Limiting Reactors

Typical Electricity Supply Tariffs

Metering data collection [1%]

Ground potential modelling of a Grid Site

The Graph concludes that a

100m separation required when

50m separation required when

Earthing 25 kV Electrified Railway

Connection to the National Electricity Supply

Traction Earthing and Bonding

Return Current Bonding

Protective Earthing: Human

Functional Earth: Equipment

Suppression of Electrical Noise: equipment EMC

Equipotential Bonding: Human

Earthing of the Railway

BS EN 61140:2002; IEC 61140:2001

EN 61140 Protection against electric shock Common

IEC 60364 Low-voltage electrical installations

National Electricity Supply Rules

BS 7430 Code of Practice for Earthing

BS 767117th Edition Wiring Regulations

G59/1 Electricity Association Engineering Recommendation for

GI/RT7077 Low Voltage Electrical Installation

NR/SP/ELP/21085 Network Rail Earthing Standard

P24 AC Traction Supplies to British Rail

RSSB Web site on mangement

Requirements for Touch and Step

Electrical Injury UK Statistics

Between 2000 and 2012,

Effects of Electric Shock on Human Body

Human Body impedance is between 10003000ohms

Touch perception 0.20.4mA

Earthing of HV System and Safety

Classic Railway 6kA:

12kA Railway: Signalling Equipment co-located

Generic Earthing Arrangement on a AC Railway

Final Setup for 25-0-25 kV Classic

Leighton Buzzard Short Circuit Tests

Overbridge 231 on the West Coast Main

Traction Return Current System

Connection to the National Electricity Supply

Traction Return Current System