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COMPLETELY INTEGRABLE
MODELS OF
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
Associate Editors
L Alvarez-Gaume (CERN)
J P Bourguignon (Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau)
T Eguchi (University of Tokyo)
Published
Vol. 1: Mathematical Aspects of String Theory
edited by S-T Yau
Vol. 2: Bombay Lectures on Highest Weight Representations
of Infinite Dimensional Lie Algebras
FO RM FACTO RS IN
CO M PLETELY INTEGRABLE
MO D ELS OF
QUANTUM FIEL D TH EO RY
F. A. SMIRNOV
St. Petersburg Branch of Steklov Mathematical Institute
World Scientific
Singapore NewJersey London Hong Kong
Published by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
P. O. Box 128, Fatter Road, Singapore 9128
U.S.A. office: Suite 1B, 1060 Main Street, River Edge, NJ 07661
U.K. office: 73 Lynton Mead, Totteridge, London N20 8DH
ISBN 981-02-0244-X
981-02-0245- 8 (pbk)
CONTENTS
Introduction
vii
17
29
47
69
81
99
109
145
163
181
203
References
207
II
INTRODUCTION
During the last several years the theory of completely integrable models in (1 + 1)-dimensions has attracted much attention of the experts in
quantum field theory. The possibility to obtain exact, non-perturbative
results for these models is of great importance. Recent activity in the
field was initiated by the papers by Faddeev and Korepin [1,2] devoted to
the quasiclassical quantization of solitons in sine-Gordon model (SG). The
connection of SG with massive Thirring model established by Coleman [3]
stimulated further interest to SG model in particular and to the quantization of solitons in general. This interest was stimulated also by the analogy
of (1 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear o-model (NLS) and (3 + 1)-dimensional
Yang-Mills theory outlined by Polyakov [4].
Korepin and Faddeev [1] realized the most important feature of the completely integrable quantum models, which is the factorizability of scattering.
They predicted the exact S-matrix for SG model with the special values of
coupling constant corresponding to the absence of the reflection of solitons.
This hypothesis was used by Zamolodchikov as the basis for phenomenological calculation of S-matrix for SG model [5]. Further development of
the phenomenological (bootstrap) approach based on factorizability, unitarity and crossing-symmetry led to the exact calculation of S-matrices for
many completely integrable models (see the review by A.B. and Al. B.
Zamolodchikovs [6] and the papers by Karowski and collaborators [7-9]).
The quantum inverse scattering method (QISM) formulated by Faddeev, Sklyanin and Takhtajan [10-12] allows us to unify the theories of the
completely integrable quantum models. QISM makes it possible to pass
from local fields to the physical creation-annihilation operators. Many
vii
viii
Introduction
soliton form factors for the reflectionless case have been calculated in the
papers [28 , 29]. Second, GLM equations provide some additional information. This additional information, known soliton form factors in reflectionless case and known breather form factors, provided the author with the
heuristic base necessary for the calculation of soliton form factors [27, 30]
(the details are given in [31]). The very possibility of obtaining exact formulae for form factors reflects the remarkable selfconsistency and beauty
of completely integrable models.
It is necessary to mention the papers by Kirillov and Khamitov [32, 33].
In these papers the following programme proposed by E.K. Sklyanin was
realized . It is known that the sinh-Gordon model, possessing phenomenologically very simple spectrum which involves only one boson, cannot be
investigated in the usual framework of QISM. However, one can try to write
down the hypothetical GLM equations for the model by analogy with SG.
The proposed method of verification of the equations is very natural: one
has to make sure that the local fields defined by the equations do satisfy
local commutativity.
Analyzing the results of the papers [32, 33] and having in mind possible applications to more complicated models, the author realizes that the
GLM equations are not themselves essential for the proof of the local commutativity and all the necessary requirements can be formulated directly in
terms of form factors. It should be mentioned that attempts to formulate
the full set of requirements on form factors had been made by Karowski and
collaborators [34], but their set was not complete and possessed a number
of drawbacks because the factorizability was not taken into account in all
its aspects.
In the paper [35, 36] Kirillov and the author, considering the particular
example of SU(2)-invariant Thirring model (ITM), realized the following
programme. The requirements on form factors were formulated which were
shown to ensure local commutativity. These requirements had the form of
a system of equations, which were solved explicitly. This last step was the
most complicated one because we had to solve a matrix Riemann problem.
The SG experience was of great importance.
In the paper [37] Kirillov and the author realized a similar programme
for the 0(3) nonlinear o-model (NLS). The importance of this model was
mentioned above. In spite of the fact that the spectrum and the S-matrix
for this model were predicted several years ago, for a long time the model
could not be treated by QISM because the usual formalism of the method
Introduction
Xi
In Sec . 10 the singularities of the commutators at the origin of coordinates are studied . The asymptotics obtained in Sec. 9 are essential here.
Appendix 1 considers the SU ( N)-invariant Thirring model.
The content of Appendix 2 has already been mentioned.
I am grateful to L.D. Faddeev for his interest in my work and continued
support.
I also gratefully acknowledge my thanks for many useful discussions with
my colleagues at the Leningrad Branch of Steklov Mathematical Institute:
A.G. Izergin , V.E. Korepin , P.P. Kulish , N. Yu. Reshetikin , M.A. SemenovTian- Shansky, E.K. Sklyanin and L . A. Takhtajan . Special thanks are due
to A.N . Kirillov for fruitful collaboration.
0
COMPLETELY INTEGRABLE MODELS OF
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
In this section we present briefly the necessary facts concerning the completely integrable models of quantum field theory with massive spectra. We
parametrize the massive particles by their rapidities 0 (po = m ch ,Q, pl =
m sh /Q, m being the mass of the particle ), and the isotropic index e if the
particle possesses internal degree of freedom . The scattering in these models
is factorized : the many-particle scattering process is reduced to two-particle
processes , momenta of particles are not subjected to any changes. The Smatrix of two particles with rapidities 31, 02 will be denoted by SE1;E2 (/3),
where 0 = 1,31 - N21, E1 ,E2 are characteristic of the internal degrees of
freedom of "in", ei,e2 of "out" particles . The factorization of scattering
is equivalent to the validity of the equation of triangles [6] (Yang-Baxter
equation [38, 40]):
SE/ EZ(^1 - /32)SE 1/ ,s(Q1 - /33)SE 1 ii/(/32 - /33)
1 2
qq 11/ 3 22 3 RR
E3(^1 - 03)SE^ E^I(^1 - N2)
= SE2iE3(l^2
C 2 1 C 3 - N3)SE/
1
3
1
2
Note that summation over repeated indices is always implied . The S-matrix
should also satisfy the requirements of unitarity and crossing symmetry:
E1,E2
1
[[''E1 b2
# E1 1E2
2
CE1
E//
1
SE1
; ,L2
//
2
1
(1)
(/.^)C1 E1
GMTM =
(ZW YPa -
2 ( y02
m3V, )
dx ,
where bi = {t)i }i=1 2 is the Fermi field, -yo = ol, yl = io2 , of (i = 1 , 2,3) axe
the Pauli matrices , g = Z. (9L) .
The correspondence between local operators was established by Coleman [3]:
2a
evavu= -
.7
a
Cos flu = _VV'
(2)
Si'- i2
(Q) 2
= S_2
1'i (+l)
sh
S0(13)
{A (/3{F^
- iri)
h
A/1
Ali
SO
(3)
SEl,es (i3) = 0 el + e2 0 e1 + e2
2(fl)
ny
,f
Sm,-#
( N)
F1,2
12{n1 (fl) =
S6
Sy
2;F1
=
-y,m
/j
(/3) = 6126f111SS,m(N)
1.
11=1icosI-sh
(/3- Z(m+1-2j))
(13 + i
(fl+
(m 2 n )
Im nl
th
a +i f\1 11
(/3- 2
(Im_ nJ+2j) I cth2 2(fl-nI+2j))
(5)
From Eq. (3) it follows that the values of the coupling constant
a/v, v = 1, 2, ... , are very specific because at these points S j ' (/3) _
]' 2
(Z^^aT^ - g( l )1 ^ay^))dx ,
SE
ES (N)
(Z-
(m =
Sp( a )
1 (
a-'lrt
'l 2
(2+) r(- 1
atb61 C2
(6)
Kinks do not create any bound states. The S-matrix satisfies (1) with
C = io2. Also the S-matrix is SU(2)-invariant, which means that
Sew 1el2l (Q )9 e I 9E' = 9` l ell S.I/"2it (I)
E1 f, 1 , 1 , 1 ,
(7)
iel
1 E'
1
(Q
tri )(/3
- 2ai)
7ri (,3
1J
(8)
1
THE SPACE OF PHYSICAL STATES.
THE NECESSARY PROPERTIES OF
FORM FACTORS.
ZE1 (#p
{l)ZE2 (/02) = SE1 E
//^^
1)ZE2 (Q2)
RR
02) ,
- 31)ZE1(N1) +6E^
S,2C
(9)
6(01
- N2)
There is the physical vacuum (ph), and the operator ZE(Q) annihilates the
vacuum. Operator Z,*(/3) creates a particle with rapidity ft and internal
degree of freedom (for breathers in SG - with the number) C.
The space of states is generated by vectors
,8.....
7h'1) f,,
/^
(/^1,... ,/ =
/^
r7
(phIZ'1(/31)...Z(,8.)
E /^
Let us order the rapidities /31i ... , /3n in accordance with increasing
values , r il < /3i, ... < /3tn. "In" and "out" states are given by the formulae
1 in
A
/j out
I#,i...
,Pn)1,...
_
,En
n' ...
i(7j
, /^il) fin,...,til ,
Ip(7
1
//7^, /Eil....tin
i1,... ,N1
"In" and "out" states form the complete base in the space of state. It is
clear from Eq. (9) that "in" states transform to "out" states via the total
S-matrix.
Consider any local operator O(xo, x1) and construct the matrix element
/'mlO(x0, xOP .... ,Y1)n.... ,t1
exp(iEp(/3j')x - iEp()3j)x)
Emr ,Ei /^ /
X fE1,.,En Wm,... ,N1IN1,...
The
will
be
called "form factor".
e function
m , , 1 Q1, ... ,
fl, ,En
Usually, in the Quantum Field Theory the term "form factor" is used for
the matrix element calculated between "in" or "out" states (frequently this
term is used only for two-particle matrix elements). The term "form factor"
in our meaning is a special generalization of the usual one for the theory
with factorized scattering. If the sets /3 and /3' are ordered we obtain the
matrix element taken between "in" or "out" states. For arbitrary sets
and /3' we have some "mixed", neither "in" nor "out" states.
In the present section the requirements which form factors should satisfy
are formulated. To give an intuitive idea about these requirements we
would like to consider, following [34], the two-particle form factors whose
properties are well-known from the general course of Quantum Field Theory
(see for example [56, 57]). Consider for example the two-fermion form factor
of current j in MTM (two-soliton form factor of e,, 2v&,u in SG):
1
M E 1,C2
2
E(eP' - (-1)1'e-#j)
=1
4M2
Fig. 1.
segment [0, 4M2]. These poles correspond to bound states. The value of
the analytical function at the point S - iO(S E R) coincides with
(10)
The general properties described above result in the following relation for
/32>01
(11)
f(01, #2 + 2iri )61,62 = f (N2) h'1 )e3,e,
Equation ( 11) applies to all the values of /31i /32 due to continuity.
Combining ( 10) and ( 11) one obtains the following equation:
f(l31) 132 +2ai)61i62 = f(/31)l32)Ei,2S, : 2'(Q1 -Qz)
(12)
which is the Riemann problem for the functions f (#,, ,32), being considered
as functions of /32. Function f (/31,/32) has simple poles on the segment
Re /32 = /31, which corresponds to bound states. Two simple poles at the
points /32 = 31 + ia , l2 = 27ri + /31 - is correspond to the bound state
with the mass 2M cos 2 . These facts taken together provide us with the
possibility of explicit calculation of f (Q1 ) /32)e1ie2. The Riemann problem
10
f (Ql, ... , ^n )1,... ,En It will become clear from what follows that other
form factors can be re- constructed from these . It follows from the very
definition that
f (h61, ... ,flu, Pi+l, ...
= f (Ni,...
//jj
/ii+1, fi) ...
04 1)
(13)
In this equation the specific features of factorized scattering are taken into
account . We will not present here any derivation of Eq. (14). Its validity
will be proven a posteriori in the next section.
Using Eq. (13), Eq. (14) can be rewritten in the form
f(131,...
Nn + 27ri)1,...,En =
f(01,...
n
,fl
)1.. . . , e.
/^ \ En-y , rl
I
T_'
/j
/j
X ^'Cn-1,T1
n l e' ( )3n-1 - Nn)Sn-4,1'. (Nn-Z - Qn) . . SE,n
(N1 -fin)
(15)
Equation (14) is an axiom in our approach. The equivalent Eq. (15) is a
Riemann problem for the tensor-valued function. At first sight there is no
hope of solving this problem. However, the miraculous fact is that for all
the models considered this problem can be solved explicitly. In our opinion
this is a consequence of some hidden symmetry of the problem.
What should be said about f (#1, ... fn )E1,... ,en , considered as a function
of fn? We require it to be an analytical function in the strip 0 < Im fn < 27r
,,..
11
(,01,
,fln) E1,...,En
X btl ...
aEj -1
SEn -
,r 1
C1. T
J+1, n-)-Z q
X Sj+1, ) (N)+1 - Nj) A - N1) .
r)_8,Ej-2
R
r)- 2,E1 /^
(fl1
X STj_ Z,Ej-2 (fl - Ni-2)SI i
tEn
(/En-1
E +
jl
//^^
A, = Nj + 7ri
(16)
where C is the matrix involved in Eq. (1), and for SG breathers CE1E, =
tE1iE2 . These singularities are the only singularities of the form factors for
models containing no bound states . Eq. (16 ) is an axiom in our approach.
For models with bound states (SG ^ < 7r) there are additional poles.
It is sufficient to indicate these poles in the strip 0 < Im f3n < in because,
using Eqs . ( 13) and ( 14) one can obtain from them the poles situated in the
strip in < Im,3n <, 27r. The SG model possesses a complicated hierarchy
of bound states for ^ < 7r : breather is the bound state of two solitons,
soliton is the bound, state of soliton and breather , higher breather is the
bound state of lower ones . These possibilities correspond to the following
singularities of f((31, , 0n_1,fin) E1,...,En _ 1,En (for the sake of simplicity
we consider only the poles at the points fin = ,0n _ 1 + ia; the poles at the
points Nn = /3j + ia,j < n - 1 can be considered via the symmetry):
s. 1 m
am (-1)
'
CEn -1,En
7ri ism
/
2
am = 4 27rSo(7ri - itm) m sin
(17)
Nn-1 +
7ri
i^p
2
E1,
2,1 z,P
and
(21rires
(18)
, l3= (7r+gym)i
Sm(fl))
f(Ni, . ..
f(,'31,
. . . A-
0 ,.,... . -1 .
On =
i.
+
(m
/^
7ri - iem l
- P), 13n -
(19)
E1 ,..., En-z,P,} a
4. If En ml, En-1 = m2i there are simple poles at the points ,13, =
,fan-1+ 2 (ml+'m2-2p),p= 0 , . . . ,min(m,,m2)-1 and f n = /n-1+7ri2 (ml + m2 - 2p), p = 1,... , min(mi, m2), (for ml = m2 the value p = ml
is omitted) with residues
P
res f (//^^
h^l, ... , n-2, #n-1, ,8n) E1,... ,En - zml,mz = a ml,mz
/^
qq
x f #I, , Nn-2, fln-1 +
i^
qq
2 (m2 - P), Nn-1
+-i (ml - P)
E1,... ,n-2 ,m 1'fm2-P,P
13
//^^
q R q
reS f Nl ... I'tt-2^ h'n-1^ F'n) el,... ,E_2mlm2 - a P
m1,m2
X f 01, ... , Qn-2, an-1 + Z2p, Qn-l + 7ri
-t( m1+m2-2p)
) 11 .... ,en-2 ,mtt1-P,m2-P
P
p
a m,m2 = 27fdml ,n+2-Pam2 -P,P> > 0
am,m2
P
a ml,m2
(2^
i^m1+m2
2
i res Sm l, m2(13)
= 27fan+
(20)
1-P,Pa+n2-P,P
(21)
What are the singularities of (21) in the strip 0 < Im o < a? It is clear that
there are only simple poles on the segments Re o = fli -,3j, the position
of which can be found from (17)-(20). In the absence of bound states the
function (21) is regular up to the line Im o = a.
Let us turn to form factors of the general kind
/
3 )f1,...,E . Suppose the set fl is separated from the set 3, which means
that there exists such a constant b that I,Oi
,
n
CE
j-1
Xfxi,...,8
Nri
In .
fi,e1.
E ,
(22)
Why did we require the sets /3 and /3' to be separated? From (22) and (16)
it follows that f , ,Ql 01, ... , /3) as defined by (22) has simple poles
at the points f3i = Qj'. The understanding of these singularities should be
clarified. That will be done in the next section.
Let us formulate explicitly our axioms.
Axiom 1 . Form factor f (Nl7 ... , Qn)E1,... , En possesses the symmetry
property (13).
Axiom 4. If the spectrum of the model contains different kinds of particles and bound states, the form factors have additional singularities. The
positions of these singularities can be found from general physical reasonings . For example, for SG Eqs. (17-20) hold.
, #,'I, {Ql , ... , Q }, form factor f Q4
dal, ... , 6.)e'- '-" '1 is defined by Eq. (22). A refinement of the last statement suitable for the case of and not being separated
will be given in the next section.
In the next section , from these axioms the local commutativity theorem
will be deduced which is an ideological foundation of the book.
In SG model we shall deal with, besides others, the operators
For separated sets
15
same multiplier appears in the second term of the RHS of Eq . ( 16). Besides
these, operators exp (!) have nonzero vacuum averages, and the corresponding two-soliton form factors have an annihilation pole with residue
27ri res f (#I, 02 )cl,c2 = Crlcz
#2 = 01 + 7ri
2
THE LOCAL COMMUTATIVITY THEOREM
In the present section, the theorem is proven which states that two local
operators commute on a space-like interval if their form factors satisfy the
system of axioms formulated in Sec. 1.
First, let us introduce a system of brief notations. Consider the set of
rapidities /3k,... Let us connect a space h; with every /3;. The spaces
h; are isomorphic to C2 for ITM and SG with > ir, to C3 for NLS, to
c2 C[A/f] for SG with ^ < ir. The base in the space h; is enumerated by
the index e. S-matrix S(/3; - /3j) is considered as an operator in the space
h; hj, its matrix elements being given by Eqs. (3, 4, 5, 6, 8). The unitarity
condition, crossing-symmetry condition and Yang-Baxter equations in these
notations look as follows:
S((31- 32)S(i32-Pl)/^=I, /^
qq
S(fl1 - /N2 + in ) = li(/1)St(P')(/32 - / 1)C(Nl)
S(Ql - N2)S(Nl - /33)S(/2 - /33)
(23)
where C(/3=) is the matrix C acting on h;, t(/3=) is the transposition with
respect to h;, in SG model with ^ < it the matrix C is equal to v1 Iwel.
Matrix C satisfies the relations Ct = C, C2 = I.
Besides , we suppose that the following relation holds:
Ci(/31)C(/32)S(,81 - /32) = S(Q1 - 82)C(31)C(N2) .
17
1
18
create a (m
Form factors f (a m. ... > a 1 N l) f ,l3ri )ee'
Ei...e
), n) tensor. Let
us assume fli to be always connected with hi, which means that when Ni
and ,Oj change places the corresponding spaces hi and hj also change places.
The meaning of the last, nebulous phrase will become clear after rewriting
Eqs. (13, 14, 16) in new notations:
f(Q1...Friffli+1f... ,fln)S(fi -Qi+l) = f(Nl) ... fl3i +lffli f... fNn) ,
f()31i... ,Qn-1,an +27ri) = f(h'n,F3l,... , hen-1) f
xS
[
(Nn
where e (,(31, /2) = Cc,E'el,e e2 ,,', with ei, forming the base in hi.
Equation (22) rewrites as follows:
f(am,... ,a1If1,... )Nn)
= C( al
t(al,... ,a...)
Nl f ... f Nn)) f
where C(a1 i ... , am) = C(al) ... C(a,..), t(al, ... , am) denotes transposition with respect to the spaces connected with al, ... , a,,,. It has been
mentioned above that Eq. (22) gives the correct formula for form factors if
the sets al, ... am and )31,... Qn are separated.
From Eqs. (13, 14, 16) it follows that f (ae, ... , al 101, ... , Q.) possesses
the properties:
1. f (a., ... al 1,31
=
R
R
R
, ... f. Ni
"841' ... , 13.)S//(/3i - A+ 1)
=f
t QK
,alIQI,...
f/ m)
(aK-1i...allplf... fflmfaK)C(aK))
4. f(a.....
(24)
,13m -1
) (25)
a lIa l,
Nm)
ai ,...
S(,am
a lI#,,...
Qj)
,/ j,... ,/3m)
... S(aj+l - Nj )
a1IQ1,...
, ai
...
S(/
1
S(Nj -,81)
- Nj-1)
) ... ,
,/j,. him)
(26)
where I(ai, flj) is the tensor identifying the spaces connected with ai and
,3j, its notation in components being 5 .
Let us further shorten our notations. Namely, let us denote the set of
the rapidities by capital Latin letters, for example, A = {aj};=1, B =
{/3 j }Tl . We are still associating a space h with every rapidity. The
number of elements in A will be denoted by n(A). The set of rapidities ordered in accordance with increasing (decreasing) values will be denoted by -!('A
T ). Suppose al < a2 < ... < a,., i.e.
A = fall... I a.},
the product Z(al) ... Z( a,) will be denoted by Z(A ) while the product
Z* (a,,) ... Z*(a1) by Z*(A). The last definition needs some refinement.
We understand Z(a)(Z*(a)) to be a vector ( covector) in the space connected with a . The products of these operators are always understood as
tensor ones with respect to this internal structure.
Let the set A be divided into two subsets A = Al U A2, and consider
the operators S(A I A 1), S(A 1 I A) defined by
Z(A) =
S( AI A 1 )Z(A2)Z(Al) ,
A(AI B) =
20
where I(ai, f3i ) identifies the spaces associated with ai and ,6i. The full
base of "in"-states consists of the vectors
1'B
--) = Z*(B)Iph) ,
the dual base being
(11 = (phlZ(A)
In what follows we shall deal with several sets of this type. The writings
A 1 U A 2 and Al U A2 will be distinguished; the first one means that the
ordered set A2 is added to Al while the second means that Al U A2 is
ordered.
Now we are in a position to refine the definition of the matrix elements of
the general type. Let A and B be arbitrary sets of rapidities. We postulate
the following form of the matrix element:
( 7 10 (0, o)IB) =
A=A1UAs
B=B1UB2
x A(A2, B2)S(B 11
B)(-1)n(Ba)
(28)
(Alo(o,O)IB) =
S(!IA2)f(A1- i 0jB1)
A=A1 U A2
B=B1UB3
f(A
A3)S(A1uA3IA3)
+i01B)= S(AIA
l U
A=A 1 UA2UA3
B=BIUB2UB3
X f (A- 1 - iOI B 1 )A(A2,
B3)
(30)
-T
(A
IO(01E0) I B) =
S(AIA, U A2 )
A=AjUA2uA3uA4
B=B1uB2UB3UB4
(31)
Let us transform Eq. (31), replacing A(A2i B2)A(A4i B4) by [S(A2 U U A4I
and denote A2 UA4 by A5,
A 2)]-1A(A2, B2 )A(A4, B4) [ S(B 21B4)]-1,
B2 U
B2 U B4 by B5 . Then Eq . ( 31) transforms to
(-1) n(B2)
B2CB5
1 , B5 =
0,
B5 96 0
and consequently
AI0(0,0)IB) _
Q.E.D.
x E
J dCG_( x_ICAi
Bi
A3)
n(C)
00 =o
B
3 )S(B
B3
U2
U2
x 0(A3, B3)S(B 2I B
) J +B) ,
(32)
B=B,uB2uB3
23
G-(x -
(A
IO 1 (x)O2(y) I B)
00
n(D)=0
B)
Let us use the formula (28) for (A IOl (x) I D) and the formula (29) for
(F 102(y)IB):
'
(A IO1(x) O2(y)I B )
E
00
1: 1:
1 JdCS(AIA1)
A-A1UA,UA3 B=B1UB2UB3 n(C) =O
X f1(A1+i0ICUB2)S(CUB21CUB2UA3UA2)
x i(A3i B3)S(C U B2 U B3 U A21B2 U B3)
x f2(A2 UCIBl + iO)S(B2 UB31B)
x exp (-itc(Aj) x + iK( B2)x + iic ( C)(x - y) - iK ( Bl)y - iK (A2)y)
Let us use two identities:
(35)
When deriving these identities Eq. (27) should be used. From Eqs. (35) it
follows that
S(C U BflC U B2 U A2 U A3)0(A3i B3)S(C U B2 U A2 U B3IB2 B3)
A2)S(B21B
X S(ClB3U C)S(CICU
`^
2U' ,
21B
hence
obtain in Eq. (32). Equation (33) can be obtained using the formulae (29),
(28) for 01, 02 respectively.
Q.E.D.
Remark. When dealing with quasi-local operators exp (t' 2u) some
modifications have to be made. If 02 is local and 01 is quasi-local, the
multipliers d(C U B2) and d(B2) appear in the formula for 0 before the
first and second terms respectively. If both 01 and 02 are quasi-local the
common multiplier (-1)n(Bl)+n(B2)+"(C) disappears while the multipliers
d(CU B2) and d(B2) appear before the first and second terms respectively.
Now we are in a position to prove the main theorem.
Theorem 1. Suppose the form factors of two operators satisfy Axioms
1-5 and the additional requirement
, On
+ a) = O (es101) ,
Jul - 00
where S is some number common for all rc, n. Then every matrix element
of the commutator [01(x), 02(y)] is a distribution whose support consists
of one point x = y.
Proof. Let us consider for simplicity a model without bound states
(SG 1; > ir, ITM, NLS).
The matrix element of the commutator (A ^[Ol(x), 02(y)] B ) depends
essentially only on x - y ; that is why we can put y = 0. Consider any
finite function from C-cp(x). This function can be presented in the form
,p(x) ='P+( x) + V- (x), V ( x) = cp(x ) O(x), 9 being Heaviside 's function.
Consider the convolution
+f
((A I [O1( x), 02(6)] I
0
)e:K(A)x ) ,P -(x)dx
B)eir(A ) x)w+(x)dx .
(36)
A trick first used in Ref. [32] concerns the operation of substituting (32)
for the first term in (36) and (33) for the second term in (36). For the first
J0
(A
_ S(AIA1)S(A2UA3^A3)
A=A1UA2uA3
B=B 1UB2UB3 r
x E {
00
dxcp_(x)
j 00
J dCG_(xICA,B1iA3
A(A3i B3)
1-00
=
r
dxcp_ (x)
x 0- (,(C) +
ic(B2)
J ((A
(39)
can be treated in a similar way. Using the presentation (33) for the matrix
element we make sure that the integral (39) is equal to zero if the support
of cp does not contain the point x = 0.
For the case with bound states (SG, ^ < a), the proof encounters serious
complications when deforming the contour of integration across the poles
of the integrand. As a result, we obtain a discrepancy between the first and
the second integral in Eq. (37). The system of relations (17), (18), (19),
(20) stipulates the vanishing of the discrepancy. The proof of this fact is
very tangled and we would not present it here. Q.E.D.
Remark 1. The theorem can be generalized to take into consideration
the operators exp (f' 2) . The additional signs which were considered in
the Remark to Lemma 2 are compensated by signs appearing during the
analytical continuation a -* o - iri + iO due to the changes in (14).
3
SOLITON FORM FACTORS IN SG MODEL
In this section formulae are presented for the soliton form factors in SG
model. All the necessary properties of these form factors are established in
the following sections. We shall consider the coupling constant ^ of generic
position under e # ; the reflectionless case _ will be considered in
Sec. 6.
The section consists of four subsections; three of them are devoted to the
description of some auxiliary objects and the fourth contains the formulae
for the form factors.
I. The definition of the operation "( )". Consider a set of
rapidities ,61 i ... , 02n (we deal only with operators preserving the topological charge, which is why only the even-number soliton form factors
differ from zero). Associate a space hi Cz with every In the space
h; we consider a base ei,e (e = 2, ei (0, 1), e; (1, 0)). The
natural base of the tensor product Hn = II 0 hj consists of the vectors
eE1...FZr = e1,.1 0 ... (9 ezn ,,,,,. The uncharged sub-space stretched on
with EEC = 0 will be denoted by H,, o.
Consider the operator Sid (,r3) acting nontrivially only in hi 0 hj :
Sii (,Q) =
sh-1
(/3 -
7n
))
{I (
i 0 II
sh
(/- ai) - sh
ll
+030^ (sh(/3_inz)+shfl)_sh1(1 + i(0 o?)
where o; o?, o , Ii are the Pauli matrices and the unit matrix acting in JJJhi.
29
It is evident that Si j differs from the soliton S-matrix only by the absence
of the multiplier SO(/3). Our first purpose is to construct certain special
base in Hn 0. To this end, let us introduce a new object. Consider an
auxiliary space ho _ C2 and construct a matrix
C(uI131,
C A(o1)31,...
, 132n)
, N2n)
B ( OINl,...
D(Olal,
13
2n )
,fl2n)
,132n)
(40)
= 50,1(9 - 131)50,2(0-132)...S0,2n(O-12n) .
The product and division to blocks are due to the space ho. This definition
is standard in the framework of QISM [14-16]. The matrix (40) is a monodromy matrix of "high level Bethe Ansatz" [58]. The following involutions
hold when o E R:
/^
2n
,/32n) 11
-1
sh { (o - lj )
s
h f ( O-aj+7ri)
2n sh (O-j33/-iri)
B (o + iril/31,... , 132n) = C(OI/3i...... 82n) ]] Sh ^ (O - i9 )
i-1 f (41)
The operators Sij satisfy the Yang-Baxter equation:
S 0,i(0 -
- 0i +1)
hence
( A(alal,
C
Si,41( i - Ni+1)
X
,13i,8i+1, ,12n)
,Ni,/3i+1)._. ,62n)
D(oh31,..
B (OI/31,..
q
)3i+l,
A(OI11,
,F^i +1,
C(oh31,
Qi,
An)
,3i,
,i12) 1
(42)
As in Sec. 2, we imply hi to be always associated with 1i, which means that
if (3i and 1i}1 change places their spaces hi and hi+1 also change places.
In what follows we shall often denote, when it does not cause confusion,
the operators A(o1,61, ,12n), etc. by A(o), etc. From the Yang-Baxter
31
(43)
where the tensor product is taken only with respect to the space ho, and
R(o) is a (4 x 4)-matrix acting in C2 (C2:
sh (o-7ri)
-sh *e i
sh f o,
sh T a
-sh *{i
sh f (o - vi)
R(o)
In particular, one finds from Eq. (43) that the operators A(o1) and A(o2)
commute; the same can be said about the operators B(o1) and B(o2).
Consider a set of covectors
we 1,...,e2,.(/I1) ... A.) _
(01
i,q
= 'wet,... ,t:+t , ti.... 2. (F'1 , ... , A+1' Ni, ... , N2n) .
(44)
A(crlfl,... ,,62n).
B(ol)A(o2)
(02
sh
- of
sh f (02 - ol )
7ri) sh
(
A o2)B( o1) +
- Ol )A(^1)B(192)
sh '(0-2
32
2n
sh E (a - 35) k sh (O - Tj - 7ri)
11
j= 1
sh
fi
(0111B(7j) +u(0I11B(Tj)B(tr)sh (a
j=1 1=1 j$l
sh {(^-Tj)
X 2n sh {(T7-pj) "
11=11 sh (7y -
,131
- 7ri) 11-11 sh
{
(Ti - Tj -
7ri)
It is quite obvious that if r1i ... , Tk is a subset of 61, ... , 82n all the terms
except the first one disappear. Hence
wElr ... .E2n (P1) ... ,#2n)A(o,)
sh (01 -#p)
sh
(o
- ,13p -
7r1)
(^
^
/^
{
we1i ... rE2n (N l,... ,82n) .
(45)
P:Ep=-.
Q.E.D.
Lemma 3 . The bases e,,,._ C2. and wE1r ... rc2n (/31 i ... 132tt ) are connected via a triangular transformation , which means that in the decomposition
u/Elr ...,E2n (F'1, ... ,E2n) _ Ccl,...:ec (Nl, ... , N2n)eel ,.. ,ern ,
Er
only those CEi,... ;;: for which (cc, ... , Zn) < (E1, ... , E2n) differ from
zero . The multi-indices are ordered as binaries, for example, (1, 1, - 1, - 1)
2
1 _1 1 _1 1 1 1 _1 1 _1 _1 1 1 2 1 21 2 1
< (2, 2, 2, 2) < (-2^ 2, 2, 2) < (2 2 2 2) < ( 2 ) <
1 1 1 1 i...- 2 2i
_ 1 1
C_32... 22...2
sh
(131i...
0 2n)
,N
i<n7)n
(/3i
sh {(Qi-^j+7ri)
33
Al(u)
Ci(o,)
C2 (a)
A2(o)
D2(v)
B2(0.)) = 5o,k(
91)
To obtain w1,... E2n (,O1i... ,,Q2n) we shall successively apply the operators B(#3), p : ep = 2 to (01. Taking into account that the covectors
(0IB1(,Qj1) ... B1(Qjl) are the eigencovectors for A1(a) with the eigenvalues
(45) and (0ID2(u) = ( 0I, one gets
WE1,...,2n (fl1) ... ,N2n) _
(01
11
B 1( f3p)
EP=1
( i j' ej,.. 2
j=1
II Bl(ip) (
fl ej,
_.
2.
EP=1
wE1,...,2n(.1,
res
z,E:
7r 2
= sin
(e
,8p
ej ,
sh
X sh
k>j
+iri)
sh (Nik
(- 1) e- 1 ej,1)
x
2 sh
(fli - /'p )
Per=-1
p#i
(Qk ^ /3i)
/
- //^^
h i)
(Qk
- - 7ri) Sj-l,i(I3j-1
/ /^ - Ni
A,
B1(o) = 50
,10 - t3 ) ... 5o ,2n-2(O - N2n-2)
C1 (o) Dl(v) =
a(tr) b ( o)
- So,2n-1 (o- - 82n-l)50,2n(O' - /32n)
c(tr) d(v)) -
At first glance it is clear that the pole at the point /32n = N2n-1 + 7ri + il;k
may exist only for E2n = 2. Let us act on (01 by B(j32n) = B1(#2n)d(f32n)+
Al (Q2n)b(f32n ):
(OIB(Q2n)
(0I { B l( a2n) +
2'2
j=1
#j)
shsh F^^(#zn
///
,13j
- 7ri)
(/^2n -
sh " q _ sh W 2i
sh F (/^2n - l2n - 1 - ini) N2n + sh 1(82n - 82n-1 -
hence
_( 01(0, -
q
(
(
+ l-1)kcT;n-1 ) , (f2n = /32n-1 +7ri - ik)
Now let us apply B(o) to (0I(o + (-1) kO'2n-1 ), (0' 0 N2n,,82n = #2n-l+
7ri + il;k). Notice that
(OI(0'2n
_ sh
+ (-1)k,72n
sh f (C - 132n-1 - 7ri)
(01
+ (- 1)ke2n- 1)d(c) =
35
0'2n sh { (^ -N2n-1 -
27ri)
(O - /Q2n-1)
sh *f'
0'2n sh { (
sh { (0 82n-1) / k
sh f (Q - N2n-1 - 7ri ) (
(OI(o- 2n + (- 1)ko;_1
)b(r)
sh
(OI
2na2n-1 sh
(-1) k
- Q2n- 1 - 7ri
)sh
sh W2i
(0- - 62n - 1 - 21r0
sh
" (0'
0,
2n
2n
hence
(0I(,T2n + (- 1)ko,2n -1)B(o)
sh { (? -,62n-1)
sh
k _
(Q - 82n -1 - 7ri) (
2
sin 7r
2n-2
sh
been,;
(N2n-1 - Pp + 7ri)
sh
C(Q2n-1 - 13p)
P:ep-- j
x (e2n - 1,-; e2n ,; +//(- 1)k e2n-1 e2n,-; )
82n = N2n- 1
+ 7ri
+ i1 k
The proof for arbitrary i, j can be obtained using (44) and the formula
(ei,-; 0 ei,; + (-1)Pei,; 0 e1 ,-;)Ski(u)Ski ( u - 7ri)
sh {o
sh f (o -
Q.E.D.
(-1)Pei , e1,-; )
0 ej
7ri) (ei,_ 2
i+ 2
In Sec. 9 we shall need a formula for the scalar products of vectors decomposed via WEI.... E2n {,Ql,... ,Q2n). It is evident that the base {we 1,..., e2n
A, ... ,132n)} is not orthogonal. However, a base dual to {wE1- e2n
(i31i ... , 162n)} can be easily constructed. Consider the covectors
W-1,... ,-2.
01
(01
, ... , #2n) =
11 `'(/p + in )
_ 1
Per -2
where
/ qq
B/ (, p + 7ri ) =
lm
7ri)(a
B(c +
^p
- f3P) C (sh =^
1 -1
The base { GJe1 ... ,esn(Q1i ... 62n )} possesses properties similar to those of
the base
/32n)}, the most important property being the
triangularity: in the decomposition
w1,...,f2n
(31,... ,/3 n) _ Q1^...EEn
1 ,..., 2n (Nl,... P2.) e4..., ESn
only those ' '...... differ from zero for which (Ei, , Ein) ^
(El, ... , E211). This triangularity is opposite to the triangularity of
{ wE1,,2n (31) , f32n)}. The following statement holds.
{w1,- E2n
2n
bed (46)
f (^AP
- - j 7r1)
E2n) _ If If sh
P Ey=2
(^P -,6j)
j#P
C(`3p )I )
p:Ey=2
Consider the scalar product (46). Let (El, ... , E2n) differ from
\E1, ... , E2n), then necessarily a number j exists for which Ej = - 2e j = z
Then the scalar product (46) can be presented as follows,
(01 11 B(/9P)C(Q3)
P'EP-]
11 C(w)10)
q : cq-i,q#j
Let us move C(131) to the left using the commutation relation which follows
from Eq. (43) (the second term in RHS can be omitted because Lemma 2
implies
B(,Q,)A(,a,n) = 0):
(01d 1
/^
sh "'
(01
rj
B(/P)C(/9j)
P:ep=3
= (OIC(aj) jl B(ap) = 0 .
p:cp=
Thus the scalar product differs from zero only for (El, ... , E2n) coinciding
with (Ei, ... , EZn). The calculation of the scalar product in this case is a
technical problem we will not go into.
Q.E.D.
Now we are in a position to define the operation ( )n.
Definition 1. Consider a function F(Al, ... ) an 1l1... , n) which is
invariant under independent permutations of elements in the sets al, ... , An
and l, ... , n. With every function of this kind is associated the following
vectors from Hn 0:
E F(Qil,... ,An l/ji,... ,h3jn)
(F)n(Ql,... ,P2n) _
{1,... ,2n}
={il,... ,in}U{jI,... Jn}
1
wcl,...,E2, (/31, ... , 82n)
X H II sh r
F (h'ip - Njq)
P=l q=1
where e1, =
Z,
Ei p = - Z , p = 1 , ... , n.
fl
)F(Pi,...
a
($n+p - ,(3q - 7ri
P=1 9=1 sh f
n In+1,... ,L32n) .
Nn
38
(//^^
x fJsh
-1 'r(/3l
//^
,,32n)
7<
Sh-1
/^
//^^
- Qi - 7ri)Sj- l,i(Qj-1 - 13i) ... i+l,i(Ni+1 - Ni). ,
Nj =
Pi
+ 7ri + i^ k ,
(48)
where
Qr(A1, ... , )n-1I/p1, ... , /tn-1)
=
F(A1i...
,An-
1,TI1,... ,n_l,r+7ri+i^k)
7(3
)2
oo
(49)
2. <p(/3) is an even function with the following poles and zeros in the
strip 0 < Im /3 < 27r: simple poles at the points /3 = z i + iek , k > 0, simple
zeros at the point /3 = 32 i + ilk, k > 1.
39
q ";^` pp
^p((^ - `^) _
co(N
(i3 +
ch
2)
xi
ch 2 (Q - z -k)
()0
sh
k-1
k>0.
Take some polynomial P(x) and consider the integral
00 2n
00
(n - 2)a) da ,
(50)
where Ik! < n - 1. From the asymptotics (49) it follows that the integral
(50) is defined correctly when deg (P) < n - 1. We shall define a certain
regularization which will provide us with the possibility of dealing with the
integral for deg (P) < 2n - 2. The regularized integral will be denoted by
11 cp(a - ,^3j)P
exp
oo j_1
(2 a))
exp
ak -
(n - 2)ada
2n
1
3xi exp E Qj
^(a - F'j) x
m+i`-io j-1 sh
(a - Qj - z)
x Pi
(3n - 2))) da
2n
+
11
_1
\\
IJ
(51)
40
+1 (zr2 -7 -ieXp
\ S Nj)/ P2(x)
-7-
2(n-2)
JT (xr_3 - exp
i3
) P2(xr4 )
(52)
and the requirement deg Pi < 3n-1 (evidently in this case RHS of Eq. (51)
is defined correctly).
exp
k
\ S #'
))
I I xr4k
- II (xr3 - eXp
\ w i3
41
(
(
xr
3 - exp C
xr 2 -
- fi
T -1
i3)) Q2(xr4
exp
) T2
2)
aj)) Q2(x) ,
(53)
with deg Q < 3n - 1. Eq. (53) implies (see the proof of Lemma 6) that deg
Q2 < n -1. To prove the uniqueness of this definition one has to show that
2n
J + ^- io^sh
^p(a - ,(3j)
E( a_
aj _2i ) exp
C-
E,8i)
Q l Cexp
2n
x exp Cak -
( (
2aa
r4 exp
))exp - x (3n - 2)a) do
Qj )Q2
(ak
2n
+ ^io
- )Qz
^'p( a
Pj
T4
ex P
a) )
m(ak
x exp
- 1(3n - 2)a) de
2n
2`p(a -Qj)Qz
C 4 C2a))
T
exp
(55)
(56)
sh (a - 3z ff )
42
42
sh { (a - X31 - 2 )
3Ai exp
r `P(a - Qi)
J^+*^, -io j_i sh E (a - Qj - a
ak - (n - 2)a
x 72(n-2) Q2
(exp (2a/ /
(P).
^n,,(P) =
(n - 1)!i
n-1 2n
00
dal ...
00
# dan_1
1 H p(ai -)3j)
0o J-00 i=1 j=1
///
43
This polynomial is antisymmetric with respect to 01) ... , xn_1 and symmetric with respect to a1, ... , an and bl, ... , bn separately.
Definition 4. Consider an (n - 1) x (n - 1) matrix with the following
matrix elements:
1=1 k=0
n
i-1
+,r 2i [J(x -
b 1T-1)
1=1
E(1
k=0
(57)
Qk is the elementary symmetric polynomial of degree k (Qk(a1i ... , an)
= 0 for k > n or k < 0). Polynomial An (x1, ... )xn-1l ai, ... , an
lbl, ... , bn) is the determinant of this matrix.
Evidently An is symmetric with respect to al, ... , an and bl,... , bn
separately and antisymmetric with respect to x1i ... , xn-1 polynomial. Its
degree with respect to xi is 2n - 2, its degree with respect to ai(bi) is
n - 1. Polynomial An is a homogeneous polynomial of the total degree
n(n - 1) + 2(n - 1)(n - 2). The main property of An is described by the
following statement.
Lemma 8.
An(xl, ... , xn -1
n-1
= 2-3(n-1) ll (xj - ar)
j=1
n-1
E(-1)kAn_ 1(x1, ...
k=1
-1
xn-l lal , ... ) an-1lbi , ... , bn-1)xk
n
X
(xk bj r)(xk - a j T) - 7- 4(n-1)
[ i'1=1
n-1
fJ(x
j=1
k -
bj T -1)( x k
- aj T-1)
(58)
44
/x - aT
= I 2 ) { Ajn-1)( xlal, ... , an-11b1, ... , bn-1)
1 2 (n-')
- tar Ai_1 ( x lal,
, bn-1) IT
while
(n-1)
2(n -1)
ii(x -
ajT)(x
j=1
bn_1)
2-
x-1
n-1
-,r4(n -1)
(x - a jT -1 )( x - bjT-1)
fJ
bj T )
j=1
Now the proof reduces to the successive adding of the first row with the
coefficient ar 2/2 to the second one , of the second row with the coefficient
aT2/2 to the third one , etc., and following expansion of determinant along
the last row.
Q.E.D.
IV. The formulas for the soliton form factors . Consider the functions
n
(7
... , An
Fn") (xi, ... , xn-1
lal ,
l l ) ...
n)
exp
E i 2`
(
S i=1
Ai
- 7ft)
C2^ ))
x exp ^ n
, ... ,
exp \ S An / I exp \ 'U 1
2n
exp
- -(n - 1) 1: #j
j=1
7=f1
(59)
which are antisymmetric polynomials of xl,... , xn_1 and entire symmetric functions of al, ... , An and l , ... , n. The form factors of topological current j = e,,V -L8u (f, ), of energy-momentum tensor T Up.), of
45
Mdn fJC(i3i _
fM(/1r.../3 n) _
,3j)
{^n,l((F(1)
i<j
+ (-
1)l^n,-1((
F(1)
F(
1))n)e'DP' Y ,
2n
j=1
.)e2EAI + (-1)-14Pn -1
X {'tn,1((F, 1) + Fn-1))
Xq((F(1) + F(-1))n)e2Ep'} , q
f
f(fi ,...
, F'2n) =
do
[((ai
- flj)'tn,0((F(t 1))n)
(60)
i<j
where
(0)
0o sin2 (z
K( /3+ wi)) sh ( zic)
0
= csh -exp
d^c
(1
2 tcsh
(Z) sh(aic)ch (z )
c - 4
sh (z) sh ("
tc) dtc
1 ex
p 4
U tcsh
ch2 (2 )
(2
d=c-1ir 1
(2ir
The components of f(01, , /32 n), fv()31, , 132n), f' ()31, ... ,8 2,)
the basis e,,. ... .E2, are denoted by f(01, A n ) .,1.... ,E2n , fv(N1)
N2n) E1,...
N 2n ) e,i._C
in
2n
The function C is regular in the strip 0 > Imf > -2a and satisfies the
identities
((#)So(#) = C(/3 -
21ri)
= C(-l3) ,
(61)
46
In the following sections it will be shown that the form factors satisfy
all the requirements formulated in Sec . 1. It will be also explained why we
associate them with the operators j, T,,,,, exp (i P) .
To finish this section let us write down explicitly the formulas for twosoliton form factors (n = 1) because they will be important later and the
formulas (60) cannot be applied to (n = 1) directly:
fv(PI, #z) =
2 (e 0 11 2 ) + (_ 1)e-;(RI +#2))(e1(01+Ps)
4
fo(Q1,i 2) =
M(e1(#. + Y9)
) ch
1
2 (01 - Q2)
+ (- 1)e-"(a1+Q2 ))
)(ej,-3 - e_^ 1)
x 1
ch 2f (f1-N2+7fi
f }(I31 i32)_
x
-d((al -Q2)
sh f(P1
Q2 +7ri)
exP((13i_/32+ini))e,_ a
+exPe-,
) (e 1 -
d(((l1
e_ )
; +
- /32)
4
THE MAIN PROPERTIES OF THE SOLITON
FORM FACTORS
//^^
, /32n) t,,... ,t: +,,t^.... tsn
f(/31, ...
(62)
(F(ry))n(/31, ...
Ni+1
q , fli ... 82n) t,,... ,e.+l,c' .... tsn
The application of the transformation 'tn does not disturb this relation.
The consequent ulti lication by H(((#3 -,33) changes (61) S(,ai - ,6i +1) to
S(Qi -, i+ 1) So(3im - Qpi+1) = S(,81 -, i+1).
Q.E.D.
47
48
x 2-3(n-1)
... ,3
N2n)
x fl
p #i ,j
n-1
(xp - e Z of r)
p=1
II
9<i-1
]Fj
sh(ae /^
sh - 1
(3y -
Qi - ai)
g>j
,Qi)
(63)
/^
(64)
allows one to express all the components of (Fnry))n through one of them.
The components of (Fnry))n can be presented as follows:
2n
(F(-") n(/31.... 2n)el,...,e2
=exp y`
9
49
E(ei/3i+iei))
j=1 j=1
T
X exp
2n
1: Q
xn -1
j =1
xexpi1),...,expa2n
(65)
where REi)., e2,.(xl , , xn-l 1b1, , b2n) is a rational function of all its
arguments . The only singularities of this function are the simple poles
i1
+
at the points bj = 6,,r2, j > i, 21 E . ell < j - i. Besides is an
1=i -
(66)
Qi
j, 1
2,ei+2, ... ,e2,.
(Ai - ai +1)
=s
h-1
X I(F'("))n(O1, i+l,/'
,. 3A ,
xsh`(Ii-ai+l-ai)
9f 2i
L (F("))n(fl1,...
Q q
Ni+1,... ,N2n) e1,...,Ei2,2,...,2,.
1
(67)
Equation (67) being a consequence of Eq. (64) shows that one can express 11" ei +2,--- n
(F(7))
1 1
a 2 through
1,..., 1r 2 ,- 2,
2,
2,...
,e2n
This fact is sufficient to prove the first statement of the Lemma. The possibility to present (F(ry))n(,a1, ... , /3 n)el,... ,e2 in the form (65) can be also
established using Eq. (67). Singularities of (F (ry))n(,81, ,/32n)el,...,e2 can
be easily found using (63); the homogeneity is quite obvious.
Q.E.D.
50
The function R(i)... ,c,n (2:11 ... , xn-ilbl) ... , b2n) is antisymmetrical
with respect to x1i... , xn_1 and, consequently, contains as a multiplier
the polynomial II (xi - xj) whose degree is equal to z (n - 1)(n - 2). This
i<j
fact and Eq. (66) allow to reconstruct this function through its residues
which can be taken in number less than the total number of poles by
n - 1. The most convenient form can be obtained for R(ry) -1 1 1,
1}
1
, R(ryi
R1Y)
^ and R(ti) 1
;,...,;,;,...,; ;,j,...,;,;,...,z 5,-;,...,-;,, ,...2
Functions R(') ;
cal with respect to b1 ... bn and bn+1 ... b2n separately. They have n2 simple
poles at the points bj = birz, j > n, i < n with residues (63):
b' rbsr^ R
('Y)
2'(n -z) k
11 bk - b
k#j
iT2 kll
n--1
bk - bi 11(xl - bir)
kqi
n-1
X E(
II
- 1 )kxk 1
k=1
X R (-Y)
(xk - T
bl)
l0ij
- 7 4( n-1)
II
( xk - 7'1 l)
loi,j
, xk, ... , xn -1 l
(68)
(bl, bz)
= 2(b2T -1 - R( ii(bl,bz)
Z'S
b1T) -
consequently
R(1)I
1(x1, ... , xn
_1 1
R1),
.1
.1 1 (xl, ...
^r
^r
xn-1
R( -11)
I 1
1 (
1 "51 21... 12
xl i...
1(xl,...
R(13,...,^-2,..., 2
1) 1 3 -
xn -l l bl,
,xn-
1j bl ,...
... bn
, b2n)
(69)
2n n
II II (b-r-1 - bsr)
j=n+li=1 9
The latter equality follows from Eq. (59) and Lemma 3 of Sec. 3.
Functions
Rfryi+ z,...,Tz,f^,...,1(xl,...)xn-
metric with respect to b2, ... , bn+1 and bn+2, ... , b2n separately. They
have n2 + n - 1 simple poles at the points bj = bir2, j > n + 2,1 < i <
n + 1, bj = b1r2, 2 < j < n + 1. For the recurrent reconstruction of these
functions one has to indicate the residues at n2 poles, the thing we are
doing now (see (63)):
res
R(1
bj=bir2 f3,
2<j<n+l
2n
2n
= 2 fJ(bl -bir2)-l
n-1
1=2 1=n+2
1#j
1=1
n-1
X E(-1)kxk 1 (xk - b1r) - r4(n-1) II (xk - blr-1)
k=1
lj41,j
(7)
R^^^^( xl,
... ,
1#1,j
xk,
... , zn -1
n-I n-1
res
n+
b i =b:r2
j < n , 2<i
1-
n+ 1
n+1
2n
1J( bi - b,)-1
1_1
1i
b
, 2n
n-1
n-1
= 8 JJ(b, - bjr2)-1
1=2
(x1
... ,xn- 1lb 1 ,...
, . ...,fi ,
-
n-1
1=n+2
1=1
52
II (xk -
k=1
bi r)
l^i,j
- r4(n-1) II (xk -
bi r -1)
Iti,j
... ,xn_11
X R('Y)
n-1
-2
I(
212
21
1)
1
2
(bl, b2)
R(1) I
1 2,...12
2, 2,...,-2,
n
R( 1 )1
n-1
n-1
1
= R1
1 121
1 ( x1, ... , xn-l I bl) ... , b2n)
21 21...1
2,...,a
n
n-1
(-1)
1 1 1 _1
n
n-1
- 2n2+2n _2 0n (x1 i ... , xn_1 Ib1 Ib2 i ... , bn+l lbn+2 , ... , b2n)
2n 2n n+1
IIB,; )II,
al ,
;n)(xjibni al,...
I bl, ...
where B( n) is a (n -
... ,a n
53
where
Bin)(xlbnlal ..... an Ibl , ... )bn_1) = 1
x-bnT3
X
{A ;n)(xla l,
...
n-1
- bnx-lr6
(n -1)
JJ(bn 1-1
fI ( x
- bnr)
b IT-2)-1
JJ( b
n - a IT-2) - 1
1=1
1=1
n
n-1
Ain)(bnT3lal, ...
an
Ibl , ...
54
The calculation of det llBs7)II at the point an = bnT2 (ai = bnr2 (i <
n - 1) can be treated due to the symmetry) is based on the use of the
identities
B ,n)(xlbn
+
1bnT4B(n)
2 2-1 (xlbnlal
,...
1
= 2(x - bnT){Ain-1)(xlal, ... , an-l lbl, ... , bn-1)
n-1
I n-1
bir)
- T4(n-1) IJ(x - al7-1)(x - biT-1)
- x-1 IJ(x - alr)(x 1-1
1-1
X -')Ci ( bn a
Ib
b n-1 )) i < n - 2
, an_l,
n-1
n-1
1-1
1_1
where Ci is some function. Adding successively the i-th row of the determinant with coefficient z bnT4 to the (i + 1)-th row, and then subtracting from the 1, 2, ... , n - 2 rows the (n - 1)-th one with the coefficients
Cill(bn - b1T-2)(bn - bl r-4)-1 and expanding the determinant along the
last row, one obtains the required relation.
The calculation of det IIB^1)II at the point bl = anr2 (at b3 = air 2, j <
n-1, i < n-1, due to the symmetry) can be performed in a similar manner,
being based on use of identities
B(n)(xlbnlal,... ,an
l a nr2,b2) ...
,bn -1)
1
+ 1an74B(n ) (,IbnJaI... ,anlanr2 ,b2) ... ,bn-1)
2 (x - anT ){B(n-1) ( x
, bn-1 )
- 2-
2(n -1)x-1
J(x
1 =1
X lii( b njai ,...
n
Bn- 1 (xlbn lal ,
n-1
- r4(n-1)
... , a n l a nr 2 )
- anr
)(bn
...
- ar-2
n-1
- alr-1)(x -
b l+lr -1)
1=1
a r42Bnn>2(xl bn l al ,
= 1( x
fJ( x
- atr)(x - bl +lr)
55
ll(x - alr)( x -
b2,... ,
i <n-2
bn-1 )
an anr2 ,
b2) ...
bn-1 )
_ l) X
-1
n-1
bl +lr )
1-1
- 74(n
l-1
Q.E.D.
Now we are in a position to show that the form factors satisfy Axiom 2.
Theorem 2. Form factors f,, f,,l,, fl satisfy Axiom 2, which means
fp(/31, ... , /#2n + 21ri)1,... 12. = f(Q2n, /31, ... , Q2n-1 )2..,e1,... 2n-1
fv (01, ... , N2n + 27ri)1)... ,2 = fv(/32n, /31,,
,32n + 2irz)1,... e2,. = -f(N2n,, 1, .
f(,31, ...
(73)
These identities are to be understood in the sense of analytic continuation
with respect to N2n .
Proof. From the definition of f1 f,,, f t and the identity
((Q - 27ri) = ((-a) ,
it follows that Eqs. (73) are equivalent to
0n,o,((Fnry))n)(,Q1, , /32n-1, 132n + 21ri) ,,, e2n-I,E2n
=
fory=1,a
0n,o,((Fnry))n)(a2n) Nl,
= 0, 1.
X s;/'E;+I
E i,E
i+I
(Ni
-tn a((FE'rl)n)(Ql) ... ,fli+1, 3i, ... , 92n) 1i...,^.+l , f ^ .,... ,f2n
56
one can change the order of El ... e2n-1 in Eq. (74) and thus reduce the
proof of Eq. (73) for arbitrary el ... E2n-1 to the proof of the two identities:
-tn,o,((F17))n)(131,... ,/2nn+27ri)- a,...,-2i1a1 ...1a
1 _ 1 _1 1 1
((Fn7))n)(82n) l
q'1, ... Q2n-1)
2 2 2 5 2
_ ^n,o((Fn7))n)(^2n^^1,...
(75)
Equations (42), (69), (71) and the definition of 'n,,, imply that the proof
of Eqs. (75) reduces to the proof of the following statement. Continuing
analytically with respect to 32n :,82n -+,32n + 27ri the integral
I1(,81,...
,02n)
00
1
=
(
n-11
)
n-1 2n
r^
da
l ...*
da n_1 H H c2(ai - I3j )
00 00
ci -
i<j
x An
exp
i-1 j-1
- (n - 2)Eai
27r 21r 2v 2v
al, ... , exp an_l I exp exp
Nn
27r 27r
I2(
Nlr
... ,a2 n)
00
= (n - 1)!
x fl sh (ai - aj ) exp
0o
n-1
dal... $ dan_1
f
QEai -
i<j
2n
1111 W( ai -,8j)
i=1 j=1
7 (n - 2)Eai)
2n1
x (exp
j-n+ 1
27r
n_1
N2n-1) 2
27r
Let us prove it. During the proof we shall manipulate f as with the usual
f. The necessary rigour can be achieved by using Definition 2 of Sec. 3,
but in that case the proof becomes very bulky.
Notice that the antisymmetry of An(xl,... , xn_1I ...) and On(xl, ... ,
xn_1I ...) with respect to x1i ... ) xn_1 allows one to replace in 11, I2 the
product n_1
1 ^lxsh (a; - a-^) by 2- (n-1)2 n-2) exp(Eai(n - 2i)). Now noting
that every column of matrices det IIA(n)II, det II B(n )II depends only on one
ak we can integrate the columns separately and rewrite I7i 12 in the form
Il = 2_ (, - 1)2(n - 2)
72 = 2-
d et II Qtii II
2)
2 det II`Bi.i II
where
2n
2(12
x AI
p=1
2a 21r
x exp )3n+,,... , exp hqq'2n
oo
2n
pct
)2n
h'n
I eXP
n +l
...
21r
X exp c f32n_1
We shall show that 2t, being continued analytically over 82n : Q2n -' Q2n +
tai gives (Bid . Let us first deform the contours of integration for %-j and
(Bij to the line Im a - a - 0 (<p(a) has no singularities for 0 < Im a < 7r/2).
Now let us begin shifting /?2n in the function 2[i2 (,Q1, ... ,82n) upward along
the imaginary axis. The picture of poles of the integrand is shown in Fig. 2a.
When the imaginary part of ,Q2n becomes close to the nearest pole of
the integrand it meets the contour of integration. When shifting further we
have to deform the contour. When the continuation is finished, we obtain
58
im p
im p
3
7tt
52
x
x
3TC
TC
T
0 2,
01
TC
2
x
+
Re 2n
3TC
Fig. 2.
x A;n)
exp a exp
)3.
1 exp ^n
taken over the joint of contours represented on Fig. 2b. Let us transform
the integral over I'1. It can be evaluated through its residues . Notice that
poles of the integrand are spaced by it. This fact implies the possibility of
replacing of the integrand by
59
rj ^(a-#j) 11
j=1 (exP Lt"-,32n ) T3 - (exp L.-#j T
j=1
sh { (a - 82n
X
sh { (a - 82n - 3V
2
x A1n) 1 T3 exp fan I exP 31, ... , exp fan I exp ^3n+1 i .. .
x exp
T4
2Jr
N2n
(76)
It is clear that the function (76) has no other singularities in the strip
z - 0 < Im a < 2 - 0 but those enveloped by r1; hence rl can be
deformed to (JR + 52 `` - i0) U (- (JR + 2` - iO)). Using the identity
sh(a
cp(a +21ri) _ sp(a)
+2' )
sh { ( a+
32i
11
- m+
-;o
" j=1 ^(a
3i
x
A(n)
73
exp
Nn
exp
Fln
.... )T 4
2a /^
X exp T 62n
zn=
1 (exp
27r
02n -
-2
exp
1 (exp 2 a
2a
^3j)
2a
a - T 3 exp
N/^2n) - 1
j-1
2n-1
x 11 (exp
j_1
/^
(77)
60
Adding to (77)
2n
m+" -io11cp(a-/3,)exp
j=1
F
x ASnl
exp al eXP
Nn
2ir 4 2ir
a - r exp f #2n
X
d
exp f a - T-3 exp ',32n
a'
one obtains
--io
x B^nl
27r
X eXp C
f32n-1
(n - 2)a I
Nn
exp
/3n +1,
... ,
da
Q.E.D.
Remark . The theorem remains valid if exp(a(n - 2j) + oa) in the
integral over aj is replaced by exp(kj a), where k1,... ,kn_1 are arbitrary
integers which do not exceed n - 1 for `di.
Let us now pass on to the calculation of the residue of the form factors
at the point f3, = 3i+ri, j > i. From the symmetry property (62) it follows
that we can restrict ourselves to considering the case j = 2n, i = 2n - 1.
Theorem 3 . Form factors f(,01, ... Q2n), , f32n),
f + (#1, ... , f32n) have no other singularities in the strip 0 < Im ,32n < it but
the simple poles at the points 92n = f3, + iri - ilk, j < 2n -1, 0 < k < [ *,
The residues at the point )32n = N2n-1 + ri are given by the formulae
61
o: .. bESn-1
- S ErlZ,nEl-1'E1 ('32n-1
C2-1
- 01) ...
111 E1 '
S.7"22- 13:,62-2 q
/^
q
fl2n
= /92n-1 + 7ri
E 2n_1E2n-2 (i32n-1 - N2n-2)
g
) 2n-2) e/3^"' ^ E/2n-2
5E2n,2n-1
-E/
1 2n-1 + Sr1,E 1
R
//^^
(N2n -1 - 01) . .
'r2n-3,E2n-2
(78)
The formula for the residues of f is quite similar to the formula for the
residue of f.
Proof. Function ((/3) is regular in the strip 0 < Im ,Q < 21r. This is
why singularities of form factors are caused by singularities of the function
'tn,a((Fn7))n) Singularities of the latter are of double origin. First, the
poles at the points f32n = X33 + 7ri + iek are implied in the definition of the
operation ( )n. The residue of (F(ry))n at the point Q2n = N2n-1 + iri + il;k
is given by Eq. (63):
res(Fn (ti) )n
27r a
... exP
= ik in (e 2n-1,- z e 2n, 2
+ (_1 )ke2
2n-1, e2n,- i )
n-1
^(-1) ^ (F(7)1)n -1
11=1
x exp
27r
an-1I
1, ...
exp
2 7r
al'... , exp
at, ... ,
q
N 2n-2
2n2
7r
7ri
2n-2
in
7r21
x sh (ai_/3p_ -r2(-1) sh
i-/+
II
11
- (al
p=1
)
x exp f (2n - 3)ai + in ai - in (n - 1),(32n-1
i#l
n-1
x J sh 'r
(ai - /32-1
I=1
2n-2 /
[I sh
+ 1 'r
(/2-1 p=1
Second, the singularities can appear during the analytic continuation with
respect to 132n of the integrals over al, ... , an-1. The fact is that for
Re 1 2n --+ /33 and certain imaginary part of ,32n the contour of integration
appears to be clutched between two singularities of the integrand. The
points nearest to the real axis where this situation is realized are fl2n =
/33 + iri (see Fig. 3). Now it is clear that the poles at the point 32n =
are caused only by the poles of (FA"l)n.
/3j + ai + ilk, k
Residues at these poles are connected with breather form factors and will
be considered in the next section. The poles at the points /32n = /3j + 7ri
have to be considered individually.
Let us consider the pole at the point /32n = /32n_1 + in. The situation
of the poles of the integrand on the plane of the variable aj, Im /32n = in
for j = 1 ... n - 1, is indicated in Fig. 3a.
Im p
3TL
2
rn
x
x
x
x
x
TL
2
^--^
--aa
^`
iE
pX
0
02n-1 Re32n 02n-1 Re 02, P2n-1 X
3Tt
2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
E
u
Fig. 3.
63
It is clear that when 82n tends to 82n-1 + 7fi the contour appears to
be clutched between two simple poles of the integrand. Hence the integral
over aj, considered as a function of Q2n, has a simple pole at the point
Q2n = Q2n-1 + ai. At first glance the pole of 'tn,o((Fnry))n) at the point
#2n-1+7ri is of the n-th degree ((n-1) integrations plus the pole of (Fnry))n).
However this is not the case. The pole is simple. Let us explain this fact.
n-1
First, it is clear that 11 , iH sh (ai - aj) in the definition of tn,o can be
n-2 n-2
replaced by n i2 , iI: sh (ai - ai) iH?ch (ai +,32n) due to the antisymmetry
of An with respect to xl,... , xn-1. After the replacement, the poles at the
point 132n = 82n-1 + iri of the integrals over al,... , an-2 disappear. The
poles remain which are caused by the integration over an_1 and by the pole
of ( )n. These poles do not interfere because the RHS of Eq. (63) contains a
factor sh f (a -,Q2n-1 - 2) (see Fig. 3a). Thus 'tn,o((Fn( ))) has a simple
pole at the point ,Q2n = Q2n-1+xi and we have only to calculate the residue.
To this end the following trick is proposed. Consider the function
G(IQl,...
,2n)
() fl_i00 dai...
00
^^ n-1 2n
n-1
n-2
x (n 12)!` [Jsh(ai-aj)[Jch(ai-,Q2n)
x (F, ('Y))n
exp `
2x
eel,... , exp 2w
C an-1IN1, ...
l
/^
,32n
Evidently,
'1^n,o ((Fnry))n) = Gory) (sfl - 2Z ()31, ... , N2n)
C -ti
+ Gory) 32n +
Ql,... , Q2n
Notice now that the pole of GV) (fl2n - a 1 ,81, ... An) at the point ,Q2n =
,82n-1 + -Xi is caused only by the pole of ( ) n, because 1 - exp (an_l - Q2n
64
-{ z) cancels the poles at the points an_1 = 02n - 2 , an-1 = /32n - 52s (on
Fig. 3 these poles are encircled). Let us calculate the residue of G(a' (,132n at the p oint = /32n-1 + 7ri:
*i
/^1) ,
,62n ) ^2n
2 IF'
/
7ri I
res G( -Y) I /32n - 2 Nl, , N2n
n\-1
n-1
00
n-12n-2
fm
k =1
^(ai
-Qi)
00 i=1 j=1
n-2
1
-11 i
p 7r 1
H sh (
ai - aj)
2sh (an-1 - N2n-1 + (n - 2)!
i<j
n-1
n-1
X exp
i =1
i-1
- f (n - 1)/32n -1 +
2(
an
iri
i - #2n -1 -
n_1
2 )) (F 2 )
-1
2a 27r 27r
exp al, ... , exp ak ,... , exp can -1IQ1, ... , /32n-2
2n-2
i=1 S
2n-2
1= 1
x sh
( ak
13l
2n-2
- 2
n^
- 2(n- 1) sh
(ak - A
+ 2)
r 2n-2
2,i
27ri + /- oo-2,xi )
n p(
ak - /3j )sh
(ak -
j= 1
n-2
xflsh(ak - aj)exp (
1#k
k<n-2
oo
oo - 2ai
65
1 2n-2
_
r
l
7r
?rt
-J_ + / ij ^(
'P(an-1 - )3j)3-'h (an-1 - /j 2
2ai
00 oo-2ai
j-1
a
1
x exp ( n - 1)an - 1 + Zan-1 + cran-1 f
x 1 dan_1
2 sh2 (an-1- f2n -1+ )
k =n-1.
The integrals from the first group are equal to zero because the integrands
have no singularities in the strip -27r < Im ak < 0. The last integral is
equal to
2n-2
/32n -1
j -
Iri
2
exp
a x
(/32n -1
- + 2 + Q
x s h - ( # 2 n - 1 - /j)
Hence
res G
( fl2fi -
1a
2n
1 ...
/^
N2n
ll
ePs -i
j_1
N2n -1
^j -
( 7)
X ^n_l,v (Fn -1)tt - 1 ) (e2n, 2 e2n_1,- z +e2n ,- z e2n-1, 2) .
2 81, N2n
1
(7) ir1 //^^
N2n + N2n, - 27rt , Nl, An - 1 )
Continuing RHS with respect to 82n : N2n 82n + ?ri one obtains the
picture of poles presented on Fig. 3b. The poles which are cancelled by 1 exp (an-1 - f32n - Zr) are encircled. It is clear that the pole of G(47') (82n +
- 21ri , ,01, ,02n-1) is caused by the pole of (F('))n(^32n - 27ri,,01i
2 1#2n,
32n_l). The calculation of the residue is similar to the calculation for
66
res G(,132n - a ...) presented above and leads to the following result:
ai
,Q
2n-2
(in
_i
l
- j +
/
qq
exp( (N2n1
WO)
pp
-tn-1,a ((F('Y)1)n-1)(Q11/, ... , N2n-2)( e2n,; e2n-1 ,- z + e2n,-j e2n-1, J)
/32n-1 - f3) ... Stn-1,2n-2(fl2n-1 - 132n-2) ,
XS2n-1,1(//^^
132n = )32n-I + at .
Hence
2n-2
//^^
res 'Dn,a (( Fiiy))n)( h'1 , ... ,
F'2n-2)
'Y)1)n-1)(Nl,... ,/^
X -tn-1,o((Fn( (e2n, J 0 e2n-1 ,- l + e2n-1 , -l 0 e2)
x (I - (-1)S0(Q2n-1 - /31)S2n-1,1(N2n-R1 - fl1) .. .
XSO(j32n-1 - I32n-2)S2n-1,2n-2(N2n-1 - N2n-2))
/32n = N2n-1 + at
(79)
cP(a- ai)
2
So(a) - cc(a+
d = C-1(ai)2ai -
1 11
breather form factors defined by the soliton ones satisfy Axiom 4. We shall
make it in Sec. 5.
Remark . The reasonings presented after the proof of Lemma 1 provides
us with the possibility of the calculation of form factor norms which will be
important in Secs . 9, 10. In the previous section the base uwE, ,... ,E,n /91, .. .
132n) has been defined which is dual to
, /32n). This base
possesses the triangularity opposite to that of the base wfl ,,,. 12n ('31, ... ,
,32n). This fact and the formula (69) imply the existence of another representation for (F(7))n:
(F(7 ))n
F(,...
= (01
IAnAl
...^3jn
{1...2n}
-{il in}U{ji.... in}
n
X Sh
7r
1 (N iy - N jv + 7fZ)tUe1_ . rzn(Nl) ... A n)
p=1 q=1
1
1
sip = 2 ,
cjp = -2
((F(7))n, (F(7'))n)
F(")(3i ,,...
i3 1 ,8j
q
.,l1
)
sh 1(/3i p
Xp=1
II q=1
f
1
-
Qj q ) sh" (/3,
(80)
- 13ja
+ 7ri)
5
BREATHERS FORM FACTORS IN SG MODEL
Formula ( 17) implies that the form factors corresponding to both solitons and breathers can be obtained as the residues of soliton form factors.
In the present section we consider for the sake of brevity only the form
factors f+. Other form factors can be treated in a similar way.
According to Eq. ( 17) for the calculation of form factors corresponding
to 2n - 2 solitons and a breather, one has to calculate the residues of
f+(f31, ... , f32n) at the point I32n = f32n _ 1+iri-iem , the rapidity of breather
being equal to /32n_ 1 + i(Z - m2). Let us calculate the residue. As it
has been established in the previous section the pole at the point f32n =
#n-1+iri-iem , m > 1 is caused only by the pole of ( ) n. Applying Eq. (63)
one obtains
rest+(f31,..., ,82n)=
ldm (n -1)I
2n-2
^
/^
( i3 - /32n-1
-
1 2n-2
a m dn_
i.1
H ((Qi-3j)
i<j
-iem
2
7r2
X ^(Pm ( ai - #2n-1 - 2 + 2m flsh( ai - aj)
i-1
i<j
69
7
2
[ [I
1=1
n-z
x 2H
1=1
exp
2ir
{
an-1 - T
_1
2x
13i
2,
exp
l
1
- T4( n
- 1)
/31
n-1 2n-2
x exp
- - (n - 3) > ai
i =1
sh- 1 = ( # 2 n -
- 01) ,
1= 1
132n = 02n-1
+ in - i(m
where
2n-2
II shz (a- i
+i^k)
1=1
/
^m (a) - m
H chi 2 (a - i + i(k
k=0
(s,m (Q) = ( \~ -
2 + t( ) (
2
= C ex
P 2
(13+ -__-_ )
7ri
t m
0 k sh akch a sh a
2 A
<p-1 +7ri-iLa)
Y
M-1
xi _ s m-2 1
11 chi ( Q +
2
2
2
J
j=0
C = exp
00
msh
2 ch 2
- ch 2 L-k sh
f k
2
J0 k sh Z sh irk ch 2
dm = ((in - iem)daml
dk)
A more explicit formula for dm will be given later. Now let us apply the
familiar trick with the transformation of the contour of integration over
an_1 and obtain the result
27n--2
reef+(Q,...fl2n) = amd"-ldm (n 12)1
II ((Q
- 1j)
i<j
I 2n-2
n-1
ca m ( ai
am
i
is
- 32.-l -
n-1
+ 2
n-2
i=1
1 27r 27r
x (Fn )1)n_1 exp C a1, ... , exp C an-21 0
1, ..
#2n-2J
/2n=/2n-1+in - im ,
where F 'M is the contour enveloping the point 82n-1 - 2 - ism + i{ j, j =
0,... ,m.
Continuing along the same line one can obtain a formula for the factors
corresponding to arbitrary numbers of solitons and breathers. We present
only the final result denoting, to avoid a confusion of terms, the rapidities of breathers by 0.
Definition 1. Transformation On,m1.., mk;a prescribes for every antisymmetric polynomial P(x1i... xn_1) a function of 81.... 82n, el, ... , 01
by the following rule:
da
( n 1 1 )! ( 2^ri
oo 1
n+k-1 2n n+k-1 k
rk
dan +k -i
11 1 1 cP ( ai i =1
n+k-1
x exp
/3j )
j= 1
II
ll ^Pmk (ai - 0i )
i=1 j =1
n - 1 n+k-1
o ai - ^ (n - 2)
E a; I
sh( ai - ai )
2ir 2ir
l
x P exp al , ... exP
an -1
sh 1,
^m,s(^) = Ss,m(fI) f ,
shE(/3+ 2 -'2 )
^ml,+n2(13)=(-
x(
fl+ ir i _4(mi
m 2)
) c(/3_
7r i +1 (mi
+m2) )
z2k
ch
(4
dk
o
ksh 2ch shirk
m1-m2
II
2
x
j =0
m1+m2-1
II ch 2 (a + z ('ml + m2 - 21))
1=1
Cm1,m2
= ex p
O m2 ch
sh 2 - ch (2 - fml )k sh Z2k ch
o ksh7rksh 2ch z
k dk
(m2,m1(13 ) = Cml,m2(1)
...Bk#jk +1 ...)32n)m
.... mk
do = ll sin
1= 1
21
-21
(sm^mcmlm-
(81)
where the operation ( )n is applied of course only to solitons. The component of (81) in the decomposition with respect to the base eC1 ...E2i is
denoted by
f
Our next goal is to show that these form factors possess the necessary
properties.
Theorem 1. Breather form factors satisfy Axiom 1, which means
f+(... ,Pi,el,... .... Ss,mt('j -el)
= f+(... , el, f'j.... )... M" ,j .... ,
p+(... , Bl, e1+1, ...) ...
J
)M1mt+1 , ... Smt,nlt+1 (Bl - B1+1)
- f ( . . . , e1+1, el, ...) ... ,mt}1,mt 7****
Proof. The simplest way to prove the theorem is to cite the corresponding formula for soliton form factors and to use the identity
res f+(...
7ri - iem
= ambeon -1,-E4nf 1 . . , N2n-1 +
2
132n = N2n-1 + Ti - i m .
Q.E.D.
Let us pass onto the analytic properties of breather form factors. Consider f (... , 9k) ... ,,n,; as a function of Bk. The function (,,,n((3) is regular in the strip -a < Imp < 0 and has simple zeros at the points
Q = - Z` + i i (m + 2j); j = 0, .... The function has simple
poles at the points Q = -ai + i z (ml + m2) - i{ j, j = 1, ... , and simple zeros at the points 8 = - 2 Jm1 - m21 + ir; j, j = 0, ... . Now we have
to understand what singularities appear during the analytical continuation of /n,ml,,.. ,mk;0- The singularities of the integrand with respect to
al, ... , an-1 are presented on Fig. 4a.
Imaj j Lc n-1
A
Imanit-1
Iman,k-1
31t
31t
'2
x
x
It
x x
it
2
Pj e, 0ek
it
2
n
x x x
-n
x x
x
31t
2
2t
Fig. 4.
It is clear that during the analytical continuation into the strip 0 <
ImOk < a, the contour of integration over al.... an-1 cannot be clutched
between singularities of the integrand. Hence the integrals over 01, ... ,
an_ 1 give no singularities in the strip 0 < Im 0k < 7r. Consider now the
integral over an+1-1, 1 < k. It is clear that the singularities of this integral
considered as a function of Bk can be situated on the line Re Bk = Re 0I.
The contour of integration, poles and zeros of the integral are presented
on Fig. 4b. Due to the antisymmetry of the integrand with respect to
permutation of an+1-1 and an+k_1 the contour of integration can be replaced by r1 U rk. After this replacement the integral has no singularities
for Re 0k = Re O1 because both the poles on the line Re an+1_1 = Re e1
and those on the line Re an+1-1 = Re Bk are situated inside the contour.
And, what is more, the integral over an+1_1 vanishes for Mk > m1 + 1 and
Ok = Cl +7ri - 2 (m1 + mk - 2 j), j = m1 + 1... , because all the singularities
inside r1 u rk for these values of Bk are cancelled by zeros. These zeros
of the integral over an+1_1 cancel a part of the poles of (m,,mk( B1 - Bk).
Finally, let us consider the integral over an+k_1. The locations of the
poles and zeros of the integrand are shown on Fig. 4c. It is clear that
for Bk = A + z +z (Mk - 2p), j = 1,... , 2n, p = 0,--- , Mk -1, and
Ok = 01+ 2 (mk+mi -2p) 1 = 1, ... , k-1, p = 0, ... , mk+m1, the contour of
integration appears to be clutched between two poles of the integrand, hence
there are simple poles of the integral at these points. A part of these poles
is cancelled after the multiplication by Cs,mk(/3j - 0k),(m,,mk(01 - Bk). For
m1 > mk+l, the integrand vanishes when Bk = O1+7ri-2(mk+mi-2j), j =
Mk + 1, ... . Summarizing all the above reasonings we obtain the following picture of poles of the form factor: form factor f , B1, ... , Bk) has
simple poles at the points Bk = /35+ r -i z(mk-2p), p = 0, ... , Mk-1; Bk =
01+ 2(mk+m1)-i&,p=0,...,min(m1,mk)-1;Bk=Of +Ti -2(mk+
ml - 2p), P = 1.... , min(ml, Mk). This picture is in agreement with that
required in Sec. 1. We have now to calculate the residues at these poles.
, mk-1,mk
2n
k-2
ff
vmk,mk-1f+(...) [ 1_llSmks(Ok_l_fl)HSmkmP(0k_l_0P) ]
1=1
p=1
Bk = Ok-1 + in,
aIn
(...
82n
t( ai - i^p
k(Mk-P),#2n+ 2
...EZ... o
ai i^
Ok=N2n+ 2 + 2(mk-2P ),P= O...mk-1,
res f+(... , O k-1, Ok)... ,mk-l,mk
i
= ami,m2f+ ( ...Ok_1+(mk _P)Ok_1
i^
+ 2 (Mk-1 - P)
.
Ok =
0k -1 +
i
2
( m k + Mk-1 - 2P) ,P
resf+(... ,O k-1,
ami,m2
Ok )
... mk-1,mk
Z^
f+
, B k-1
(82)
Proof. The proofs of the above identities are quite similar ; that is why
we shall prove only the first one which seems to be the most difficult. We
leave the proofs of other identities to the reader.
The pole of f+(... , Ok_1i Ok)...mk_l ,,^k at the point Ok = Ok _1+ii exist
only for Mk = mk_1i being caused by the pole of the function Cmk_l,mk (Ok-1
-Ok). Let us evaluate the residues at 0k = Ok_1 + ai:
tat res f
(h'1,
...
k-2
i<j P<4
k-2 j, k-2 2n
X llHCs,m,(13i-Bo)H
II Cm,,s(01-Nti)
- 1 (o_
i m 1
k
im
-1
Ok-1 - + -
k-2
x H ^0-'
p=1
f oo
Ok-1
a'2
l
I SUMP
/
1 Bk _ 1 - Bp + Z^2 k - ^i
oo
dan+k-1
n-1
x sh-1
i=1
ai
11 ^P ( ai - /j )
_Ok _ i_
i=1
i<j
k) 1 (
sh _
Z(
2 27r 27r
1
X (Fn )n (exP1 ai... exP ` an-11#1 . ... f2n ,
(83)
^ml
tl;m2
(- ,
6 - 2 So-
I -/3-7ri Zl m2
\
Spm(a)cpm( a - vi ) = sh-1 (a -
z 2m
\ 2
sh-1 (a +
k-2
27ri
x
Ir ', - 1
sh(a n +k_2 -
ai)
i<n+k-2
k-2
27r rkc(an
j=i p
dan+ k _1
sh
+k _1 - 13j)
pmn( an+k_1 -
Bp)
=1
i<n+k-1
1
x
imk
imk
sh(an+k_1 - Bk_1 - 2 ) sh(an+k-1 - 9k_1 + 2 )
where the contours rk_1 i rk envelop the points an+k-2 = Bk-1 ' 2 7ri and an +k-1 = Ok_1 ' 2 k respectively (other poles being cancelled).
Calculate the integral over an+k-1:
2n
sinlym
tl;mk
1 1=1
k _2
2^mk
)
\Bk_1 - Bp + 2 l/
2 / 11 gym'
(
H `P \Bk_1
- (3j +
p=1
i{mk
sh Bk_1 - a; +
2 27ri
i<n +k-2
2n
'P(an+k -2 - Qj)
dan+k-2
ir
k-,
i i
k-2
x IJ'Pm,(an+k_2 - Op) 11
sh(an+k_2 - ai)
p=1 i<n+k-2
1
x
2n
2n
-
k-2
k)
k-1-NjIT SPmp (ok_1
=^2
OP
=
kj=1 l
X sh ek-1 ai -
mkMk
1
k
i<n+k-2 2 21ri
2n
k-2
X II lomp( an+k_2 - Bp)
p=1 i<n+k-2
(84)
sh(an+k_2 - Bk-1 - ` 2 ) }
It is notable that one singularity under the integral over an+k-2 has disappeared in each term in Eq. (84). Take the integral over an+k_2:
sin m k
11 'P
j= 1
' 2 l2k
f
k-2
X fl 40mp (9k-1 p
Z^mk
8p
C
k
- 7ri + as2 ) lpmp
Ok- 1 - Op - ZS2 k
2mk l
k-2
Sm,s(Ok-1-/31)II Smk,,(0k-1-BP)
(85)
P=1
i.l
)'P(a +f2 )
+`Z)c(a -i2 ) ,
-i2
amff+
=
(.
,
..
,02n=ek+
, Bk +
7r
2 -
.-P,62.
7ri k
2(mk -2p), p=1,...,mk-1.
2+
6
PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATORS
j, T,,,,, exp(i P;) IN SG MODEL
In Sec . 3 formulae have been presented for the soliton form factors
f, fv, ft. Their properties, which entail local commutativity, have been
established in Secs. 4, 5. In the present section we established some additional properties of the form factors which demonstrates that it is natural to
identify the operators defined by these form factors with j,,, T,,,, exp(i ^ ).
We consider only soliton form factors ; a generalization to form factors corresponding to both solitons and breathers is straightforward.
Theorem 1. Soliton form factors f(fl1,... ,. 32n),fvA, , 32n),
f'`(91, +A,...
f,.,, (#1 +
f
0, ...
N2n
+A )
, 82n +
0)
A.)
(86)
(81
+ 0, ... , ,Q2n + O)
81
A Lorentz transformation corresponds to a simultaneous shift of rapidities; that is why Eqs. (86) imply that j,,TN and exp(i-) are vector,
(1, 1)-tensor and scalar respectively.
Q.E.D.
It is possible to introduce an operator of charge conjugation postulating
its action in the space of states:
-1
1=
Z' E(#)),
= 1
= (- 1) mZm(a)
, /3 2n)E1
+(61, ...
,- E2n
2n)- 1,...,-2,.
CjNC -1
= -jp,
CTNvC - 1
= TNv 7
, xn-11,617...
#2n) 1 ... 121
21
1 ,..., -;
(87)
E,... , E2n
(-7)
_ (Fn )n (x17... ,xn-ll ,66lf... ,fl2n)- e1,...,-e2n ,
(88)
83
2n
Echaj
f0(N1,... ,N2n) =
j -1
Es
j =1
(89)
8j = 0 , T,,,, = T,,,, .
Proof. From the definition of f, f it follows that Eqs. ( 89) are
equivalent to the following relation:
exp I -2 > J3j i (>ePi) On, 1((F(ti))n)
= eXp
(2
j) (:e-p') On,-
Ea
1(( Fn"))n)
exp (-
>/3)
= exp (
(>el3')
On,i(An)
Let us prove Eq. (90). Present, as in the proof of Theorem 4 of Sec. 4, the
function On,o(On) in the form
Obviously the first n-2 columns of 21(-) coincide with the last n-2 columns
of Qt(+); hence the difference (90) can be presented as a determinant of the
84
matrix whose first (n - 2) columns coincide with those of 21(-), the last
column being
co
2(i,n_1 = $
JJ 00
2a 2a
2v
x Ai ( exp a exp
Q1 i ... , exp
x [exP(_
2a
'0n
Ir
Qn +1,..
. exp 2a 822
I3i+(n _1)c)
i (> e'0' 1
cc
2ti,n-1 = *
00
x [llch(&_iii+1)_(_1llch(a_fli_)J
21r 27r
x Ai (exp t a I t )31, ... , exp t ,l3n lexp ^ ,^3n+1 i ... , exp T /.32n
(91)
f
because the difference 2(i,n_1 - 2(i,n-1 is a linear combination of the first
= 0. At first we shall present
n - 2 columns . We want to show that 2(i,n-1
Ps
a "wrong" proof to clarify the idea. Then we shall give the rigorous proof.
The idea of the proof is to use the identity
ch2(a+ 2)
'p(a - k) = -'p(a) 1 vi
ch2(a-2-il;)
(92)
2r 2v P1,
) Ai (eXP
ai exP
(93)
85
Notice now that the integrand in (93) has no singularities in the strip 0 >
Im a > -^; hence if we deal with a usual integral the identity i,n-1 = 0
would be evident. But the fact is that we are dealing with a regularized
integral f and it is essential here; as it will be clear later, only specific
properties of the function Ai allow us to transform this "wrong" proof to a
rigorous one.
Recall the definition of f :
00
a) ekda
11 ,P( a - Q.i) exp _(n - 2) a) P exp
J 00
j^^(a-
-Z exp
,8') sh "(a-a'
1 H
j ll
:/i
a) da
( n - 2)a) p2 (r4exp T a) da
(94)
i-1
(
- air) ( E(1 - r2(i-k))
1=1 l k-0
l
n
X (-1)kxi-k-lrkc.k(bl, ... , b,) T +,r 2i JJ(x - bl r-1)
l=1
X
i-1
E(1
k _0
86
+ O(x-2)
Hence
n
A.(xlal ,... , an
Ib1,
... , bn ) = 2-n-i
[f (x - ra ^ )(x - r ,)
1=1
n
1
1
n+i-1
- [J(x
r- a1)(x
- r b1) x- +n-2
O(x ) .
1=1
(96)
P2( x )
2-n -i
> r3ko
(ex
exp f32n)
n-k+i-l . (97)
k=0
Evidently
P2 (x) = 2-n-i [J
- r3 exp (
f3 )) x' + 0(.T-1)
for x --^ oo. Substituting Eqs. (97) and (96) in Eq. ( 95) one obtains
2n
H(xr3 -
j=1
2n
2n
ez#j
)O( x -l)
j=1
and consequently
P1(x) = O(x3"-2) ,
which means that it is possible to give meaning to f for Ai taking for P2
in Eq. (94) the polynomial (97).
oo
21i,n_1 = $
00
2w 2w
x Ai exp a I exp
N1 , ...
ch
C a - Qj
/
B+*,-`-io^^p(c,
r
C- -
exp
/3n
+ .... )1
1
sh{(a_#j _ 32i)exp
2 f (-1)n ch 2 Ca - 2 / J
x exp
da
2/
(-
7r
27r
(98)
-io
x exp
+Cf
(
E/3i) exP
(_
,
r r -if
X A
1+
z4
3ai
(3n_ 2)a) Pl
exp
a)
- 7r
exp a
2x )
The integrand of the first integral has 2n singularities in the strip z - 0 >
Ima > z - 0 - ^, which are simple poles at the points a = ^3j + 32i
88
it#l
sh
exp
(3
- 2 ),8j
(lr
L - Qi
C 27r )
x P1 7.3exp TQj
The integrand of the second integral has 2n singularities between the contours F, F - ic, which are simple poles at the points a = 0j - a - i ([ f ]+ 1),
the corresponding residues being
tn^ (Pi
7ri
-A -
2-
t \L^J +1)^)
x exp
As it follows from these formulae for residues and Eq. (95), the first and
second integrals cancel each other; hence %i,n-1 = 0.
Q.E.D.
Theorem 4 . From factors f,,, f,,, can be rewritten as follows:
f(31, ... An ) =
E(el6i
(99)
i
//^^
elji
fv(fl1,... ,/92n) = E(
i,j
(100)
x 9+ (01.... /32n)
where
9 (81 ,
... , 132n) =
((G(' )n
(G( 1)) n) f
Coi - i9 )
i<j
qq
G(f1)(01, ... , fln INn+1, ... , /32n)
-..(n-1)
= 2 2
exp
(, +- 1i - 7f)/lI
7r
89
6i3 = 271ri,
X Ai
cp(a -
+ (-n + 1 + 2j)a
00
exp aIeXp
-a
where A1, i > 1 are given by the usual formulae (57), Ao(xlai, .... , ani
bl) ... , bn) is an arbitrary polynomial of x whose degree is equal to n - 1
and the higher coefficient is equal to f
Proof. Multiply G(/31, ... , Nn hn+1, ... , 82n) by E exp(-Q3 ). The result can be presented as a determinant whose first column is multiplied by
E exp(-,3j), while others remain unchanged. Now add to the first column
the second one with coefficient o3(exp(-/31), ... , exp(-/32n)), the third one
with coefficient Q5(exp(-/31),... ,exp(-/32n)) etc., (recall that we denote
by ok the elementary symmetrical polynomials). Consequently the first
column changes to
6i
o = 27ri fo0
da jj
11'P(a - ^3) exp
-(n - 2) a
x Ai ( exp
x22"-1 [ii ch
(a-a3+
On
exp 2r 21r
)3n+1 , ... , exp
-(-1)fJ ch
/32
(a-i33-
2 ai)
x exp ( H
1 (
c 2 a - Q3 +
h
(J A
nim
- _ 00-if
7ri1
- (-1)
1 (
^ ch2 a -/33 -
7rt
l
C a/
)l
90
X Ao
exp
T alA ... )
2 2"
11 ch 2
-if
a - ,Qj +
2 // I exp (
2 r pj)
11 `^(a - Qi )
A-moo 2ai JA
xexp
x exp (-
2 ^Qi) =
2n- 1 exp (-
2 Ea')
where we \\\\ also used the fact that the higher coefficient is equal to Now
we have only to expand the determinant along the first column, obtaining
(Ee-A,)
(Gnry)) n = exp
(_
/3)
gn,l ((Fn7))n)
(101)
The equation
(^ef') (G
Y))
n'
n = exp 2
E,8)
(102)
can be proven in a similar way. Eqs. (101), (102) are equivalent to Eqs. (99),
(100).
Q.E.D.
Remark . As functions G(') do not depend on the particular form of
A but only on its higher coefficient, it is not necessary to choose A0 as
symmetric with respect to al , ... , an, bl , ... , bn.
What are the analytical properties of g (,81 i ... , ,82n), considered as
functions of Q2n? For n > 2, one can choose the polynomial Ao(exp f aI
in the form (exp f a - exp f O32n + 2))P(exp f a) where P is a
polynomial of degree n - 2. The multiplier (exp
- exp f (/ 2n + Zi ))
Ea
cancels the pole of cp(a - 32n) at the point a = ,62n + 2 (see Fig. 3).
Moreover, for this choice of A0 the following relation is satisfied for the
matrix Aij = A i ( x, Ial , ... ) an l bl,... , bn), i,1 = 0.... :
n -1
det IIAiillnxnlb = anrs = 2-3( n-1) ][I (xi - r- t an)
i=o
n-1
X xnlal , ...
an -1
91
These facts taken together allow us to conclude that the function g (/31, ... ,
,lzn) has for n > 2 the same singularities as f(j3,... , f2n), fv(01, )
02n), i.e., simple poles at the points 02n = /3j +7ri - i.k, where the residues
are given by the formulae similar to (78) and (17). The case n = 1 needs a
special consideration. For n = 1, one has
E1-E2
9-(01,/2)E1,E2=d((/il-/32)2ch1 ( chx
2(Ql - 02) 2f(01 - Q2 + 7ri)b
/^
q
qq
9+101, ^2)e1,ES = d( (01 - 02)
,r
4
1
a
- #2) sh
Ch 1(81
2 2f(Pi
-/^ #2 + 7r i)
bE1 -C2
which means that g_ has a simple pole at the point 32 = Q1 + 7ri and g+
has a double pole at the same point.
The following theorem establishes the most important properties of the
operator j., T,,,,, exp(ii).
Theorem 5 . Operators Q = f jo(x )dx, P = f
W- lim exp(i 2u) represent the charge, energy momentum and exp ( 7riQ),
X 00
which means that
n
QZE1 (/31)...ZEn ( )3n)IPh) =2 ( t ej)7Ei(^1)...Zn(pn)IPh)
/q
( E(e P' + (
Z1
M
E
-1)e-P;))
ZEn (/3n)IPh)
... ZE,.(/n)IPh)
x-->
-00
92
the limit of the above operators for x --> oo. To this end it is natural to
use Eq . ( 29) in which the poles are understood in the opposite way. The
equivalence Lemma (Lemma of Sec. 1 ) gives Eq. ( 29) for exp (i^) with
(-1)n(62 ) changed to (- 1)n(B) (see the Remark to this Lemma). Taking
the limit x -+ oo we obtain
l im(A I exp
)I
B) = (-1)"^8)A(A, B) .
f C-0
(A 1
00 To(x)dxl B) = A(AI
B)P(A) ,
(A I f jo(x)dxI B) = A(AjB)o-3(A) .
00
Q.E.D.
Now we want to show that the formulae for f, f,,, fl give the correct
result for ^ = it where the model is equivalent to the free fern-don one. But
first we would like to show what simplification appears in the formulae at
the points 1; = I for an arbitrary positive integer v . At these points the
reflection of solitons disappears and the soliton S-matrix becomes diagonal:
S,
(/3)
e2)(v_l^
93
+()31i...
)32n
qq)_T,...,-^,
X exp ( ^^^``
;...,1 = d 2
-(n-1)(n-Z)
(i3+p - Qp - 7ri)
`C p=1
n
2n
det11Qtijll, (103)
x
i<j p=1 4 = n+1 sh t
(,8p - R9 + 7rt)
where
27ri J-00
(n - 2)a + ( n - 2j)a
27r
)
21r
/3n
27r
27r q 11
2n
From the very definition of the functions A2(xl a1 i ... , an Ib1, ... , bn) it
follows that Ai( xja1 .... ) an lb1, ... , bn) = 00) for 6 --p 0. Consider the
relation
[J(xT-3 - e t /3i)Ai(xl ...) =
X
PZ `)(x)
- 7-
p(2)(x)
2( n-2) II(
xT- 3 - e c
Q')P2
)(xT4)
27r 27r R
xn-k+i-1T3kOy k (exP C 31, ... , exp C /32n
P(f^(x)
= 2-n-=
2
k=O
x Ai (exp a ...
27ri
j fl(a_/3i)ex
daa +
(104)
W(a) = i/i(a)sh-1v (a - 2,
"-1
,O(a)=2' 1llsh
a-irj) , v>2 ;Vi(a)=1, v=1.
2(
i=1
The integrand in (104) becomes a periodic function of a with the period 27ri.
Hence the contour of integration (see Fig . 5a) can be deformed to the joint
of two segments (Al, Al - 27ri) and (A2i A2 - 2ai ), with Al < ,8j, A2 > Q9
for Vj (see Fig. 5b).
01 ... 3 2n
AIR,... R 2,A2
a l... 32nAi
X X
3TC
K-K
M K
-21L
Fig. 5.
1
2n-'21ri
n,
f ,- 2^:
95
The function 0(a) behaves as exp (a a - i for a -> oo, hence one can
retain only a part of the series (106) in the integral (105):
f +(81i...
2E( Qn
, =dnexp
#2.)-2
,,...,-1,1,...,
-9fZ)
+P-QP- Qp
p=1
n
2v
i<j p=1q=n+1
where
2( (o) = 1
2aa J A- 2xi
H(2Ej)jdn
j=1 i<j
x fl fl sh-1v(Qp - Nq)eXp
(V EEj/j)
P'eP= 7 q:eq=- 2
2t^^)
IIQt(})II:
)_2t())
=01 n>2.
96
Hence
ff
(131,
... 13
,)
2n _ 21 ...1 -2,2,...,2
_ ) '12_2exp
E( 13n
+p -, p)
p=1
n 2n
x llsh 2(13j
i<1
f(131,
f,..
-13,) II
f[ sh- 1(13p
132)-1 = -
( ((
exp
exp
P=1 9=n+1
(/3 + 132)
/3 1+/32 ) )
13
(107)
9) ,
)
(108)
(109)
2
^j(x) = r (eh1' (lj)sv (e L )z(fl) + e-P (16)-,- (:
f 1\ e^
-2
eipv(Q)zv
Ce
! ) Z^ (13) + e-P,(Q)=,.
Ce
Z - 21 (13)
/ Z* 1 13)^ d13 .
\ e 2 J _ r
The operators j, Tv are constructed for the massive free fermion field in
the usual way:
Evidently
(phij(0)
= (Phi
(P,+P 2) _ (_1)e-',-(P1+P
d/3id/32 (e12
7))
Z-I(Qi)Z*(Qi)
io(xoxi)dxo = Jdthd/32( ch
'(/3i
x exp(-ix(P(/31) + P(/32))) + Z*
1o(xl)dxl
1
JJ (x) = Jd/31d/32 exP { 2 /3i - Q2)
r 1
t ch 1(Q, - /32)
98
Hence
(phi eXP
0)) =
(ph i E J
(Qn)
n=0
n
X Z
//^^
(Pn+1) ... Z s(/32n)
exP
f2
^()3 n +p-
/3P )
p=1
xII sh 1 (Qi-Q.i)11 1
p<n 2sh(Np-Q9)
q>n
7
FORM FACTORS IN SU(2)-INVARIANT
THIRRING MODEL
Z,%
(,8.) ...
ZE
1 (131) I
ph)
Let us introduce formally the operators ZE , Z` which satisfy the Zamolodchikov- Faddeev algebra with the following S-matrix:
fl E7(3)
= (-
1)E1 +`'
1 c^ (fl)
where S is the ITM S-matrix (e = 1, 2). The matrix S satisfies the YangBaxter equation , unitarity and crossing-symmetry; the matrix of charge
conjugation c = vl, i. e., the associated particles satisfy the usual statistics.
Let us identify the spaces of states generated by Z* and Z* via
n
ZEn(an)
...
Zf1(N 1)Iph)
1)i`iZ,%(/3n)
...
Zf1(,3 1)Iph)
j=1
99
100
f(,61,
, Nn1, Nn
+ 27ri)
= i
nf(#n, #l,
, Bn-1)
/^
Sn-1,1(Nn-1 - N1) ... Sn-1,n-2(in-1- Nn-2))
On = N3n-1 + 7ri
(110)
where
Sn,n-1 = en,l en-1, 2 - en,2 0 en-1,1 ,
ek,e being the base in the isotopic space associated with the k-th particles.
Notice now that the matrix S coincides with the SG S-matrix in the
limit ^ -+ oo. This is why one can construct the form factors of the operators T,,,,, j taking the corresponding limit of SG form factors. Then one
has to show that T is SU(2)-invariant while jN is the component of the
SU(2) triplet, and to present the form factos of j, j. This programme
can be realized but we would not like going into the details of the limiting
process l; -+ oo. We present only the final results directly in the terms of
ITM.
Recall the S-matrix of ITM
'Je1,e3 (p) -
So(d)((3bEl
C2 - 7r
-
vEZ)
7ri) E 1
r(2
21)r(E
2vi
A(oif33l,... , 02n)
C(o1/1,... , N2n)
D(oi
(111)
101
where
Sil(o)=
1 ai ai 1
o-- o;ai
o-7ri 2 2
o; (a = 1, 2, 3) are the Pauli matrices acting in the spacing hi. The matrix
S differs from S by the absence of the multiplier So. In every space h;
we consider a base e; E(E = 1, 2), the covector II 0 e1,1 being denoted by
(Of. Besides the natural base of the tensor product e1r...E2n = II 0 eirE;, we
introduce a base consisting of the vectors
11 B(/pI)31, , /32n)
p Ep=2
In contrast with the SG model we do not impose any restriction on E,-j. The
base wE1r rE2n is connected with e1 ,,, rE,n by a triangular transformation
and satisfies several requirements similar to those presented in Sec. 3 (the
correspondence is established via the rule: all sh 1,8 are to be changed to
,Q). A dual base 17V,l, --- ,C2n 031, , /2n) is constructed as in the SG model.
Lemma 5 of Sec. 3 remains valid.
The base w1 r re2n(/31 , . . An) possesses some specific properties associated with the SU(2)-invariance of the model. The algebra SU(2) acts
in the space h10 ... (9 h2n whose generators are Ea = Eioa. The following
Lemma describes the properties of wE 1. ... ,2n 0i3i, ,82n) with respect to
this action.
Lemma 1 . The covectors w1 .... E2n (131, ... , fl2n) are transformed under
the action of the algebra SU ( 2) in the following way:
wEI,- r]n
( - 2E3)
=
1
W1....
A2n( al,
(112)
wEl,... rE,n (f31)
...
#2ri)E
+ 7ri
R
/
^
wE1r... rEP-1r1,P+lr ...r E 2n(h' 1 ,. . ., N 2n ) J /3P _)3'
p:Ep=2
q:q=2
flp _ Nl
qp
(113)
102
/p- Q9-xi
//1
, ...., f2n)
E wel,..., er- 1, 2 , Cr+1,...e2n (
p:cr=1 grey=l )6P Qy
4$p
(114)
Proof. Eq. (112 ) is evident because B(o) is a lowering operator:
res wel ,... , e2, (/31 , ... , EZn)E+ _ ( ei,l (9 ej,2 - ei ,22 0 ej,l)
/
N2.) E ak
ki6ij
Irk - Qi sj-1 /^ p
/^
q
i) . . . Si+1
7fi,i(flj-1 -/3,i(F'
i+1 - i)
ii (115
X II 8k -,8i
k>j
where we have rearranged E+ and Sk,i and made use of the SU(2)-invariance
of the S-matrix. The covector Wei,--- 'V2. (,81.... , /32n)E+ can be reconstructed by means of Eqs. (115). The RHS of (113) has the same singularities (the poles at the points /3p = /3y are obviously fictious). The
residue of the RHS of (113) at the point /3j = /3i + lri, ej = 2, Ei = 1, is
given by
//^^
( /3p -
/3y
+ 7ri
res
p:ep=2
6p
0
rj
P9
g:ey=2
9$P
/3p-Ny+7ri
- (ei,l ej , 2 - ej l 0 ei,z)
pier=Z q :ey=2 QQ 6q
p$j v#j
X well....f':,...
X II A
k>jj
/3i Ti
(116)
103
The RHS of (113) decreases for (3j -> oo, hence it can be reconstructed by
means of Eqs . (116). Comparing Eqs. (115) and Eqs. (116), we can see that
they provide us with the possibility of an inductive proof of Eq. (113). The
verification of Eq. (133) for n = 1 is an easy exercise. The identity (114)
can be proven in a similar way.
Q.E.D.
Definition 1. Let F(A1, ... An+cjl, n-c) be a function symmetric with respect to Al, ... , An+c and pi,... , lin-1 separately, c being
an integer -n < c < n. The operation associates with the function F a
vector from h' ... R hen in the following way:
(F )n(NA, , 132n)
E F(Qf1,...
{1,... ,2n}
,i,.tc} U{j1,... ,.In_c}
x
^j
w1,... EZn (N1,
...
#2n)
117 )
(n 1).
oo
where
a _
a
_^r 1 a l
'P( )
2 7r 2xi r 4 + 2xi
In contrast with Definition 2 of Sec. 3, there is no necessity of regularization of integrals here because they are well-defined for an arbitrary
degree of P.
Definition 3. Polynomials A c , an_11a1, ...''n+cll, ... , n-c),
c = 0, 1 are the determinants of (n - 1) x (n - 1) matrices Ac with the
104
_ (a -)1j - 2
[Qi -c(a
7r ilpi
ir2,
... , n -c -
7r2)
j= 1
n-c
.fin +c)l
7r2
+ fl
j=1
(118)
72)]
where
Qi(aIAi , ... , \k)
7r2^1
LL^^
a + 2
7r2 )1
Ak)
a -
1=0
(119)
(ai
n-1
j=11
lal,
7r2
n-c
,.-c=a^}c+xi
n-1
kk=JO
p=1 q=1
n+c-1 n-c-1
11
p-1 g=1
... ,
+c - 2) [^(_1)k
l)
.An
n+c-In-c-1
. , An +cl
ak
-
ri f (ai - - 2
7r i
ak _ AP + .
7r2
ak _ Ii9 +
2 )}
(120)
Proof. The proof follows immediately from two simple identities (see
the proof of similar lemma of Sec. 4):
105
k
k/
7rt \
7ri \
Qk(ajal,... , ak) = jj a - a - 2 I - y I a - Aj + 2 I .
j=1
/
\
/
( 122)
Q.E.D.
Remark. The polynomial An(a1, An+elP1, ... ,
n_,) has a total degree n(n - 1) + 2 (n - 1)(n - 2). Being antisymmetric
with respect to a1,... , an_1 it should contain IIi<j (ai - a1) as multiplier.
Lemma 2 gives the values of this polynomial at n2 - c2 points, defining it
uniquely.
Lemma 3. Consider the functions (An)n, (An)n, (An 1)n, (On)n whose
range of values is hi ... hen (0 is defined as On = E(j - Aj - 7ri)An).
This statement means that the first of these functions belongs to a singlet
subspace of hi ... hen while the others belong to triplet subspaces; more
precisely
(An)n E'3 = (A0)nE+ = (An)nE = 0 ;
(An)n F'3 = C(An)n , C = 1 ; (An)E'3 = 0
(An ) n Et = 0 ; (An )nE:F = (An)n
(An)n Fit = (An )n .
where
n+1
+11/1 ,...
,Pn-1) = E11
k=1 Ilk Ak - Al
n-1
x fJ ( ak - 1 +
1ri)An( a,,
... , Cin
-1IA 1,
1=1
ak, ... , An+1I /11) ... , pn-1 , Ak)
(123)
where
_ IT 11(Ak - l + ii)
k=1 10k 1
n+1 n-1 l
x [(Eai-E.i+7rin) -2Ak]l
j=1 j=1
x On(Cr1i ... , CYn- 21k , ...
,k,..
, An
+ 11p 1, ...
, j.Ln_1, Ak)
It can be shown that Xn2) satisfies the same recurrent relation as On and
its degree is equal to (n-1Z(n-2) + n(n - 1). These observations together
with Xi 2) = 1 imply X,(,2) = Ott for every n. Proofs of the other equations
are quite similar.
Q.E.D.
Let us present explicit formulae for the form factors:
2n
fv (Q 1 , ... /32n ) = M2dn 11((Qi - Qi)
(eli - (-1)va-1; )
) ii<j 9 =1
x [n,1(( 1)n)exp
(-
xexp (2^/3i1
E/i
- l-1) n,-1\(^n)n)
f(/31, ...
107
,82n ) = Mdn II S( Pi - #j )
i<j
x [ n1(()n)exP (_./3, )
(-1)0n,-1((On)n)
x exp
G 1:0j) ]
fN(F'1,, ,2n)=Mdnfl((/i-/j) a=1,2
i <j
x{
x exp
1
_1
+(-1) a [
2_aj)
\ 2
,8j
(124)
i3)]
where
7ri)kexp(- 121 )
(()3) = cs0exp ^-10o sin2 z(f +
2
ksh Ir k ch 2 }
0
Zak ak)
1
1 00
c = 204 r-1 4 exp sh 4 exp (- z dk
( )
k sh^
irk ch Z
d = (2 7rc) -1,
, ((3)((/3 - iri) _
- 1 (R +
T)
Let us list the main properties of these form factors. The form factors f,,, f satisfy Eqs. (13), (14), (16). This fact is a corollary of the
connection with SG model for ^ -+ oo. Form factors f, f also satisfy
Eqs. (13), (14), (16) since f = fE,a = 1,2 and the S-matrix is SU(2)invariant. Lemma 3 implies that f (Nl, ... 082p) creates a singlet while
f;, ()1, ... , Q2n) creates a triplet. From the connection with SG for oo
it follows that
fi, = fi',i , fo
(E c h /3j)
= fi ( >
sh Qj)
108
ZF1()31)Iph)
ML(eOj
j=1
Formulae for norms similar to those given in Sec . 4 can also be obtained,
for example
((An)n, (An)n)
E (On(a1,...
,'j+.))2
11 ... 2n}
x
p,q
(Nip _
^9
)
)(Nip
^^9 + 7rZ
(125)
8
FORM FACTORS IN 0(3)-NONLINEAR
o-MODEL
In this section we present the formulae for form factors in NLS. It will
be convenient to realize the group 0(3) such that it preserves the bilinear
form
-i')i +6 71- i - or/o
the corresponding indices being denoted as w = 0, 1. The connection with
the usual realization of 0(3) is established by similitude with the matrix
1 0 i
U= 72 ( 0 -' 0
1 0 -i
Operators Zw, Z' are defined by
Zw=
Uw ZE
, Z'L=
UE Z f.
- 27ri (/3 -
7ri)
1 )w l
+ wa6w, - w
2b w l-w2 S
1 (126)
It is well-known that the NLS S-matrix can be obtained from the ITM one
via the fusion procedure [50, 51]. To avoid confusion of terms, we denote
1 09
110
in this section the ITM S-matrix by cursive letters SEi E2. The equation for
fusion procedure reads
S.
-Iw'
1,W2
E C CZ e
w w^
(/3) =
P11L
- ai )SL Ls (Q)
2P,',S'L',(/3
1 4 2 ' 4
where P = EP, P being the projection operator onto the symmetric subtt
space of C2 C2, and E identifying this space with C3, P = Pt. The
following consequence of the Yang-Baxter equation is of great importance
for the fusion procedure:
L1 , 3 E1 , C2 _
f2,g
E1 , E2
PC
El e E f
(N)SC1,Lg
i ,f^ ^e1,g
f(Ql
...
el,ei+1
, N2n) L1,... , 2.SC !,C#.
fs +1)
/^= f (F'1,
f(al, ..
(Nt -
Equation (127) means that the NLS particle can be interpreted as a triple
part of a "bound state" of two ITM kinks whose rapidities are /3- a , a+ ti .
Clearly the term "bound state" must be understood here very carefully
because the difference in the kinks' rapidities corresponds to their annihilation . Consider the following object:
7ri
7ri
7ri
7ri
7ri
+ib,&
+2
-ib
(129)
41,e2 ,e3,e4 , e2w-2,C2.
At this point the hope appears that the limit of (129) for b --+ 0 is related
to the NLS form factor. This limit is singular because ITM form factors
have simple poles at the point /32j = 132j-1 + 'r'. As will be clear from what
follows, the expression ( 129) increases as 6-n +1 for 6 -> 0. Consider the
function
111
7rt ri 72
= lim
6-obn-l
Q1f- 2 + ib "81 + 2 - ib, Q2 - 2 + ib, Q2 + 2
7ri ai
+ ib,Qn +2
,6n
ib
e Le2, e S,e4r ,e7n-Le2n
PS
x j7e1,e2 $W
Peare' ...;z
Pe9n-1,e2n
wl wZ wn
(130)
lira
+ ^...
6-0
bn-l 72 71
- ib, Qi + 1 + ib, Q i +
2
,6i -
2 + ib ,
e2i-1, e2 i
e1,a2 ...
- ib ..
P
10i+1
+
IP /
2
wl
e2i-l,e2i
,e2i-l,e2i re7i}l , e2i}Z,
.v
eZi+1C2i + Z C2n-1 , e2n :Zi-1re2i+7
eZi+1 "
2i+2 wn t2i - 1"2i}2
x P / I P S fit
/
//I
III
I
III
III
, e Zi+2
(Se Zie2i-1,e/2i}1
eZi, e 2i+1
x L7 It ///
E /// (Qf - #,+,)SLII. II
(Qf - 8f+1)Se11
(Qi - Qf+l + tea)
a
e 2i,e 2i+2 2i-1, 2i+1 2 2i+1
^"
II
II
^
'{
II
II
= lim bn- 1 f
6-0
Q4
... '16i -
7ri 7ri
2 + ib, Qi +
7ri 7ri
+ib ,Qi + 1 +2
2
ib,..
re2i-1 , e2i,e2i+1,e2i+21...
CE 2i-l,e
(^e2i,e 2i+1
f
x 1J //
7ri) a7
II
+
(Qi - Q+1
Zi+1\Qi
L
Zi,e
II
X Ses.,esl+Z
i+1
II
e2i-"
2i+1
II
l)aSe2i-lre2 :+2
(Qf - Qi+
(Qt
ZireZi+2 e2i-1,e2i}2 (Pi
7ri)
ft
] i+lre4
. PC
Pel,e7 ... Pe2i-1, e2i7e i+2
2.-1,e2n
wn
wl w1 w1 +1
= F(
Thus F satisfies the two principal requirements imposed on the form factors.
112
= CIn
i3
\^i - fl ) exp 1 2
i<j
n))++
, I3)
n
// //^^
/^
_ ^ c8jy - Qiy - 7ri) det IIQtij II
p=1
where
1 00
2tii
27ri (a
,r3p
x exp((n - 2j - 1)a)A;(cel,l3i1....
.. i
Ia;l,...
,8j.)dce
that is why
The function W(a) has simple poles at the points a = f
a
;
when Qii -' ,Q; + 2 , Q2i-1 -^ Qi - 2 the singularities of the integrand tend
to the contour of integration. Extract these singularities explicitly:
<p
a -
b-.0
113
a a l a l 1 a _ a
1
(00 (a) = T7_
2xil r( \2xil r 2 + 2ai sha '
0 2 2af ),
which has no singularities on real axis. Hence
2n
Hp(
a -/3)-f
P=1
j=1
a1 -L A0
( Q)2
6(Ce
j=1
/^
j$k
k=1
-Qj -Qk)
Thus
1
x H
)`4i(aIQ=1,... Q:nIQjI,... ,Q^,.)
j#k (Qk - Qj)(2a - flk -,8j
(131)
The poles at the points a = z (Qk + Qj) are made artificially; as usual in such
cases it makes no difference how to understand them. We can suppose, for
example , that all Pk are slightly moved to the upper half-plane . Integrals
in (131 ) behave as 6'1 for b -> 0. Using the formula
lim b = irb(a)
6-o a2 + b2
one obtains
nn
%ij pb -1 E
k=lp^k
exp(n - 2j - 1)13k
114
1
-i3 )sh(Qi - Qp)
Recall that the set {/311, /2, ... , /3in } coincides with the set {,(31 - T" 61 +
2 , ... , Qn + 2 }. Due to a well-known theorem a determinant of the kind
(132) can be expanded into the sum
n
where 2(k1) is a minor of 20) with the k-th column omitted and 2((k2) is a
minor of 2((2) with the k-th row omitted. The determinant of 2(k1) can be
evaluated explicitly:
det IIQt(1)II-(2) = 1 (1
IIsh(/3: /3)exP
,) 11 ( /3i-fli)
> fls
i<j
i<i
x
(let
1 II2(k2 )IIee
= ;n (ai - ai )
k 1
jok
Notice now that if we consider the form factor f3 = i (fo - f1) the transformation On , -1 would change to On j and for On 1 (On) we would undoubtedly
obtain
Onj(An)
8 -n+1
/3:t
- 7ri
))
n sll(Qi
i<j
exp
det II21k2)Ile-Pk
i,j$k
r
,
fl; ) (^e-flj') On,-1(1&n) ,.
(/3)
115
hence for 6 0
n
/q
Wi - 16i)
k-1
e-13i)
detII`^lk2)Ileflk
i,i #k
(Qi1 _ ^^)
k=1 "<j.
Notice now that det 1121(2) 11 are polynomials , and the exponent exp(,Q,) are
linearly independent over the field of rational functions. Hence the following
statement is valid.
Lemma 1 . Consider a set ,Q1, ... ,,On . Let {Q!
,Q! } U {,Q!
Q3. } be an arbitrary partition of the set {a1 - 2, 01 + #2 - 2,,132 +
2, ... , Nn + 2}. Consider now (n - 1 ) x (n - 1) matrices II ( k2)IIi.i with
the following matrix elements:
i^#r(,(3i
i<i
k<i
116
II
II (Ni - /3j)2(ai -
aj
11 (Ni - aj - iri)
#(EB+ P, EB
#iEB + #jEB x
II
- iri)2
II II
(Ni -,8j
+ ri)
l3;EB- #,,EB
Ai ( a I B 1 I B2)
= 1a-N/- 2
P'EBi \
II
Q'EB,
Ti
a_13 ' +T )
WGi( a-7riIB2-7ri)
Q i( a IB)
(134)
II
(13
-Qj )
i,j#k
Suppose B # 0, i.e .
Take for
A t( Qi I B' IB2)
ll(li - a -)($i - a-
xQl
+
( /3i
- 7ri)(f3i - a - ri)
+ - ri + - 3ri 3ri
-riIB 2,B 2 ,B - 2
(
(
ri ri
/^
T2)
i
xQl1NiIB-+ 2,B-- 2,B + -
where II(ai - a-) II \(ai - ak), etc. Clearly, the first term disappears
PrEB-
(there is ,8i among a-), and hence II(ai -a +)(ai- a ++ri)(ai - a +ri) can
117
be extracted from Al(/3iIBiIBZ). Similarly ll(,3j -/3-)(#j -/3- -7ri)(/3j ,Q - 7ri ) can be extracted from the columns corresponding to /3g. Thus X
contains as a multiplier (/3i -Qj)2 ( #i -/3, -7ri ) 2. The cases /3i E B /3j E B
and /3i E B+, /31 E B can be treated in a similar ways.
Q.E.D.
Lemma 2 implies the possibility of introducing the polynomial ( except
for the case n(B) = 0, n ( B+) = n(B-) = 1)
O(B
I B I B+) = X (B I B IOIB +)
(/3+ -
/30
- Sri) .
(135)
So,zi-1
7ri1
= P2i,2i-1So,zi
So,zi
Q - Qi +
0, -
Qi
7ri ^
Q - Qi - 2 Pzi-l,zi
- 2
S0,2i-1
17 - /8i
+ 2
7ri1 (
-
7ri
0, Ni + 2
J So,zi -1 -
Hence
50,1(-fi1+
)&
2f
(c -'8 1-
...
7ri
S0,2n-1 1 -Nn+2/50,2,, (^-Nn-2)
rs
a
7ri
x JJ P2i-1,2i = fJ P2i-1,2iS0,1 - Nl - 2 ...
So,n
7ri l
- 2
O - Nn
where tr are the Pauli matrices acting in ho, Si are the spin-1 generators
of SU(2) acting in Hi:
53 ...
10 0
00 0
00-1
Sl-
010
101
010
1 0 i0
S2^
-t Oi
0-i0
C(o)
D(o) /
'(a,) =
S 0,1(Q - ,Q1)
... SO,n(0,
The operators satisfy the same commutation relations as A(o'), B(cr), C(tr),
D(tr), which follows from
Sa,b(Q1 - D2)Sa,i(Q1)Sb,i(Q2) = Sb,i(O2)Sa,i(Q1)Sa,b(Q1 - 172)
(136)
where S is the NLS S-matrix ( 126). It can be concluded from (136) that
B(ojf1, ... 'A , N41, ,,8.)Si,i+l(Ni - A+ 1)
= Si,i+l (fii - Qi+l)B(i7I )3l, ... , )3i+1, N{, ... , Qn)
119
As before, we suppose Hi and Hi+1 to change places if /3i and Oi+l change
places.
Consider some function F(B' IBZ) which is invariant under independent
permutations of the rapidities comprising Bi and B. The operation ()n
was defined as follows:
(F)n(j1, ...
, Q2n)
F(B1 IB2)
II
(137)
x (01 lI B(a;) .
A^ EB2'
7ri )(a+ -
X (Q+
X
X
- /3 -
7r i)(Q/^ +
+7r i)(a+
f/
- 3
/3-)2
)(/l +
- N
)(a+
- N + 7ri)
1
(/3-
/3
- 7ri )(/ - -
,8 0 )
1
11
120
has a simple resolution: the residues of ( ) at its poles belong to skewsymmetric subspaces, but we have projected it onto the tensor product of
symmetric subspaces.
Now we have to substitute the polynomial O(B- I B I B+) for F:
On-1((An)) n6->b-n+1
O(B IBIB+)
B=B-uBuB+
X 11 (f3+-,Q-//
-iri))
R0 - /^
(^+
7r i
7r
-,3- +
)(/3+ -
/3 -)
11
(
/3
q
sh(/ - i3 )(F'i - Pj )
) exp `- /7)
i<j
... A) =
((OII
11
j:wi=0
B(i3)
11
B(/31)B((3j
in)
j:wj = 1
11
j:w^=-1
o, -,6j
o -)3j - 27ri
(138)
The base ww1.... wn is connected with the natural base of tensor product
ew1.... Mn via a triangular transformation which means that in the expansion
Cwl,...,wt^l,...
wwl,...,w,.(Nl,... ,/3
Nn) =
Ew,=Ewi
Nn ) ew ,1,
w rn
121
only those C, 1.... ,wn differ from zero for which (w1, ... , w,) < (W1....
wn), the multiindices being ordered as ternary numbers (for example,
(0,-l) < (0,0) < (0,1) < (1 - 1) < (10) < (11)). The covector WW1 1... w,.
(o1, ... , , n) can possess simple poles at the points ,C3j = f3 i + 2ii, /3j = f3i +
ai; the poles at the points f3j = /3i+ai exist only for j > i, wj = 1, wi = -1.
All above statements can be proven similarly to the Lemmas of Sec. 3. A
base dual to w,,,l,,,//^^,wn (,Q1i ... (3n) can be defined:
wwl,...,wn (N1,... ,fln)
((0il
11
B'( ,8j
+ 2aa) 11 B((3
j:w1=O j:w1-1
Definition
(({F}))n= E
B=B- uBouB+
X 11
(#+
-,3- - ai)
X wwl,...,wn(B) , (139)
where wj = -1,0, 1 for fij E B-, B, B+ respectively.
1,,8kEB,
/^
122
M, =Qi +c
Ti
_
MMIB
7ri
7fi
+ 2'B 2,B 2
(
B - 321
- Sc,1o; I B+ - 2 ,B+ - 321 ,
(140)
X {
i_c
- bc, -1Q;
x (/33 -
flj - iIB(
(B
#+
- -
B- B 2
+ 2 B + 21 + jj(^i - a+)
1B
_ 7ri 7ri
B - 2B -
bc1 Q;
B+ 2,+-
2J
M1 =
for1<i<n-1,PjEB+.
This definition does not depend on choice of k due to Lemma 1.
Remark . In the one case n (B-) = n(B+) = 1, n(B) = 0, the function
0 is not a polynomial but is equal to
0 0 (a-I 0 I)3+)
7r1
- ,Q--7ri
123
by two ITM kinks. In the space of states of NLS one can introduce the
operator of charge conjugation, postulating its properties as follows:
CIph) = I ph) ,
g
CZw (Q)C - 1
= - Z,,
( )3)
Section 2 implies that even and odd parts of an operator are mutually
independent which means that both parts are local operators . That is why
the form factors of one local operator in ITM create the form factors of two
operators in NLS , one of which is provided with even particle form factors,
while the other with odd ones. Hence the form factors f, f., create four
sets of form factors in NLS:
i
a liM b-n+1 a i
f(P1l...n) I
2
" ` +i6
P ei-1=Q;- z
f a (^1^ ...
p
Nn)
6^0
.. .r
,(3n)
i
JI
l n th22(ai
'+i6
- i3) ,
n = 1(mod 2) ,
<j
i
iM -n+1 f= 6^0
6
...
p1"
"'201
T'
+ib
- /3j )
n O(mod 2) ,
i<j
+1f
00 p1, , 02n))
.Nn ) = liM 6-n
^c_n
P2; =P;+ ^ - : 6
'i +ib
n - 1(mod 2) .
We hope that the use of the same notations for the NLS form factors in
the RHS's and for the ITM form factors in the LHS's will not cause any
misunderstanding. Additional multipliers Hth2(,(3i - ,3j) and (Ech,Qj )2 (Esh /3j )2 -1 are introduced in order that form factors possess proper structure of poles; obviously they do not influence the validity of Eqs. (141),
(142).
124
(Ni-Qj +7ri
J3(t1,...,n)=2- Mllth22(Qi-13j)
i<j ^i-Qj )
, n
O( mod 2) ,
^(B- I BI B+) _ O(B- I BI B+) (E(a+ -,3-) - ini( n(B +) + n(B )))
f/t(,8 ,...
fn) = 2-
th21 (Qi
VMII
i
x {((1))n + (_1 )
-,13j)
<1
+7fi
Ni
13
aj
a ((10-'}))n} , n = 0(mod 2 ), a = 1, 2,
n=1(mod2),
fa(N1 ,...
On)
= 2
^s-
th22(Pi-
\
`
<i
j+^i
13i - 13j J
fv(31,. . .
pp
F' n) =
(E(efii
2-
ai - flj +ai
M 2 ^ 21
th 2(Nqqi
fli - Qj
i<i
a = 1, 2 ,
(r(eQi - (We
L^
((
-Qi)) {0
}))n
n =O(mod 2) ,
f (fl,. ... ,.3n) = 2-g'-M2 th2 2(1i -,3j) CQi R' Nj fl' ^tl (({0}))n
i<j 11
x I(Ech,Qj)2-(Eshfj)
-1
n= 1(mod2),n>3.
125
,.q
Ni,n.. fln) wl,...,w'+,,w', ...,w,.,
(141)
(142)
ch/3i '
j=1
- Esh,ij -1=2+2Ech(Pi
j=1
i<j
3
=8flch2(fi-fi)
i<j
For the calculation of residues of the form factors we need the following
statement.
126
[ll( ^3
+iri)(N-
- ll(,3 -(3 -
(143)
/^
B
/^
ar )(N-N
+7ri)(F3-/3+)
7r i)(/
1
4( B- U a1 B i B + u a) = III
i< (fl - fl)
P+EB+p
i,i#k A-EB-up
fl
igEk
(145)
where Mk is an (n - 1 ) x (n - 1) matrix, n = n(B+) + n (B-) + n(B) =
2n(B+) + n(B), with matrix elements given by (140), /3k E B- U B U B+.
The two columns which correspond to ,3 E B- UP and ,3 E B+ U ,3 are
placed last . Use Eqs. (112) which imply
+ - 7ri + - 3ri 3ri 7ri 3ri
Qi ( iB 2 ,B 2 B - 2 ,#2 ,P2
Q
2'
2'
Qi aIB
ai
- 2 B
=Q ( a
B-
iri Sri
ai ai l
+ 2 ,B + 2 ,N - 2 ,Q+ 2 /
7f
- 2,B
7ri
7ri
B + 2,a+
Ti
( /3 - 7r Qi-1 ( lB
_
-
B +
7fi
2)
7ri 7ri Ti
+
2 ,8
2 ,/9+ 2 /
(146)
127
O(B U l3I B I B+ U Q) =
11 (,3+ -# -) Q
II (/3i1- /3,i) (i +EB+ i#k
lI ( - /3i)
i<j
P-EB-
IB U)3 IB +)
aIB
' 2'
Q'
- 7ri
+ Ti
Q
2' 2' 2)
B+ - 7ri B - 37ri )3- 37ri
Qi (/3- 7riIB+ - 37ri
2 2, 2 2)
Elements of the last row and the first (n - 1) columns are equal to
Qn +1
Qn+l
/3i
-7r iIB
+
2 2) ' QiEB ,
2 'B
2'B
_ iri , _
7ri
ai
i
,
7r
3 +
8 +
'B +
2)
' /3iEB
79
x Qn+1 (/3i - 7ril B+ - 32 ZZ' B+ - 2 ' B - 32 ^'
+ H(ai -
2t
+ 7ri)(/3i - + 7ri)
q
xQ+ (/3dB - 2,B - 2,B + 2,,6+ 2) ,
/3iEB .
(147)
Notice that the number of arguments in Qn+1 in (147) is equal to n + 1;
hence one can use Eq . (129):
Qn(B)(aIB) = II (a_13_
)_ II (-,(3+ 2)
(148)
PEB PEB
Substituting (148) into (147) one proves that all the functions in (147) are
equal to zero . For the last two elements of the last row one has
7riIl(/3-,3+)(P -P++iri )(a-N+7ri) ,
-7rill(N-F' )(N-l3--7ri)(Q-/3-iri) .
128
Now expanding the determinant along the last row one obtains a sum of
two n x n determinants with identical first n 1 columns. This sum can be
rewritten as an n x n determinant with the same first n 1 columns and
the last column being
n(-*+7)
we transform det M t ( B _ U /?|B|S+ U (/? + Tt')) to the following form: its
left upper (n - 1) x (n 1) corner coincides with Mk(B~\B\B+),
its two
last rows of the first n 1 columns are equal to zero, its right-lower corner
is a 2 x 2 matrix
n(/S - p~)(p -P~ - wi)(0 -p" - xi)
-n(/9 - p~ + *i)(/3 -p-)(p-p)
hS-
^ . J n ( / 5 - / 3 - ) ( / 3 - / 3 - -iri)
X(/J -
x(P-P~)(P-p-
+ iri)
x(/S - 0+ + irO(/J - /S + i)
129
ll(a-a-)(8-,Q++in){11(#-a+ini)(,8-a)(,a-a-+in )
(,a - a +) - ll(a - ao - iri)(a - a + 2ai)(Q - /3- - 7ri)(/3 - a+ + 2ai)}
ri
Q.E.D.
Remark . It should be noted that the recurrent relation ( 144) has
appeared in another branch of the theory of completely integrable models,
which is Korepin 's approach to Green 's functions (see, for example review
[24]). We hope that the explicit solution of these relations as provided by
function 0 will lead to progress in the framework of this method.
We approach the calculation of residues of the form factors at the points
Qn = /3j + in . The only proof we know of is rather cumbersome, so the
reader who is interested in the result rather than the techniques may omit
it.
Theorem 2 . Form factors f, fa, f,,, f considered as functions of ,Qn
have in the strip 0 < Im/3n < 21r only simple poles at the points ,Qn =
/3j + in, j < n - 1, the corresponding residues being
2 7ri res f
X
N1
...
qq
iNn-
bw .,, -wi
b" i-1
Swn-i,wj
{ w1 wn-1 wn-1,
r1 (Nn-1
S,w
q -..
Sr'7 wi
r1 ,w (^9
S11
h^l)
wi,wj -1
+l, rn - j -s
wj+l,wj
(F'j+1 - flj)
wj+1 wn-1
(Nj - Nj-1)bwj+1 . . bwn-1 }
Nn=/3j+ 7ri.
(149)
130
where
singn , l = en,-1 ee1,1 + en ,l el,_1/- en,o el,o
RR
/q //^^
U(/11, 2, ... , fan-1) = Sn-1,1(/n-1 - 01) ... S2,1(N2 - N1)
Later on we shall denote U(/31I,Q2i ... , /3n-1) by U(/31) if the context does
not lead to misunderstanding. We shall extract explicitly the matrix structure of U(/31) with respect to H1, writing as Uwi (13l). The proof is divided
into two parts.
Part I. It is sufficient to prove the identity
F(/31i ...
61) - bwi }
X {Uyw, (i3
F (81,...
,6n )wl,...
,w,
F (81,
(152)
...
implies that if we prove Eq. (151 ) for (wl, wn) = (0,1), (-1, 0), it will also
be proven automatically for (w1i wn) = (0, -1 ), ( 1, 0). So only three components remain : ( w1) wn ) = (-1, -1), (1, 1), ( 0, 0). Using once more Eq. (152)
one makes sure that it is sufficient to consider (w1, wn) = (1, 1), (0, 0). Thus
our purpose is to prove Eq. (151 ) for (w1i wn) = (1, 1), (0, 0) assuming its
validity for
(w1, wn ) = (0, 1), (-1, 0), (-1,1), (0, -1), (1, 0), (1, -1) .
Consider the case (w1i wn) = (1, 1). Rewrite the identity in question
extracting explicitly the indices which correspond to the particle ,Q2:
, Nn)1,w2i...
,1I/3*= P1+,r i
= F (#2. ... ) w^
W/ w' (#
X Uwi
(/31)S1,w2 2
- Nl) ,
where U(Q1) = U(j31I(33i... Qn-1), the second term in brackets has disappeared since 61 1 = 0. Three possibilities exist : w2 = 0, -1 , 1. Let us
consider these possibilities in turn.
131
F(/31,/32,...
, /3n), ,0,...,1
[SO1(f1 -
=?p
- S0,1 (61 - 132)F(j31, N2, ... ) Nn)0,1,... ,1} = [S0,1(h'1 -
x {F(13,, ,,Qn, Q2
,^
- So'l(f31 -, 2)F(Q1,Q2,...
_ [So' ( , -
132)]
Nn)0,1,...,1}
( N2
'n
+ 27ri )
13
- Soo: (#1 - 62)F(Pi,N2) ... , #n)0,1,..., 1} .
F(/31, N2,
P1- /32)1 -1
w^
F(#2, ,63,. ..
x
w'2
N2 - /31 )}
w^Uw1 50,1 (/^
s- 1;1 ( /32 - 3, + 2
7ri)Ul
l(a1)bi 2 - S;^(al -
/ 2)
So;(
32
- al)
O'O -1
x {-F(/31, /32, ... , /3n)o ,o,...,1 S-1,l(31 - /32) - S-11(/31 - /32)
1,1(/32 - /3n + 27ri)
x F(/31, /32, ... , in)-1,1,... ,1 + S1,1
132
(154)
If w3 = 0, -1 we calculate (154) at the point ,3n = ,131 +7ri using the results
of the previous subsections. If w3 = 1 we use (154) one more time, etc.,
until we get w = 0 or -1 for the first time (we shall reach w = 0 or -1
without fail because Ewe = 0).
Let us outline the proof for (w1, wn) = (0, 0). We assume Eq. (151) to be
proven for (w1, wn) = (0, 1), (1, 0), (-1, 0), (0, -1), (1, -1), (-1,1) and consequently, according to the proof given above, (wl, wn) = (1, 1), (-1, -1).
We consider again the three possibilities w2 = 0, 1, -1 in turn.
/1. Let w2 =//^^0. Using Eqs. (141), (142) lone obtains
qq
F(fl1, f32, ... ,N
n)o,o,... ,o = [SO'/,1(N1 - R2)]-1{-5-1,1(131 - N2)
R
1,-1/
+ S1'0(/32 - )3n +
27r i)F(,l1,
of
q
+ S110(/ 2 - Nn + 27ri)F(,31, ... ,,82 + 27ri, 8n)-1,... ,o,l} .
Substituting F(,Q1, ... , Nn)wl,.. ,w,. for ,fan = /3 + 7ri, (wl, wn)
(1, 0), (-1,1), one obtains Eq. (151) for w1 = w2 = wn = 0.
= (-1, 0),
,8n
+ 27ri)}
, Nn)u 1
_,,
v,n
133
Ql)
= cistlA - a; + 7ri)c l
where
V(1311/32 ,../^. ,Nn)
q
N1
i (- /3j + )
Swi:
//
_
.r El>w 2
X s 1
//^^ qq
i wz (Nl - Ni + 7ri)
W,2
flj + 27ri
w2 (,3l - #j + 27ri)Pwi'1
Hence
/^
n-1
_T7
w'
(/31 -,w^
j) P 1/TE /i(^1 +7ri)
Vw 101)
1 1
11 ( fli_/3j+21rj) 1
j=2
1 i1
(155)
x TE/(l31 +27ri)P.1
Here and later on f(fl) = r(/3 /32, ... , /3n - 1). For example,
A(/31 + 7ri)A(/31 + 27ri) ll (/1
a1 Qj ++27ri )
^ ^
al - Q;- + 27ri
)l
a;
18`1
1
6i
(156)
134
((oll E
IB IB+)
B=B-uBouB+
11
/(/3+ /- Q- + iri)
(,13+
- Q- + 7ri
)(/3+
- 3 0)(,8- -
00)( Q+
l3 - )(/3
- fl - 7ri) }
P_ 1,11pn =p 1 +*i
_ ((II
(B\31,fln)= B-UBUB+
1
X 2 (Sn )2
X
(/3+
9-
ri)
B(o) =
a1(o) A (o)bn(o)
al(o)B
(o)dn(o)
+ b1(o)C(o)bn(o) + bl(o)D(o)dn(o)
(158)
where
Cl(o)
dl(o) /
SO,1(o
- /31), \ C
n
n(o)
dn (o)
SO,n(o - Nn)
the partition into the blocks being made with respect to ho. Note that
((Ollai(tr) = G -/3i-27ri
o -,Qi ) ((II, ((olldi (o) = ((oll
((OIIbi(o) =
xi
) ((Ou1Sf ,
G - Qi - 2^i
135
((O fl ci( o ) = 0
II
(B\P1,Pa )= B-UBuB+
An - Al + ai )( An - 01)
let us use the following trick: put before P-11 the product
- Nn) S(pn
Qn -1) = I
obtaining
II
(B \P1,P2 )= 1
U B_
UROUB+
( (On - P l - * i)
B(Pn ) B(An +,r i
\(Pn - Pl + ,ri)(An - P l)1
)
(P+- P --si)
(P+ - P- +,ri)(A+ - A )(A- - A)( A+ - P-)(A - A
PI - P-)(Pu - P+ +,r i)
(P1
Sn,2 (Pn -
- Pn-1)
(160)
136
where ,B(o) is constructed via 7"(o) = T(oI,Q1, Nn, R2, ... , Nn-1), i.e.,
+ (a1(o)bn(t) + b1(u)dn(o))D(o)
Direct calculation gives
- S1 S.-),
(161)
o -1a
Q2
()(o13
k - in 37ri)
(162)
Substituting these equations in Eq. (160) and using Eq. (155) one obtains
(roll
(B\#1,f3,.)= B-uBouB+
x (,d+ - Q- - Ti)
(l3+ -13- + 7ri)(a+ -,80)(,8- -,80)(,8+ - fl-)(l3 - /3 - 7ri)
-N+ 27ri)1
X I-1 -rj (a1 - ^ + ^a)()/q'1
-^3)(/
l'1Z)a1 +-N+)1a1
`
p (N1
)(N1
00 )
x
+ 21ri)
(Sn
2
2 I
(Pi'
+ini)
,(3
7ni)
A( o)
)(o - P 7ri )
((Oil
+ 7ri) .
(163)
This observation finishes the proof of (157) for (wlwn) = (-11).
Consider now w1 = - 1, wn = 0 . Eq. (157) reduces to
137
(P+
P-
xi)
Pw=P1 }xi
E 11 1j (P)g(P+)AJ(P++xi ) ^(B-IBIB+)
=-7((11
(B\P1,Pw )= B-UBuB+
xi)(P+
x sn A(P1 + xi)8(P1 +
2xi )
fEB\91 , P,.
xi)
P1 - P+2xi
(164)
where P_1,o is the projection operator onto e1,_1 0 en,o Hz ... Hn-1. It
can be shown that only those terms in LHS of Eq. (164) are not annihilated
by P_1,o, for which Qn E B+,B,N1 E B-. For Qn E B,61 E B- the LHS
of Eq. (164) can be calculated similarly to LHS of Eq. (157):
11
(P+-P--xi)
-)(
(Q1 - P P1 - P+ + xi)
P -1,0
(P1 - P- + 2xi)(P1 - P+ - xi )( P1 - P + xi )(P1 - 0 0)(P1 - P- + xi)(P1 - P+)
= ((Oil
H (P+ - P- +
(P+-P-x
xi)
n-1 PI - P1 1
(P1
138
((Oil
BOO
(B \Q1,pw)= B-UBUB+
(- 7ri)(Qn - i3) II
x m(B , Qi I B , #1 + iI B +) 11
(Q+
(Q+
1
x (i3 -
7ri)(,Ql
+ in )
- a- (+ 7ri)(,O+ - Q)(Q- - Q )
1
x I
0 )( ,31 - a
a+)
- f0 + 7ri)
)(a1 -,8
(Q1 - Q 1 + 2-01
Sn B(,Q1 + 27ri)
( 165)
((Oil
for some partition of (B\,31 i Qn) into B-, B, B+. Substitute B(a) in the
form (158):
(166)
The last two terms can be omitted because they create ST. We state that
11 (a -,61 2eni)( Q+ -
?1 -
/3 - 7ri)
27ri )(a
+
(167)
Suppose we have proven (167) for some subsets of {,3} = B1, {/3+} = Bi .
Let us apply one more operator B(,(33 ), /33 E B. The last two terms in (166)
139
__ - 11
(168)
((011
_ ( -ai) 11
(Q1
c/1- Q-)(Q1- Q
x B(Q+)BcQ+ + ai )
P +EB+
I
B-\P
(
1
fl_ fl
0)
PEB- PII
2 i
B(Q)
uB
1 (/3 - /3 - 21ri
Q1
+ 2 7ri I J E B o \ )3 - Q - Ti )
-2lni\ +
E BII
P EB
\P
((Oil
8 -6 - 7ri
0
Q - Q - - ir i
Q -+7ri ) ,
)B-^ Q -
(169)
whose validity follows from the observations. The LHS and RHS are both
rational functions of /31 which decrease for ,Q1 - oo and have n(B-)+n(B)
simple poles and whose values at the points /31 = /3- - 2iri, /31 = /3o - 7ri
coincide.
Transform LHS of Eq. (165) using (168) and RHS of (165) using (169)
and use the identity
^(B ,Qu1B, Q1 + 7rilB+) = - 2(7ri)2 11('61 -,3- - 7ri)(Q1 - /30 - 7ri)
x (fl, -)3+ + 2iri)(Ql - Q + 2ai)^(B1, Q1 + ai l B I B+)
140
following from Lemma 3. As a result the proof of Eqs. (165) reduces to the
proof of the identity:
O(B ,,61 + 7ri I B I B+) =
(Q - f3 - 27ri
x T7
1
8 +29ri
B +,B-,B \P
iri)
1
+ E ^(B IB U,QIB+\Q) /^
PEB+ M1 - l3 + vi
x 11
1
(/-go +'i)(/-Q+)
(170)
(P+
P-
+ Wi)(
P+
(P+- P- - *i)
P )(P - P )( P+
P - )( P O
PO
a i)
P0^1
Pn=^1
+ai
=((Oil
(B\9jeh )= B- U B UB+
(P+ - P- - ai)
x
11 (P+ -
n-1
xi )(P +
- P)(P -
P)(P+
2xix(Pl
+ ,ri)
" II Pl - P; + zxi A( ,Ol +
Pl - Pj
S-(S -)2
-
P -)( P =7 - ,ri)
1 n
(171)
It can be shown that in LHS only those terms are essential in which
On E B+, Yl E B- or B. The accounting of terms with /3n E B+, /31 E Bleads to the replacement in RHS of A(l31 + 2iri)C(/31 + ai) by .A-1(/31+
141
iri)C(/31 + 7ri). To transform the LHS for /3n E B+, #1 E B one should use
the identity
(172)
whose proof is similar to that of Eq. (168): operators B should be applied
to ((011 in the order they are written in LHS of Eq. (172). Note that it is
impossible to use Eqs. (161), (162) here since an indeterminacy appears:
in Eq. (172) the multiplier (fan -,81 - in) is absent, in Eq. (162) one has
for a = #1 zero in the RHS. Formula (172) is the result of uncovering this
indeterminacy.
To transform RHS of (171) one should use the identity
X ((011 2
11
8(a)
PEB+ B UP
xB( p
+ri )/31
8(/3+)
B+\P
PEB B
B+
(173)
Equation ( 173) is not quite obvious ; let us outline its proof. Both LHS and
RHS are rational functions of fll, decreasing for ,l1 -+ oo and having n(B)+
n(B-)+n(B+) simple poles at the points f1 =,Q+7ri , 3 E B- UB+U B.
That is why it is sufficient to prove Eq. ( 173) at n ( B-) + n(B) + n(B+)
points . RHS has zeros at the point #1 = /3- - in. Among the commutation
B(^1)^(^2) - ^(r2)e(o1)
COr1 1
O2
(174)
Let /3k = 61 + in, /3k E B-, and move C(/3k) to the left, successively using
(174). We obtain zero because
((611
(175)
(176)
B(,6k)C(ak +
7ri)
= A(/3k)D(Qk + 7ri)
'I
j
/3k - 6
mil
Substitute this identity into Eq. (177). The first term disappears by virtue
of Eq. (175) and the remaining term is equal to (176). The case of 13k =
P1 - 7ri, Qk E B+ is treated in a similar way. This completes the proof of
Eq. (173).
Let us return to Eq. (171). Transform LHS using Eq. (172) and RHS
using Eq. (173) and exploit
143
As a result the proof of Eq. (171) reduces to the proof of the identity
O(B
x{ ^(B
PEB-
+ 2,r2 E
1/31B U /3 I B +) a1 1
Q -)
1
^(B- IB\/3IB+Ul3)
PEBo
Q.E.D.
We have shown that form factors f, f, fo,,, f satisfy Axioms 1, 2, 3
and thus defined some local operators. What are the properties of these operators? With respect to the Lorentz group the operators defined by f,.' and
f are a vector and an (1, 1) tensor respectively, the operators defined by
f , f are scalars. With respect to the isotopic group the operators defined
by f, f are vectors, the operators defined by f,,,,, f are scalars. The possibility of introducing the nontrivial operator of charge conjugation C in the
space of states is connected, of course, with the possibility of introducing it
in terms of initial Lagrangian formalism: CnC-1 = -n. Evidently the
Lagrangian is invariant under this transformation. The operators defined
by f,,,,, f are even with respect to the charge conjugation operators f; f
is odd.
The above facts show that it is plausible to identify the operators defined by f and f;,,, with j = ea6cOnbne and T,,,,. This identification is
confirmed by the following theorem.
Theorem 3 . If operators j", T,,, are defined by f, ff,,, then
O.j a
-
a '. = 0 , T. = Tm
(179)
E(.S'a)wiZw* (^1)...Zw(Qj)...Zu,,,(Qn)IPh)
(180)
j=1
Proof. Eqs. (179) follow from the very definition of form factors. The
proof of Eq . ( 180) is quite similar to those of Theorem 5 of Sec . 6; it is
based on the explicit formulae for the two-particle form factors presented
above.
Q.E.D.
The operator defined by fa is C-odd Lorentz scalar transformed under
vector representation of the isotopic group . It is natural to identify it with
the field na itself. Additional arguments in favour of this identification
will be presented in Sec . 10 by calculating the singularities of commutators
at the origin of coordinates . At last , the operator defined by f is C-odd
Lorentz and isotopic . It is natural to identify it with the operator of the
euclidean topological charge q = eabcc,,8,,na8nbn which is the simplest
operator of the kind.
The norms of the form factors are calculated by means of formulae
similar to (80 ), ( 125). For example,
((({0}))n, (({0o}))n) = (O(B IBIB+))2
B=B-uBouB+
(a+
- - 7ri)
1
x (/3 -)30 - 27ri)(/3 /3- - 27ri)(/3+ - /3- - 27ri)(/.3+ - /3 - 27ri) .
(181)
9
ASYMPTOTICS OF FORM FACTORS
The local commutativity theorem (Theorem 1 of Sec. 2) requires besides the validity of Axioms 1, 2, 3, 4 special asymptotic behaviors of
f(,61,... ,8k,,6k+l + a,... Q + a) for o -> oo, which will be studied in
the present section. The asymptotic for ITM will be considered in detail;
for SG model only statements will be given; the asymptotic for NLS will be
obtained from the ITM ones. We consider in detail ITM asymptotics, but
not the SG ones, because of two reasons: first, proofs are more descriptive
for ITM; second, for ITM more refined formulae can be obtained which will
be used in the next section.
Before we calculate the asymptotic of form factors in ITM let us prove
some subsidiary statements. Theorem 4 of Sec. 6 implies for the limit
t --> oo the following Lemma.
Lemma 1 . Form factors f, f in ITM can be presented in the form
fj,33
(_1)e -P;)^
LLL
((
/^
f( /31,... ,/32n) = I^( e"i
[J (3 _ F'j)(Fn).
i<j
_ (_1)e-P; )]
[J (,3i
- /j)
i<j
x ((F.+). + 1)a(F. )n) , a = 1, 2
fpv(QI,.
,A2n) _
[>(e#i
_ (_1)e-R 1) r(e^1
HC(Ni -
Qj)( Fn)n
i<j
145
L^J
_ (_1)ve-Q;
11
11,, (182)
146
where
Fn( /31,...
(21ri) -n
,/'nlln +1,... ,12n ) =
nI
h( a i - aj ) lI 0 ( al, ... , a n la l,
J dai...dan
flct(ai_Pi)
q
qS
, Nn
1)n +1, 032n)
i<j
Fn()31,... ,Nn l/n+l.... N2n)
n
(an
+j - a j - 7r i)
F(,31 ,...
,, n
j=1
F}
n (81, ... , Qnfl lqq
h'n+1:F1 , ... , Y2n)
- (27ri)-n
n!
x II sh( ai -
i<j
Polynomials IIc(al , ... )an l.l, An+c l1, n-c) are the determinants of the n x n matrices B j (c = 0 , ) with matrix elements
Bj =Ai-1(aj IAl,... ,An+cl/11 )... ,/ln-c),(2 < i < n),B, = Oc(aj)
where the functions A; are given in Sec. 7, Oe(a) are arbitrary polynomials
of degree (n - 1) whose senior coefficient is equal to 1. Later on we shall
take for 4 (a1), c = , the following polynomials:
vi
(a)=
Ia
7ri
-,Uq+
q=1
2 I ,
\
n-1
q5 (a)= I a
-^1q-
q=1
7ri \
2)
In this case the terms containing 8c -loi(al, ... , An-l), 8c,ii(l - 7ri, ... ,
Pn-1 - 7ri) can be omitted in the formulae for As (118), since their contributions to the 2-nd, ... , n-th rows are proportional to the first row.
For further estimation we shall need the following representation of the
polynomials W.
Lemma 2 . Polynomials IIc(al,... , an 1a1, ... , An+c ll, ... , n-c) can
be presented as follows:
det De
ll '(al, ... , and.\l, ... , An+elpl, ... , Pn-c =
(183)
147
DSj 11
n-c -1
7ri
ai-Aq --
n-c
11 (ai
q=1 m=1 q=m+2
^
-{4 q)1:
s=0 (
2s
1) !.
2s+1 m
= d
( 2 da )
n+c-1 n+c
, 1 f7ri d \ 2s+1
X IL 11
m=1 q=m+2
(184)
q=1
( ai
l4 9 + xq
Q i(a1
dal, ...
An +1)
[ (a+!)'_ (a_!)
'J
1=o
Let us multiply and divide II+ by the Vandermond determinant
( a l - 7ri) n-1 , (al - 7ri) n-2
det
(an - 7ri
,. . . . ..
185
(
)
()
148
We obtain
1
l
... , n+1
/1 1 , ... , n-1 )
det D+
7rtn(a{-aj)
i<j
where
=n( ^i)
V t aj - ay - 2
g=1
mcl
n-1
n-m-2
+ 11 (aj - Pg + 2
4=1
n
X
Q.(aj
m=1
k-1
= L^ 11 (a2 - v9)
m=1 m=1 9=m4-2
Qm(al
2s+1 m
11(al - v9)
S=O
(186)
g=1
X (-1)m-uOm-u(vl, ... , vk
ri 2s
= 2)
s=0 C
1 1
(2s+ 1)!
d 28}-1 m
(dal )
Qm-u(v1,... , vk) ,
u =0
hence
k-1 k-m-1 ai 2s+1 1
E Qm(all v1 , , .. , Vk)a2 =
(2 (2s + 1)!
m=1
a=0
p-1
d 2s+1 kk- k--p
x (dal )
E E CIP, 2 -1)
p=1 q=O
k-P-9-1Qk
149
E Mal
M=O q=1 q=m+2
The proof of the last identity is not very complicated but a beautiful combinatorial problem which we leave to the reader.
Thus the representation (183) for 11+ is proven. H- can be considered
in a similar way; to prove Eq. (183) for II0 one should replace the first
column of the Vandermond determinant used by 0(a;), i = 1,... , n.
+
Remark 1. The series of the type sEo 2s+1 , ( 1 da)28 1 g11(a - vq)
encountered in Eq. (184) terminates. Evidently
00
7ri d
2s + 1
=1
ir i
7ri d
2 da))
and consequently
00 1
ai d
2s+1 m
-) H(a - vq)
E (
2 da
)! \Cs=0 2s + 1.
2
HC
q=1
-n(
7ri
a-vq+- a-vg-21)
2)
q=1
q=1
d 2s+1 m
Cdaj) ^(ai - q)
- q ) > (2) (2s + 1)!
150
,N2n) =
]I C(13i -
6j)(
F3)n
i <j
(0
1, - .. r,62n) =
[JC(Qi - ij)( Fn ) n
i<j
which are connected with f, f,, by Eq. (182). The following asymptotic
holds : let /31 i ... , Qk be finite while Qj for j > k + 1 are equal to $ + a, /
being finite quantities and o -> oo, then
9a(01, ...
,62n) = 0
k-1(mod2),
exp ( 4IcT)
... , fl2n) =
O(0,- 2 )
k-0(mod2),
leabcgb
(01, ... ,
Pk)
e2,2 - el,2
151
JT C(pi - /3j)(F3)n
i<j
For the form factors in ITM the combination of exponential and power
behaviour is characteristic. Consider, at first, the exponents. The function
C(/3) has the following asymptotics:
11C(Qi-
(3j)^' (2 l
i<i
2n
, e -11(( Qi -)3)
i<j
11
C(1ii-/j)
(189)
i<j<n+1
Let us now turn to (Fn)n. From the very definition it follows that
E (OI fJB(,8jp)F(I3il,... ,fli.Ij..... . IQjn)
(Fn)n =
{1...2n}={il ...i,.}U{jl...jn}
11
(190)
(j
,)3;n)
//^
= (E(/3 , - A, - 7ri)) F(Ni1, ... , ,3i,.
xexp(n+1-2j)a, i>j
2-
2-P-
2n
1_2i)a,
j-1
152
0000
di
2n
oo
\, 2 1+1-2j)a)
2 / tai,/ dafJ`p(a-/p)eXp
p=1
1 - (-na\
7'j
2'2aio
exP
153
A i- l(a I 0i17...
,Nijfl11,...F3i,.)da
x (1+O(Q-1)) , n+1-2j =0
Hence, for n = 2k the full exponential contribution to the asymptotics is
k
det Jr - e-k
01
-20
^7ri
4k
k 2k /
111
(ai - 3)
II alai-
gyp)eXP
i
1
=1
p=1
p=2k+1
X
(al) ...
,a k, 51 1 + a,... , &
1=
+ a l,ail....
))3i^.IN7i^... ,/3k)
(191)
where II is given by Eq. (183). Our main purpose is the estimation
Of 110 (al, ... , a2k IA,.... ) A2k Ip1, ... ,2k) for the case al, ... , ak ^- 0,
ak+l, ... , a2k ^ ' a; the set X11, ... , A2k, /L1, ... 2k is divided into two subsets both containing 2k elements, elements of the first subset being - 0, elements of the second subset being - a. More concretely, let al, ... , Ak+p 0, Ak+P+1, ... , A2k - a, 111) ... , Pk-P '" 0,k-P+1, ... , 2k -. a, p being an
integer such that I pI < k. For the sake of definiteness we consider p > 0
also.
2k-1
Let us use for H the presentation (183), taking - 911 (aj - /19 + 2) for
2k
0(aj) and H (ai - a9 - z') for 0(ai). The matrix appears to be divided
9=2
D =1 D1 D2
V3 V4
154
k -p
2a+1 m
iri
Mai - 9) + I (aj - q + 2 )
d 2s+1
k+p Ai 2s+1 1
E J1
(ai - J^
_m
m=1q m
x JI(aj -
q)
a_
(2 )
i < k, j < k ,
Ag - iri)(1 + O(tr-1)) ,
q=1
2k
Do
2k
2s+1
23+1
2k
(aj - q)+
x (2s + 1)! ()
q=k-p+l
11 (aj -
2)
q=k-p+l
2s+1
2a+1
x (ai - Aq) 2
)
m=1 2k
q=m+2Cri
a=0
(aj-Aq-7fi) (1+0(ir-1)),
i>k,j>k
q=k+p+1
From the matrix elements of the blocks V2 and D3 we extract only those
terms which increase faster than a2k-2. They originate from the terms
2p-2 2k
2s+1
7ri
D - E J (a' q + ) ( "i)
2
m=1 q=1 a=0
2a+1
2k
(2s + 1)!
2k-1
7 < k, i > k ,
'j - III
D--
155
2)
28+1 jm 2k 2k-1
d )
X (da
^ (ai - q) - I (aj - Pq +
11(aj - p.)
21
2k
jj(ai - .\q -
1r i)
+ O(tr 2k -2) ,
j > k, i < k
q=2
2p-1
(D2)ij =
m=j-k
2p-1
(D3)ij =
fj g{' .
m=j
In the course of this transformation the estimation O(0.2k) for the matrix
elements of b, and D4 is preserved. Now the dependence on ai can be
extracted precisely in D2i D3:
(D2)ij = a'nP(
j)(Q)
m=0
amPm)(a)
(D3)ij =
m=0
156
det
(Dl)ij =
ft
( aj -Aq-
- q
q=1 m=1 q=m+2 s=
d
x (da)
2s+1
1
(2s + 1)!
7ri
ire 2s+1
2s+1
2 Y_ 11 (a;
q=1
2 (2s+1)!
2s+1 m
( da; )
TI(aj -q)
q=1
k -1)
x det D-1(ak+l, ... , a2k IAk+2, ... , azk l At, ... , 2k)(1 + O(o-1))
detDo =
- Q4k^ det D1 (al, ...
)Cr
157
X det.T
(192)
-2 ) , (IpI > 1) .
detF+(f11 ,...
Pi
(j
(^
,iik+l A l)... Pik -1)
k ,... ,
p = 1 (193)
where /ail
det
....
) Ak
+1 , /3
F-2k2e -
j1) ...
k2Ok2d et
x det F+(aik)...
) /"
j k -1 '"
0) Y ik}21
.F- (fi1....
,/" i2kl/,k +2
)...
.. ik
-llajl,... ,f3j
or)
k +l)
- -1 .
(194)
The case p = 0 is to be considered in more detail . We have obtained the
formula
II(al)...
,a2kl)il)...
,A2kIP1,... ,
2k)
03k
i<j
(ai
^
(detDi
- aj)
aj
- Sri)
4
k
ai
+r (ai q+ Qi(ajI i,...,Ak),ij =1,...,k.
9=1
Recall that
a - vy - 2z I ^ I a-v9+ 2Z I
q
158
ad-y- 7ri
2)
ai
show that the last row vanishes after the integrations in (191) over eel.... ,
ak are fulfilled. The same happens to the last row of det D2 after the
integrations over ak+l, ... , a2k are fulfilled. Hence
where A1i B1 and D2, B2 are constructed via Eq. (111) through the first
and the last 2k particles respectively. Let r - 0, then D2(r) - 1, B2(r) _
O(o-1), hence
(197)
Consider a fixed term in Eq. (190). Let ,13i1, ... , Qik +p, )3il,
)3jk-p - 0
2k
k+p k - p
1 2
_-2k2p 2 1I 1I
s,t.1 ^i - Qls
2k
2k
(198)
159
2k'o.-le-ksa0.
p
-kslrf(F+)k(Q1, Q2k)
Substituting this in (188) and using the asymptotics ( 189) one obtains
finally
q1,
93(Q...
2a 3bc
e
a
, rNn)
x 9c(Qn+1,...
,+O(a-1))
& )(l
The power contribution for n = 2k + 1 can be obtained in a similar way.
9-(Qi,,Q2n)=0
exp
a 1
4^ Q - 40)
)
a 1
exp -4fv-- / ,
40
k- 1(mod2),
1,
/ a
exp (_2min 11, ) v I I , k - O(mod 2) .
(199)
The asymptotics in NLS can be obtained as a corollary of Theorem 1.
Theorem 3 (Corollary of Theorem 1). Consider form factors
f, f", f, fa in NLS . Introduce the functions
1
9a(#1,... ,Q2n) =(E chOj)
fl(#I)... ,Q2n)
2
9(Ql,... An) _ ChQj)
9(91,
f (Ql, ...
f11(Ql,... ,Q2n) ,
)2
, #2n+ 1)
\
shflj 1 2 - 1)
-1
160
Let ,Ql,... , Qk ^' O,,Dk+l, ... , N2n ^' o. The following asymptotics hold:
/^
27r
/p-^
7 Eabc9b (N1, , /3k)9c(Qk+1) ... , N2n)
9(Q1, ... , f2n) 01
k=0(mod2)
9(P1, ... ,N2n ) -
011
k - 1(mod 2)
/^ 27r
//^^1,... ,Q2n+1) ^'
f(/'
k-1(mod2),
,,62n+1) ... 21r
Q
Eabcgb qq q
(Ni, ... , f k)fc(&+1, ... , ^2n+1)
k = 0(mod 2) ;
9(fl,
... , N2n) =
O(0' -2)
(200)
16 i<j
161
Ilga(h'1,... ,/32n
112
n-1
2p2 l exp
..' II
p=1
_x2^i )
II
O 2p
(201)
p=1
Sketch of the Proof. According to the remark made the end of Sec. 7
one can present IIg3(/31, ... , )32.) ll2 as follows:
x (F3(ai"...
X
/^
laj],... ,ij.))2
1 ,
/^
Ilg(al, ...
, /32n
)11 2
fJ exp (_
2_1
p=1
L 2-1)
11 exp
p=1
( (
- min
2p/
2,
11fal1 2
(202)
162
,6 - ai
I If II 2
and
Di
2n-1
A;2
1
P=1
q
12n
Ilf a (f1, ... , N2n
= 2 IJ
p=1
+l II2
O; 2
(203)
, )11 2
13n
can
2 r2
IIf3(P1..... Pn )112 =
rj th41 (Pi
i<j 2
(Pi - dj)2
(Pi - Pj)
+ P - ,ri) - - ,
E
(m(B IBIB+))2 I (P+o
(P - P-)(P
P)(P P-)(P P ri)
X a_a-ua o ua+
T7
1
x 11(P+- P-+,ri)(P - P - 2,ri)(P - P-- 2wi)(P+ - P-- 2ai)(P+- P - 2,ri)
For these
determinants one can write formulae similar to (183), multiplying and dividing them by the Vandermond determinant II (,Qi - ,0j). When this is
i<j
10
CURRENT ALGEBRAS
S(AI A1)
A=A1uA2UA3
B=B1uB2UB3
xS(A2UA3IA3)
00
.(C)=O
J dCf1(A1+i0ICUB2)S(CIA3UC)
X S(A1UA 3IA3 )
.I(C)=O
(205)
164
(AIO1(x)O2(y)I B)t = (A101(x)02(y)I B)To prove the local commutativity theorem we have written the convolution
f [O(x), O(0)]dx in the form
(A
J fj(X1+i0Ic'UB2)S(CIA3U C)f2((CUA2)-a0IB1)
x So- (ic(C) + c(B2) + K(A3) + ?(A4))do
where o E ;j C E yEC-Y, 0_ is the Fourier transform of tp_ . Function tp_ (,c
(C) + ...) decreases faster than an arbitrary power of a- for o - 00,
if cp(x) vanishes with all its derivaties at the point x = 0. This is why
it is sufficient to require that fl, f2 do not increase too fast for o -+ oo.
Evidently the asymptotics (187), (199), (200) satisfy this requirement. But
as we intend to study the singularity of the commutator at the origin of
coordinates we have to use the functions tp with a different behaviour at
the point x = 0. Here some new possibilities arise.
Let us discuss one important circumstance which has been ignored until
now. Dealing with the expressions (204), (205) one has to make sure that
the integrals and the series in Eqs. (204, 205) are convergent. Actually, very
rough estimation of the form factors guarantees the convergence. Consider,
for example, the operators T,,,,, j in any model discussed in this book. The
form factors of these operators can be presented as follows:
f(B) = (po(B))K(pl(B))'g(B) ,
(207)
where ic,1 are certain integers (for example, rc = 1 = 1 for To,), the function
g(B) satisfies the condition
g(B + o) = g(B)
(208)
165
Current Algebras
where C is some construct. Consider now the expression (205) for x < y. It
is possible to move the contour of integration with respect to o, _ >7EC "Y
to the line Imo, = I. . Then , using the estimation (209), one can easily get
the following estimation for the matrix element:
t(A3, B3)
I (A IO(x)O(y) I B) I ?
A=A,UA2UA3
B=B1uBsuB3
)K1
d
x (Ipo(Ai) - po(B2 )I + (1P1 A1) - pi (Bl) I + dy
x
(I
o( A 2 ) _o(Bi)I+ dy/l
"'
(1P1A2_P1B11+
d ) 13
Ko(x) =
j
Thus, if the estimation (209) holds the expression (205) for the matrix
element is finite for x > y (similarly (204) is finite for x < y). When x
approaches y, the matrix element can be singular but the estimation (210)
proves that the singularity is of power character because the function Ko(x)
behaves for x -> 0 as follows:
Ko(x) = -2lnx +... , x --+ 0 .
As to the estimation (209) it looks quite natural. The author proved it
for SG in the reflectionless case. The investigation of the estimation (209) in
the other cases encounters many technical problems but the author believes
that they can be overcome.
166
For a detailed study of the singularities of the commutators at the origin of coordinates one needs some refined information. Some experiments
and general reasonings have convinced us of the validity of the following
statements which are formulated as hypotheses , since their rigorous proof
is still lacking.
Hypothesis 1. In SG model and ITM the series
00
IIg(V)II2dVo
, > J
II9a(e)112 dcVo
(211)
n(C)=0 n(C)=O
f IIg()II2dCo .r
q n(C)( )
for large n(C). The function q(l;) < 1 for 0 < 1; l< oo.
This estimation implies the existence of a similar estimation for ITM
with q = q(oo). What is the sum of series (211)? This question is very
important . It is natural to suppose that according to Coleman 's equivalence
Eq. (2)
n(C)
J IIg(-e)II2dCo = ir -)
2a2
J Ilga (t)II2dcto = 2a 2
n(C)
n(C)
167
Current Algebras
I
J
r An
( -6) 112 < oo ,
d01
...
.
.
f0 0 dAn-1 II9a
E J A dA1...
A dOn-
1IIfa(C)II2 <oo
(212)
Assuming this hypothesis to be valid one can prove the following statement.
Lemma 2. The series (212) are characterized by the following behaviour for A --> oo:
E J ^ d01...
IA
dAn- 1 II9a(
)112
..'
(41r)2 '
C)II z
Ad01 ...
^d01 ...
AdAn-1 119* (
fo
o ^dzn-1IIfa(V)II2
= f do1
,
n
,7n +A)II2 .
For large A the following estimations (200) hold:
9a (B1, B2 + A) .., A 6abcgb(Bl)9e(B2) ,
n(B1) = 0(mod 2) ,
168
dd nl ( n) =
+ riz (n))
Similarly,
dn772 ( A) = 2(21r)2 1 211i (A)7l2(A)
Hence , for the function ra(n) = nl(A) + 712(A) one has the equation
do i7(A ) = 2(2x)2 n2 271 (A) .
The solution of this differential equation is
A
It c A +2(2x)2
According to Hypothesis 2, q (A) --> oo for A -+ oo; hence c = 0, which
means that for large A the following asymptotic holds : j7(A) ^ 2 21 T 2A.
Hence , n;(A) = cin for A - oo. Substituting these rlt into the above
equations one gets
",
.v
772 (A) 771(A)
(47r)2
Q.E.D.
The possibility of indicating an explicit asymptotic behaviour of 711,2(A)
in the framework of Hypothesis 2 is very important and, as it will be clear
later, is a strong indirect argument in favour of this hypothesis.
Now, assuming the validity of Hypothesis 1, 2, let us pass on to calculation of the singularities of commutators at the origin of coordinates.
Theorem 1. The following commutation relations between currents on
the space interval for ITM hold:
[70a(x), 70(0)) = i6abcjo(0)b(x)
W1(x), 71(0) = Zeabcj o(0)a(x)
00
C dCo
r (-)112
7 J II9a
n(C) =O
(213)
Current Algebras
169
(A I J[Oi(x), 02(0))e
p(x) dxjd B )
{ 7 IO 1
(214)
U B3)S(B2
U B31 B)
dCG_(xIC,A1,B1,A3)
(215)
where
G- (C, A1, B1, A3) = (-1)n
( Bl)+n(B2)+n(C)[ f1
(A1 + i01 U B 2)
(217)
because the first and second terms in (216) are the boundary values of
a regular function in the strip -a < Imo- < 0 on the lines Imo = 0
and Imv = - a + 0, and this regular function decreases for a -^ oo.
170
The asymptotics (187) implies that f and f,6, do not increase faster than
e"i for o, - ^ oo. Hence the condition that 0_ (ic) decreases faster than
an arbitrary power of ic-1 can be replaced by the following: 0_(ic) decreases as is-3 for ic -+ oo. Under this condition on Eq. (217)
remains valid. The condition iO_(it) - k-3 for i -+ oo is equivalent to
W(0) = (p'(0) = 0. There are no restrictions on other derivatives, hence the
commutator (I U,'.-(x), j'(0)] I B) does not contain other singularities but
those proportional to b and Y.
We want to extract the b and 6' singularities from the commutators.
To this end we need to consider a convolution of commutators with the
functions which do not vanish at the point x = 0. One should be careful at
this point because in the cases we shall consider later the integral
J Ol(x)Oz(0)<p(x)dx
does not exist . However, the commutator is a less singular object than the
product of operators. Let us introduce the regularization
00
[01
02 (0 )]l B) = ^ m
J ((Ioi(x)i)
00 n(o) -o
j= 1
where D = {b1, ... , bn(D)}, 6n(D) > ... > bz > bl . In other words, we
demand that the difference between two nearest rapidities does not exceed
A and then take the limit A -> oo . Lemma 2 of Sec . 1 implies that D =
C U A2 U B2 U A3. Let us denote the minimal and maximal rapidities in
Az U Bz UA3 by fln"' and #,'n respectively . Let C = {yl) ... , yn(C)}, Di =
Current Algebras
min
171
Y, Cmax Yn (C)
max
A
40-
Y,
Cmin
Yn ( C)
Pmin Pmax
Fig. 6.
7i-1 - yi, Q = n j EryEC y and fix 01 i ... , An(C)_1, then o, may vary in
the range from Amin to trmax as indicated in Fig. 6.
The integral
(219)
om
dvG_ (C,A,,B1,A3) = (J -J) A (7+ioiu2)
Il )9
omin
.S(li
I A3 U
C)f2(C'
U A3 )
where I1, I2 are segments parallel to the imaginary axes II = ( min) 0min ii), I2 = ( t7max, Amax - 7ni ). Evidently the limit of the integral (220) can
exist when the integral (219) diverges. It is desirable to work with such
operators for which only the leading term of asymptotics contributes to
(220) for a -a oo.
(221)
max
J (A j[Q, j(0)]eiK(A)xW+(x)dx .
(223)
The last term in RHS can be easily evaluated using the formula
[Qa, jb
(0)]
= iEabc
jc (0)
The first term in RHS is considered in the usual manner , and is calculated as
the limit (220) for A -+ oo, when g, f b are taken as fl, f2. The asymptotics
173
Current Algebras
(187) imply
ya(AJCU B2)S(CIA3U C)f^,(C U AdBI)
x c'(i(C) +,c(B2) + ic(A3) + K(A2))
+6,. ( A2)+, (Hi),o
,P(0) exp(2 ((-1)"(C) - 1)) A- 2+b(Al) +n( B2),0
if o - Amax
6
^p(0) exp(z ((-1)" (C) - 1)) A-2+ (A^ ) +n(B2),0 +6n(A2)+ - (BO,if 0 Omin
(224)
Eq. (224) means that the integrand in (220) does not decrease when A
oo in the vicinities of Amax and omin in the one case, n(Al) = n(A2) _
n(Bi) = n(B2) = 0. In that case the limit of the integral (220) is equal to
7ri(1 - (-1)0). The condition Al = A2 = B1 = B2 = 0 is equivalent to
A3 = A, B3 = B. Hence,
f (AI[Q(x),1(0)]IB)etx(A)x^-(x)dx = c'(0)0(A,B)7ri(1 - 1))7
In a similar way,
f (A I [Q+(x), j1(0)] l B)e:w(A)X p+(x)dx = -cp(0)A(A, B)7ri(1 - (-1)1)r
Hence
[Qa (x),.11(0)] = B(x)eabej (0) + 2rri ( 1 - (-1))rjb(x)
or, differentiating with respect to x
U (x), j1(0)] = ieabc j'(0)b(x) + 47rir7(1 - (-1)1)6'(x) .
(225)
where
17(4) _ J IIg(C)II'dCo.
n(C)
nc(o)b(x)
J Ilg(6)II2d
Co
(227)
is divergent. That is why even if the integrals (220) tend to zero for A -+ 00
the sum of the terms with fixed A1, A2, B1, B2 can give a non-zero contribution. So we are dealing with an indeterminacy of the kind 0 oo and the
cut-off should help us to uncover it.
As it follows from Lemma 2 the series (227) behaves as A for A --> oo
after the cut-off is introduced. Consequently in the integrals
CJII
we are now interested not only in those terms which behave as 0(1) for
A -+ oo but also in those which behave as O(A-1) for A -+ oo. But the
terms which decrease as o(A - 1) disappear after the summation over n(C)
and the limit A -> oo are taken.
Current Algebras
175
A21 B1)
J (A I [Qa-(x)
O"(0)]I B )e'r(A)xcp(x)dx
l[Qa,0b(0)}l
z,P - (x)dx
(A)s^
+(x)dx
)e(A)rc^(x)dx .
(229)
fib, C U A
21 B 1)c- (ic(C) + i(B2) + ic(A3) + c(A4))
(230)
. (231)
176
(232)
(- 1)n(B2)II9
(233)
(C)IIZ
(234)
A F'As ,
where Ed is the sum E.C. SH., Ha is the isotopic space connected with
the rapidity a. Having derived Eq. (234) we have to use the formula
S12(a) = 1+27ria-1S1S2 a + O(a-2) a -> oo .
For all A1i A2, B1, B2 which do not satisfy the requirement listed above the
function ( 230) behaves as O(A-2) for A - oo.
Fix C and compute the sum (218) of the functions ( 230) for o - oma..
The term of order A -1 is equal, as it can be understood from (232 ), ( 233),
(234), to
J(Z[Q(x), j, ( O) ]I B )^-(x ) dx
iso(0)(1- (-1))Sab 21
Similarly,
J (7
B ) ^+(x)dx
iso(0)(1- (-1))b
ab-
Hence
[Qa (x),
i(0)]
is abce (x )j(0) +
ib abb( x)(1
- (-1)A)oo
(235)
loiBl)II9b(C)II2 A- 1 2ircp(0)
- (-1)n(Bl)Eadb fd(A1
+ jOl B 2)Il.fa(C/)112 A-1 2ircp(0)
-
where n(C) - 0(mod 2), n(C') - 1(mod 2), which fact stipulates the presence of the minus sign in the second formula. Summing over A1, B1, A2,
B2, A3 one obtains the contribution from o - omax:
'P(0)
27r
": (A Inc(0)I B)
(O)E ab, ( A
1 ,
The contribution from o -
,,P(0)
om;n
I n `(0)I B )
Eabe (A
178
Hence
J(2\[n'{z),
jl(0))\*B)<P-(*VK{A)x =
x ? ( 0 ) ( l + ( - i n ( i y (0)1*8).
The same formula can be proven for the convolution with <p+, hence
K ( x ) , ^(O)] = iebc{\ + (-1)")I<(0)*(0) .
We have obtained all the commutation relations but Ui(x)>Ji(ty] = 0Evidently, the commutators [io> ii]> Uo >io] having been calculated, it is
sufficient to calculate [j+,.7'1], which is what we are going to do now.
We have to elucidate the behaviour of the function
(_l)(CH"(i)+(*a)/ ( 7 x + f'0|~(5 U ~B2)S(C\*AZ
U *C)
= (p-(A3)
+ p-(C) - p - ( B O ) </*( U X l ^ i ) ,
where
p^A)
= M*ea
Current Algebras
179
E abc'P (0)
2. (A Ij+(0) I
B)
Hence
APPENDIX A
FORM FACTORS IN SU(N)-INVARIANT
In Sec. 7 formulae have been presented for currents and the energymomentum tensor form factors in SU(2)-invariant Thirring model. This
Appendix extends these results to the SU(N)-invariant model (chiral GrossNeveu model) with Lagrangian
= f (i r ,4O i,J -
182
The rank- 1 particle will be parametrized by the rapidity /3 and the isotopic multi-index e = {k(1), ... , k(l>}( k(l) < ... < k('), O) = I,_ , N).
The number of k's in a is denoted by 1(e).
The S-matrix of two rank- 1 particles can be presented as an operator
in Vi1) 0 Val) (V(1) is the space of the vector representation of SU(N)):
S 1,2(
3) 5(3)51,2(3)
=
where
So (P)
2Ai P
N 1,2
02vi )r(
. --)
r( N1 +
= N-1
r(N - -L)r(j--)
Pb1,...b12
13
( +
Sal,bl
(1 1 + 12 - 2)) .. .
iri
Sa
Sa l l,bl2
1,
(3 -
7ri
2))
N (11 + 12-
...
Pal,... ,all
Pb 1 ,... ,b,2
where Pal,._. ,all , P^, b,2 are the projection operators onto skew-symmetric
subspaces.
To make the notations more close to those used in the basic part of this
book we write the matrix element of all S-matrices as Sfi;c;. Evidently,
only those 5'11"2 can differ from zero for which 1(e1) = l(e1(e2) = l(E' ).
The Zamolodchikov-Faddeev operators satisfy the usual algebra of commutation relations. "In" and "out" states are constructed in the usual way.
The matrix C involved in the crossing-symmetry relation is
-1) A ,
CE 1,E2
El
U E2 = 7r 1, ... , N)
0, El UE2#7r(1,...,N)
183
The general matrix elements of the local operator O(x) can be expressed
through
f(/31i...
,/3ri)1,...,En = (phIO(0)
IZEn(fin),
...
, 0) and Ei1 with one nonzero element which is unity in the position ij. So a can be made equal to one of N2 - 1 symbols: {i},i =
1,... ,n - 1;{i, j},i 0 j.
The fundamental requirements on form factors remain the following:
/^
p
1. f(f1, ... , Ni,,6j+l, ...
f(31, ...
Eir
i +1
1
, nSE^, :,
(ii
- /3t
+1) (Al
(A2)
q
pEI(Ei)
_ (-1) f(/'n, )3l, ... ,^n-1) enrElr ... , f n-1 ,
E. , Nn-2)ci,.. , Ea
,f[n-1,i3)E[1,...
,
,En_1,n = f (Q1, ..E_
.
1)
) y,", 1, l,f (Nn-1
q
p
Tn_gEn-2
X 'SEn- 1,E, 2 (fn-1 - Nn-2)} , Nn = fn-1 + 7ri
'
/i
CEO - 1
En
{UCI ,...
SEn -3
- (-
(A3)
-1)
a
ai (En),(fn_1) f
7rt
, E n- 2, fn-1 +
,131 i...
N l(E n_1 )
f1 , ...
n_,
(A4)
where E = 7r(E1 U E2), and a^( En)i(n_1 ) is certain constant connected with
EnrEn -1
SEn,Cn-1'
184
It is convenient to present, first, the formulae for the form factors in the
case 1 (el) = ... = 1(en) = 1 (in the sector containing only kinks) and then
to consider the general situation.
Form factors f (,31, ... , /3 ) ,... ,n, 1(el) _ = l(en) = 1, can be comLet
(
bined into a vector f ()31,... , fan) in the space (V) ... Vl))*.
us introduce some orthonormal bases ej,k in the spaces Val). The natural
basis of the tensor product consists of the vectors ekl,...,k = 11 0 ej,k,.
The form factor
)3n)E1.... .En is the component of f031,. .. , 8n) in
the base eE1i_.,,E, (ej = {kk}).
another base wk,.,...,k (I31, ... , Nn), which we are now going to describe.
Unfortunately, we have not succeeded in the generalization of the definition given in Sec. 7 for the SU(N) case which is why we shall give only
an indirect definition of the base wk1.... ,k (N1, ... , fn). To this end, let
us first divide the space (V^1) 0 ... ,V 1))* into a direct sum of special
subspaces. The algebra sl(N) acts on Val) with generators e`k , hi , which
are represented as matrices EtI, Hi in the base ek,1i... , ek,N. This extends
the action of sl(N) to the space (V1l) ... Vl)) with the generators
eij = Eek , xi = Ehk . Obviously this is a restriction of the action of N2 - 1
charges to the n-kinks sector. The space (V^1) ... V(1))* appears to be
divided into a direct sum of subspaces Vi which are the eigensubspaces for all the V with the eigenvalues 1i - li+1(Elj = n). The basis
1 (k1, ... , kn is some permutation
wk1 i... ,k (,Q1, ... , Fin) in the space V i
of the set 1,... ,1, 2, ... ) 2, ... , N, ... , N) is defined by two relations:
w(/31,
1n
12
11
(A5)
(A6)
As usual, it is implied in the last formula that the rapidity flj is always
connected with the space Val), i.e., when rapidities change places the spaces
also change places.
185
Let us explain how to construct Wkl __. ,kn (,Q1, ... , Nn ) using Eqs. (A5,
A6). It is quite evident that using Eq . (A6) one can present wk1 .., kn
()31,... , Nn) in the form wN,... , N,... ,1, ... ,1(fix(1), ... , fir(n)) (some
iN-1
11
It is clear that the logic of Sec. 7 is borne out: Eqs. (A5, A6) which are considered as properties of wk1, ..., k(,Q1, ... , Qn ) in Sec. 7 are now considered
as definitions.
It can be shown that , as well as in the SU(2) case, the transformation
{ek1... kn } -i {w1 , ,,. , kn } is triangular . Vector wk1,... ,kn (al, ... , Nn) has
simple poles at the points /3j = ,Qi + N for j > i , kj > ki.
Let us introduce the usual compact notations for the sets of rapidities.
Ai ( aj IB (' ) I
...
I B(N))
(a -,3 - N (N + 1- 2s))
s=1 /EB()
\\ N
x QS N) a N (N - 2s + 1 I I I U (B(P) + Nsgn( s - P))
( (_
// P=1 \
P#J
where
Q(N)(aI B ) _
( a
Sri iri
1-
1=0
)'
1 1( B) ,
(-1)
Ak1
Ak ( a 1IB(1)I
... IB(N)) ,
N
Ak(aIB(1)I...IB(N))=^ T7
II
(a- ,3
+ N(N+1 -2s))
3=1 PEB(
w+(A) = 2-
exp
(TN 2
E a 2 E Q
aEA PEB
b} (A) ,
where B = U B(P). b} are the determinants of the ((N - 1)m - 1) x ((N p=1
((k+[N-1] )al) .
187
PEB
(eP
- (- 1)e-0 )
(1
2
)n(A) fdA
PEB
aEA
n(A)
( 27ri )
IT col (a - Q)
11
aEA,PEB
(A7)
x fJ
P<9
n
0EB(P)
(/ 1 f,)
w kl,...
qq
,k-N (/31, ... ,,3Nm)
P'EB (4)
(A8)
where kj = k, 3, E.B(k)
16
{_
2 r
sine ' (3
ksh2irk
dk }
N+I
1 \ 1 ) sh2 exp (- M irk) sh N )
2a 2N r2N exp ( _2 f
dk 1
k(sh rk)2
JJJ
188
Similar formulae can be written for fa). The only difference is that in the
formula for f=j) one has to take the sum over all the partitions of B into
B(P) which satisfy the condition n(B(P)) = m - bpi + bpj.
The validity of (Al) for the form factors is contained, as usual, in the
very defiition and follows from Eq. (A6) and the formulae
(1,1(fl)So(Q) = (1,1(-a)
We would not discuss the properties (A2), (A3) at this stage, but pass on
to the problem of bound states.
It is easy to understand that the problem of calculations of form factors corresponding to bound states (particles of higher ranks) can be re,Qik') _
duced essentially to the calculation of F(B(1)I ... IB(")) in the case
r - N (1 - 2j + 1),1 < N - 1, j = 1,... 1,)31 k3) E B(ki). Let us restrict our consideration to one form factor, namely to the form factor
f++(,31. . i3 ). The polynomial Q(N) satisfies the relations
QiN )(aI
B)
= Q(N)(aI B\/3) i
n(B)
+ N)
Q(N) (aI B) = \a
T7 (
a
11
/EB
i - n(B)
- (a
a11
- N)
-# + N7ri ll/
)3
a-
- N)
i > n(B) .
Pi <...<Pi-i <(N-1)rn-1
(A9)
\alki),
is the
M(al, ...
determinant of an (1 - 1) x (1 - 1) matrix M with the following matrix
elements:
\J /EB /\
//
- l a-r- N(N-1) I (a-ai)i-1 fl I a-,Q- N(N-1)/
/// AEB
189
where b = UB(P). The polynomial Akl,... k, (AI B(1) I ... IB(N) I r), n(B(P))
= m - Ebp ,k,, n(A) = (N - 1)m - 1, is the determinant of an ((N - 1)m 1) x ((N - 1)m - 1) matrix with the following elements:
k,) = Aiki,...,k,)(a,IB(1)I
I B (N)Ir)
N
s =1 1EB()
N (N + 1 - 2s)
2s
))
s#kl,...,ki
N -2s+1 N
)
x Q,
CN
(B(1)
7ri
sgn(s _k)) U ^
r+
7r
p1
pis
C
x (-I + q(s, ki, ... , k1))) + L,
x
II
7ri
(a_i_ (N + 1 - 2k1 ))
=1 AE B
a_r_
N(N
-1-2kj +2j) I
where q(s, k1i ... , k1) is an integer defined by the relation kq < s < kq+1.
Relation (A9) is valid also for the case 1 = N. In this particular case,
A,....,N(AIB(1)I ... IB(N)Ir) = II(a-7-)A(AIB(1)j ... IB (N)), and we obtain
a direct analog Eq. (120).
Consider F++(B(1)I... IB(N)). The determinant of matrix M can be
transformed to the determinant of matrix .M whose elements are
Mi.I = Mi(ai )
Mi(a) = (a_r+(N_l))'^ (a_(N_l+2P_ 2)+2ini)
P=O
7ri
xI(a - Q+N (N-1))-(a-r-N(N- 1))
190
Sol
j-1
a-
(I + 1 - 2j)) _ 'p,N)(a)
1-1
(N-1+2j-2))
N-1
2N 27ri 2N
( N_i _
r
r
Substituting these into Eqs. (A7) and taking into account the antisymmetry
with respect to variables aj one obtains
1-27+1)
l_i
1 n(A)
= ()
-)
`P1N)(a - Q)
I
aEAPEB
1-1
Ak..... .
i-i
X 11 (ai-rP
N(N-
1+2p-2)+ 27ri
(ai-
) 11
i +N(N -1))
PEB
(ai_r_(N _l))
(ai_r_(N_l+2p_2))
P_
x II (a - /3 PEB
N(N
- 1))
w+(A)
191
L +2,i -1
'P(N)(ai
t-1
x11
j-osh2 (ai-
13)w, N )(ai
- r)
pEB
r-
Ti
N( N-1+2j-2)
ai_r _
(N_1))
i-1
x(ai_fl_(N_1)
N
)
n (ai_
r_(N_l+2P_2))
I3EB
X w+(A)... ,
where the dots denote a function not depending on ai. Thus these integrals
are equal to the sum of residues of the integrand in the strip 0 < Imai < 2iri.
Consider first the integral over a;_1. The integrand has only one simple pole
at the point al-1 = r+ N(N+ 1- 4). Now consider the integral over a1_2.
The integrand has two simple poles at the points al_ 2 = r + N (N + 1- 4)
and al-2 = r + N (N + 1 - 6). However, the first pole is cancelled by
the zero of w+, whose arguments after calculating the integral over al-1
become A, a1i ... , a;_2 , r + N (N + 1 - 4). Continuing these calculations
one makes sure that the integrals over a; (i = 1, ... , 1 - 1) are equal to the
residues at the points a; = r + N; (N - 1 + 2i - 2). Finally, one obtains for
F'++
F'++(B(1) I . I B(N)) I
l-1
Sri
x (2ai)
J dA JJ
'(a-r)Hco(a_fl)
aEA /3EB
Akl,...
r + N (N - 1+ 2j - 2)))
(A10)
Hsh2( a-r-T,(N-l+2j-2)))
j=1
Using the above procedure one can obtain the form factors which correspond to an arbitrary set of particles of all possible ranks. We present
192
the final result, restricting our consideration to f++. Consider the set of
rapidities B = { Ql, ... on). Let the rapidity aj correspond to the rank-lj
N-1
particle . The set B appears to be divided into the sum U Bl, the subsets
1=1
B1 containing rapidities which correspond to particles of fixed ranks. Form
factors corresponding to this situation create the vector f++ ()31,... A)
belonging to the space (V(11) ... Vri1n))'. This vector is given by the
formula
f+ +(91i...
an) = fl(11,1i(13 3 )/ 6
j
' lai -+
i<j
N(1i
-ii))
x { II II II (a-a,
B1=uB(l )
c 1?6c2,F1 , 2={k(j)j
IB(1,... ,N-1) I
I B(2,... ,N))
2e E(1;-1)
e1 .0 (N)
I3 ._
7rN
cr;,t;(Q) = c1.d;sh2
1
79=
193
ai
)
- j2)
^ sh ( /3+ N(j1
2 2=1
l`-1 ( li-Ii-2p
2N-li-Ij+2p Q
x 11 r
2N 2^ri) T ( 2N + 21ri )
p=
= 11
Ii-1
2N-li-Ij-2p Q
Ij -li -2p
2N 2^ri) T ( 2N + 27ri )
x T
p=1
X exp
w+(A
1 >19 U DQ EBi (N
jY (N - I+ 2j - 2)))
Ai(aIB(1)I ...
n N-1
77-f^
x Q(N)
N-1
(a_
fl_(N_l_2s+2i))
a - N (N + 1 - 2s) I
x U U
iri
194
Nn ) El,..., rn
=0
-oj_1
1
}
pp
// ?
a
j =0, T.= 01 v= v .
4. The functions
1
/^
9a( Q
1.../3n) E1,...
g (P1...
,En
,Qn)r 1,...,En
fo(,01i...
,fl
fo (,(31... ,P
(EMl( Ej)shaj)-
/) p
1,P2) E1,E 2
resg' W
= Cc1,Ei
CE1,E2
E'
a) E 2
((t
_ (_1)e -PI)
(eP1
195
where (ta)E2 is the matrix element of to in the 1(el)-th fundamental representation for 1(el) = l(e2),(ta)El = 0 for 1(el) # 1(e2). This property
implies that the operators Qa = f jo (xl)dxl and P. = f T4o(xl)dxl are
the charges and energy-momentum respectively.
5. The following asymptotics hold:
9a(/31 ,
... , PL-,,3k +1
A,_ ,
an + A)
Ll,...
,Lr
m(N
= 0 (A_m)exp
- m) A I /
\ N
q
9G1)... )Qk, Pk+1 +A,... ,Qn
= O
w(m)-1 exp
A-
A) ,l,...,Ln
m(N - m)
\ N
AI
)
A ->oo (All)
where m = El(e3)(mod N), 0 < m < N - 1, and rp( m) is some function , whose value for m = 0 when the exponentionally decreasing factor
disappears is important : cp(0) = 1.
All the properties of form factors mentioned above have their analogs in
the SU( 2) case . That is why we have not dwelt on their proofs. There is,
however, one interesting property, trivial in the SU (2) case , which is to be
discussed individually. This property is concerned with C-invariance which
requires the following equations to hold:
fliv(N1f. 1n) Ll,...,Ln = (-/ 1)N^,(f ')fl^^(/N 1,... ,^n)Li ,..,Ln
qq
f(fl1,... ^Nn) el,...,e (-l)71EI (L^) f(Nl,... ^^n) L1,..,Ln
(A12)
It is not evident from Eqs. (A8) that these equations take place. To prove
Eqs. (A12) let us, first, prove the following lemma, which is also of interest
by itself.
Lemma 1 . The form factors f (,Ql, , an) L,,,,, ,LA are defined uniquely
by Eqs. (Al, A2, A3), the analytical properties described at the beginning of the Appendix, the asymptotics (All), the properties with respect
to the Lorentz transformations and the two-particle form factors f(/3l,
N2)L1re2 for I(ej) = 1,1(e2) = N - 1.
196
h(Ql,
i<j
h(/31 ,
... , Nn -1, / n +
27r i )
(A13)
with residues
N)
7ri
/^1, //^^
resh (/3
... , Nn) = h2 (13i... fln-1, fli + ^T
X sn-l,j (in-1 - /3j) ... Sj+1,0j+l - Nj )
n-1
x
i =1
N_i
fli
A
"'_ 1j -Ni
2N
+
27ri
27ri
)
(
t 2N
where
h2(/31,... ,/3n-2,T)
n-2
n-2
i<j
i=1
1
... with
v, 22 V(2))where f (N1, / 03n- 2, T) is a vector from ((1)
_
... = 1(En_2) = 1,
components fl/31,... , ,On-2, 1(E1 )
1(En-1) = 2.
4. h(#,,... , /3n) decreases exponentially for a -* oo. What singularities does h(/31i ... , /3n) have as functions of /31 in the strip - 7r < Im/31 < 0?
From the properties with respect to Lorentz transformations it follows
197
that it makes no difference to move /31 into lower half plane or to move
N2, ... , /9, into upper half plane. That is why this function has only simple poles at the points
with
Ql 2*'
= /^j
- N residues expressed in terms of
h2(f32,...
,/3j,...
, Nn)
3
7) -
fln-1, r)
What singularities does h(/31i ... , /3n) have as functions of /3 in the strip
27rk < Im/3n < 27r(k + 1), k > 0? Let fn = r + 27rk, 0 < Imr < 27r, then, as
it follows from (A13),
h(81,... ln-i, r + 27rik) = h(#,,... ,
S(f1
(an
x S(/3n -1 - 7 - 27ri (k - 1))S(f1 -
X ... x
- r)S
-1 - r - 27ri) ...
7
S(f1
- r - 27ri)
The only singularity of S(/3) is the simple pole at the point /3 = 2ia
N
Consequently, the singularities of (A14) are caused by the singularities
of h(81i ... , /3n-1i r), i.e., they are simple poles at the points /3n = r +
27ri
+ 27rik (7r - N )i whose residues can be expressed through
h2(/31i ... , /3n). What singularities does h(#,,... , /3n) have in the strip
-27r(k + 1) < Im/3n < -27rk, k > 0? Let fn = r - 21ri(k + 1). Then
h(,31,... , fn-1, r - 21ri(k + 1)) = h(r - 27ri(k + 1),/31, , /3n-1)
x S(rq- 21ri(k + 1) - /31) ... S(r - 27ri(k + 1) - fln-1)
= h( 1,... , fln-1, r - 27rik)S(r - 27ri(k + 1) - N1)
6
x ... S(7 - 27ri(k + 1) - /3n-1) = h(fl, ... an-1, r)
x S(r - /31 - 27i). -S(r - /3n-1 - 27ri)S(r - /31 - 47ri)
x ... S(7 - fn-1 - 41ri)S(-r - f1 - 27r(k + 1))
198
h(#,,... , Nn_1, r), i.e., they are simple poles with residues expressed
through h01, ... , Nn-2, T)
Suppose we know the function h2(/31i ... , fn-2, r). Then if we construct
two functions h(/31i ... , /.3n) which satisfy all the above requirements, the
difference between them Oh(/31i ... , /3n) is an analytical function of Nn
which has no singularities in the finite part of the complex plane and decreases exponentially for /3n --+ o0, Qn E R. Such a function is, evidently,
equal to zero.
fli
i<j
n-3 n-3
X II H (1, 3 Pi - T) ,
1 , l(En_N+2) = N - 1.
The latter form the vectors f (f31 i ... , Nn-N +2) belonging to (V(1) .. .
Nn-N+2) C1....
,Cn -N+1,Cn-N+Z,
l(Ej) = 1 ,
j<n-N
Vnl N+1
0
hN-1(/31,...
II
C1,N-1 (ai
- T) .
It can be shown that the only singularities of the function in the strip
0 < Im < 2a are simple poles at the points r = ) 3j + 1ri with residues
reshN_1 (/31,
X
h(/31 ,
... ,
fan-N+1, T)
_ J1 r
a' - aj
1
'Q' -'3i
(N 21ri ) r ( N + 2ri
- Qj )
It is easy to show that all the singularities of hN_1(... , r) in the r plane are
simple poles with residues expressed through h(/31i ... , Nn-N). For r --+ 00
199
the function
... , /3n-N+ 1, r) decreases exponentially for n > N
( 3 1, ,--and, hence , is defined uniquely through h(/3l, ... , /3n_N).
Thus the recurrent procedure is obtained for proving the uniqueness of
h(/31,... ,hen),1(El) _ ... = 1(e,) = 1.
Q.E.D.
Theorem 1 . The form factors f,,, fa satisfy the requirements of Cinvariance:
= (-
1)'^^ilE')f,Y(131) ...
(A15)
(A16)
200
tai
k,-k,-1
)3i - )
/33 -
;-/^
2ai
k;-kt-1
x (N Qj)N-ki-k. fl (Ni - /3 )N-1
i <j
i<j
ki=kj k;>kj
(N_ 1N-1
//^^
(1,1 (/3)F N
2ai r N
N-3
N-2
1
I
(N-2j+1));_1
(P
- L'-'-j
=i shz(/3+ rr
the definition of form factors (A8) and the linear independence of wkl
()31i ... , /3), one obtains a nice identity
rj
f dA
,kn
aEA,13EB
rir(N-1r(N-1+
l N tai J N 2ai
N-3
1
N
(N - 2p - 1)
2
(/3i
,Qj
+
pf=1 sh
IT
dA'
7=UPEB
N-2
'
p=OaEA/EB
(A17)
201
...IB(N)) ,
AiA = Ai( a9IB(1) I
N
Ai(aIB(1)I
... I B(N)) = I
II I
s=1.7 #s PEB(i)
2s)
Even in the simplest case N = 3, n = 3, the identity (A17) leads to nontrivial result:
3 1 a- #i
l_ da j=1
II r (3
2^i ) r (3 +
a-,Qi
27ri 3 27ri
where a = {i}, i = 1, ... , N - 1, the sum being taken over all possible
values of the ranks of particles with rapidities an. Assuming the
convergence one can calculate the singularities of commutators of currents
at the origin of coordinates:
fU (x),IO(O)]7 = ifabcjc(0)b(x)
L/1 (x),I1(0)J = 2 fabcj0(0)b(x)
APPENDIX B
PHENOMENOLOGICAL REASONINGS
f(C31,...
Nn) =
(phl0(0)Z*(1n)
...Z'(N1)Iph)
( ph l0(0) I/31,
Pn)i.
Let us use the usual trick (see for example [56, 57]) convoluting the particle
Nn:
SO
lim
/
e-P(P )x" 8
q rh^
x )INl,
dx1
0(p h I O \ 0
qn-1)in
)din(
oo
lim
xo-.-00
eiP(Rn)xjOjo(phj[O(0)r^oin(x)]IN1,... ,Pn-1)in dx l
, Nn-1)in
203
204
Evidently the last term is equal to zero. Proceeding in the usual calculation
[57] one gets
f(,61, ... ,Nn)
, Nn -l)in
(B1)
one gets
f (Nn, Nn-1, , N1)
=
... ,
,6n -1)out
(B2)
It seems likely that the integral (B2) allows analytical continuation into the
range -1r < Im/3n < 0.
Consider also two matrix elements
f (Nn 1,81, Nn -1) = (fl. l (0)) l#l, ... , fln-1)in
f(Nn 1,8n -1, ,,31) _ ((ten
IO(0)I/31,
Nn -l).ut
205
Phenomenological Reasonings
One can obtain for them presentations similar to (B1), (B2). There is, however, one difference. When convoluting the particle ,an in the form factor
f (Nn I i3 , - , Nn-1), one obtains the expression <pin(x)O(0) and wants to replace it by the commutator [Wjn(x ), 0(0)]. Here the following discrepancy
appears:
6(/3n
- )3n-
1)(phIO(0)l/jl,
, /3n -1)in
Keeping in mind that ,6n can coincide only with ,Qn-1 one makes sure that
this discrepancy is equal to
(phI0(O)ain(Qn) Ji3i, - , /9n-1)in
Nn-1)f(N1,... ,Nn-2)
6(fln -
J dxe1
6()3n
)zM 0(xo
qq
,i7(x)]I/31,... , Nn-1)in ,
- /3n-1)f(Nn-2, ... , #0
)( phl
, On- 1)out
(B3)
Comparing (B1), (B2), (B3) and using the symmetry property
f(N1,... ,/3i, Ni+1,... ,F'n )S([3 -/3i+1) = f(31,...
h'i+1,Ni,...
fn) ,
(B4)
one gets
f(N1...... n+ 7ri-iO ) =f(in -7ri+i0,F'1,... ,Qn-1)
b(/n
//^^
- /n -1)f(f1, , /3n-2)
( 1_
s(/3fl
l
- 0j)
j=1
On >fln-1>Nn-2> >^1
This equation means that the function fn) can be continued analytically up to Im,Q, = 7r and has on this line a simple pole at the point
fn + iri with the residue
n-2 /^
27rif (fl1, ,3n-2)
1 - 11 S(Nn-1
j=1
206
and it coincides with the analytical continuation of f (/3n, N1, ... , /3n_1) to
the line Im/3n = -a. The symmetry (B4) implies that if no restriction of
thy... , Nn is imposed fln) has simple poles at the points Nn =
/33 + 1ri with the proper residues.
Although the above speculations cannot be considered as a rigorous
proof of Axioms 2, 3 it seems that they can be refined in order to get a
proof on the level of rigour acceptable in the axiomatic field theory.
REFERENCES
208
References