SIMPLIFIED FORMULAS FOR ASSESSMENT

OF STEEL JOINT FLEXIBILITY CHARACTERISTICS

Aleksander Kozowski; Lucjan lczka

Rzeszw University of Technology, Poland
kozlowsk@prz.edu.pl, sleczka@prz.edu.pl

ABSTRACT
Code 1993-1-8 includes full design procedures, based on component method,
allowing to asses design resistance Mj,Rd and initial stiffness Sj,ini. of the most often
used steel joints, as end-plate bolted connections. This method, despite of many
simplifying assumptions, is still burdensome and time consuming and is addressed
to final check of designed structure. In the pre-design phase, when designer is
forced to change input data many times, there is a need to use design tools, like
tables, graphs or simplified formulas, to quick asses joint properties for global
analysis of the frame. Such simplified formulae for assessment of design moment
resistance Mj,Rd and initial stiffness Sj,ini. Of steel joint has been presented in the paper. Comparison to results obtained using available software shows that simplified formulas present a good agreement (ca. 20 %).
1. INTRODUCTION
Current steel structures design codes, including EN 1993-1-1, requires taking
into account during global analysis actual properties of joints and connections. Joint
main characteristics, as M- curve, can be taken from experimental tests or analytical models. Code EN 1993-1-8 includes full design procedures, based on component method, allowing to asses design resistance Mj,Rd and initial stiffness Sj,ini. of
the most often used steel joints, as end-plate bolted connections. This method, despite of many simplifying assumptions, is still burdensome and time consuming. It
requires to input many geometrical and structural properties of design joints, which
are not known to designers on this stage of design. It is enough to say, that hand
calculation of multi-row bolted end-plate connections takes a dozen or so pages
(Kozlowski, 2009).
Computer software in such a situation were widely developed to support design work. There are few computers programs allowing to obtain moment resistance
and stiffness of steel joints: (CoP, CRSJAE, module connections in AutodeskROBOT). Application of these programs are reasonable in the last stage of design,
where structure design is nearly finished. In the pre-design phase, when designer is
forced to change input data many times, there is a need to use design tools, like tables, graphs or simplified formulas, to quick asses joint properties for global analysis
of the frame.
The aim of the paper is to propose such simplified formula for steel joint.
2. ANALYSIS OF EFFECTIVE LENGTH AND FAILURE MODES OF T-STUBS
Components of steel joint can be divided as component of:
- shell behavior.
- plate behavior,

The first group contains: column web in shear, column web in compression
and column web in tension. In the second, there are: column flange in bending, end
plate in bending, angle in tension. These components are modeled by T-stub. Resistance of plate components is calculated for three failure modes of T-stub (table
6.2 of EN 1993-1-8). Effective lengths for each component, for circular and noncircular modes are presented in Tables 6.4, 6.5 and 6.6 of EN 1993-1-8. Code requires to analyze all effective length and choose the smallest, what is the main reason of huge time consuming during calculation.
In the frame of diploma work (Kowal-Gaska, 2011) wide analysis of all possible effective lengths and failure modes were conducted, to eliminate this ones which
are never or seldom possible. Conclusions from this work is as follows:
for unstiffened column flange, circular failure modes are possible only when distance e (Figure 1) is 2,8 times bigger than bolt diameter, what is practically impossible, so as reliable non-circular effective length: leff,nc = 4m + 1,25e should be
taken,
for bolt row in end plate above beam flange, always the smallest is non-circular
length: leff,nc = 0,5 bp,
for bolt row in end plate below beam flange decisive is effective length: leff,nc = .
After analysis of many case, it was concluded that = 5,8 can be safely taken,
for most of design cases, decisive are non-circular failure modes and final resistance of components should be calculated using:

for column flange: mode of failure 2,

for end plate: mode 1 for row above beam flange and mode 2 for rows below beam flange.
3. ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE AND STIFFNESS OF BASIC JOINT COMPONENTS
3.1
Assumptions
Simplified formulas for assessing bending resistance and rotational stiffness
requires some assumptions about geometry of analysed joints:
As most often case in design, it was assumed cross section of beams made of
IPE and cross section of columns made of HEB,
The beam depth was limited to the range between 240 and 450 mm,
The column depth was limited to the range between 140 and 300 mm,
There were assumed following relations between geometrical dimensions of
beam, column and end plate cross sections (Table 1):
Table 1. Assumed geometrical properties of analyzed joints
bc = hc = 11 rc = 13,5 tfc
tp = tfc
d = 1,25 tfc
z = hb=2bfb
aw = 0,7 twb = 0,6 twc

Column
twc = 0,6 tfc
End plate
bp = bfb = 10 tfc
ap = 0,7 tfb
Beam
bfb = 10 tfc
twb = 0,9 twc

rc = 1,2 tfc
emin = 1,5 d0 = 1,65d = 2 tfc
n = emin = 2 tfc
tfb = 0,8 tfc

where:
hc, bc, tfc, twc, rc depth, width, thickness of flange, thickness of web and the root
radius of column cross section,
hb, bfb, tfb, twb - depth, width, thickness of flange, thickness of web and the root radius of beam cross section,

d, d0 nominal bolt diameter, the hole diameter for a bolt,

aw, ap thickness of the weld between beam web and end plate, thickness of the
weld between beam flange and end plate, (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Geometrical configuration of beam-to-column joint

3.2

Resistance of basic components

Considering the case of single sided (external) joint, the transformation parameter is equal to =1,0. The values of partial safety factors according to Polish
National Annex (EN 1993-1-8) were established as MO=1,0 and M2=1,25.
Column web panel in shear (eq. (6.7) in EN 1993-1-8):
0,9f y A vc
Vwp,Rd =
3 M0
It can be assumed that
A vc = (hc + 4t fc ) t wc = (13,5t fc + 4t fc ) 0,6t fc = 10,5t 2fc
Vwp,Rd =

0,9 f y 10,5t 2fc

3

= 5,5t fc 2 f y

(1)

Column web in transverse compression (eq. (6.9) in EN 1993-1-8)

k wc b eff ,c , wc t wc f y
Fc , wc ,Rd =
M0

b eff ,c , wc = t fb + 2 2 a p + 5(t fc + rc ) + 2t p = t fb + 2 2 0,7t fb + 5(t fc + 1,2t tc ) + 2t fc =

= 3t fb + 13t fc = 3 0,8t fc + 13t fc = 15,4t fc

Average value of is equal to 0,7 and kwc =1,0. Then:

0,7 1,0 15,4t fc t wc f y
Fc , wc ,Rd =
= 0,7 15,4t fc 0,6t fc f y = 6,5t fc 2 f y
1,0

(2)

Column flange in transverse bending (Figure 1)

b 2e c t wc 2 0,8rc 13,5t fc 2e c 0,6t fc 2 0,8 1,2t fc
m= c
= 5,5t fc e c
=
2
2
For the most popular bolts M20: d=20 and d0=22
e min = 1,5 d 0 = 1,65d = 1,65 1,25t fc = 2,1t fc
e c = e min + 1,75t fc = 2,1t fc + 1,75t fc = 3,85t fc (see Figure 1). Then

m = 5,5t fc e c = 5,5t fc 3,85t fc = 1,65t fc

l eff = 4m + 1,25e c = 4 1,65t fc + 1,25 3,85t fc = 11,4t fc
Considering mode 2 of failure (Table 6.2 in EN 1993-1-8):
2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd
FT 2,Rd =
m+n
fy
Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25 l eff t 2fc
= 0,25 11,4t fc t 2fc f y = 2,85t 3fc f y
M0
In case of bolts M16, M20 and M24:

d 2
A s = 0,78 A = 0,78
= 0,61d2
4
k 2 fub A s
0,9 fub 0,61d2
0,9 fub 0,61(1,25t fc ) 2
=2
=2
= 1,37 t 2fc fub
Ft,Rd = 2
M2
1,25
1,25
n = e min = 2t fc < 1,25m = 1,25 1,65t fc = 2,1t fc

FT 2,Rd =

2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd
m+n

2 2,85t 3fc f y + 2t fc 1,37 t 2fc fub

1,65 t fc + 2t fc

= 1,56t 2fc f y + 0,75t 2fc fub

In case of steel grade S235 and bolt class 10.9: fub=4,26fy and then
Ft ,fc,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc fub = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc 4,26 f y = 4,8t 2fc f y
In case of steel grade S355 and bolt class 10.9: fub=2,82fy and then
Ft , fc,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc fub = 1,56 t 2fc f y + 0,75 t 2fc 2,82f y = 3,7 t 2fc f y

(3)

End-plate in bending, (Figure 1)

- Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam:
b p = b fb = 10t fc ; leff = 0,5b p = 5t fc
m = m x = 1,5d = 1,5 1,25t fc = 1,9t fc
Considering mode 1 of failure (Table 6.1 in EN 1993-1-8):
fy
Mpl,1,Rd = 0,25 l eff t p2
= 0,25 5t fc t 2fc f y = 1,25t 3fc f y
M0

Ft, ep,Rd = Ft,1,Rd =

4Mpl,1,Rd
m

4 1,25t 3fc f y
1,9t fc

= 2,6t 2fc f y

(4)

- First bolt-row below tension flange of beam:

b p 2e t wb 2 0,8 a w 2
m=
2
e = e min = 2,1t fc
10 t fc 2 2,1t fc 0,9t wc 2 0,8 0,6t wc 2
=
2
= 2,9 t fc 1,13t wc = 2,9t fc 1,13 0,6t fc = 2,22t fc
r = 5,8 ; l eff = m = 5,8 2,22t fc = 12,9t fc
fy
Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25 leff t p2
= 0,25 12,9t fc t 2fc f y = 3,22t 3fc f y
M0
n = e min = 2,1t fc
m=

FT 2,Rd =

2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd
m+n

2 3,22t 3fc f y + 2,1t fc 1,37 t 2fc fub

=
=
2,22t fc + 2,1t fc

= 1,49t 2fc f y + 0,67t 2fc fub

In case of steel grade S235 and bolt class 10.9: fub=4,26fy and then
Ft ,ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 4,26 f y = 4,3 t 2fc f y
In case of steel grade S355 and bolt class 10.9: fub=2,82fy and then
Ft ,ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,49 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 2,82f y = 3,4t 2fc f y

(5)

- Other inner bolt-rows:

l eff = 4m + 1,25e = 4 2,22t fc + 1,25 2,1t fc = 11,5t fc
fy
Mpl,2,Rd = 0,25 l eff t p2
= 0,25 11,5t fc t 2fc f y = 2,88t 3fc f y
M0
FT 2,Rd =

2Mpl,2,Rd + n Ft,Rd
m+n

2 2,88t 3fc f y + 2,1t fc 1,37 t 2fc fub

=
2,22t fc + 2,1t fc

= 1,33t 2fc f y + 0,67t 2fc fub

In case of steel grade S235 and bolt class 10.9: fub=4,26fy and then
Ft , ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 4,26 f y = 4,2t 2fc f y

In case of steel grade S355 and bolt class 10.9: fub=2,82fy and then
Ft , ep,Rd = FT 2,Rd = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc fub = 1,33 t 2fc f y + 0,67 t 2fc 2,82f y = 3,2t 2fc f y

(6)

Column web in transverse tension (eq. (6.15) in EN 1993-1-8)

l eff t wc f y
Ft, wc ,Rd =
= 0,7 11,4t fc 0,6t fc f y = 4,8t 2fc f y
M0

(7)

Beam flange and web in compression (eq. (6.21) in EN 1993-1-8)

Mc ,Rd b fb t fb f y (h t fb )
Fc , fb,Rd =

= b fb t fb f y = 10t fc 0,8t fc f y = 8,0t 2fc f y

h t fb
(h t fb ) M0

(8)

Beam web in tension (eq. (6.22) in EN 1993-1-8)

b eff , t, wb t wb f y
Ft, wb,Rd =
= b eff , t, wb 0,9t wc f y = b eff , t, wb 0,9 0,6t fc f y =
M0
= b eff , t, wb 0,54t fc f y

- In case of first bolt-row below tension flange of beam beff,t,wb=12,9tfc

Ft, wb,Rd = 12,9t fc 0,54t fc f y = 7,0t fc f y
- In case of next bolt-rows beff,t,wb=11,9tfc
Ft, wb,Rd = 11,5t fc 0,54t fc f y = 6,2t fc f y

(9)

Above calculations were related to single sided joints. In double sided joints,
the transformation parameter was assumed as 0. Reduction factor is equal to
=1,0. So, for some components, values of resistance are changing:

Vwp,Rd = , Fc , wc ,Rd = 9,2 t 2fc f y

3.3

and

Ft, wc ,Rd = 6,8 t 2fc f y .

Stiffness analysis of basic components

The stiffness coefficients (related to single sided joint) can be calculated as

below:
Column web panel in shear (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,38 A vc
k1 =
z
A vc = 10,5t 2fc ; z = hb = 2b fb = 2 10t fc = 20t fc

k1 =

0,38 10t 2fc

= 0,19 t fc
1 20t fc
(In case of double sided joint, when 0 component is inactive).
Column web in transverse compression (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,7 b eff , c , wc t wc
k2 =
dc
dc = h c 2(t fc + r ) = 13,5t fc 2(t fc + 1,2t fc ) = 9,1t fc
0,7 15,4t fc 0,6t fc
k2 =
= 0,71t fc
9,1t fc
Column web in transverse tension (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
0,7 b eff , t, wc t wc 0,7 11,4 t fc 0,6t fc
k3 =
=
= 0,53t fc
dc
9,1t fc
Column flange in transverse bending (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):
k4 =

0,9 l eff t p3
m3

0,9 11,4t fc t 3fc

=
= 2,28t fc
(1,65t fc ) 3

End-plate in bending (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):

k5 =

0,9 leff t p 3
m3

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

Table 2. Simplified formulas to assess resistance and stiffness coefficients in basic

components
Component
Column web
panel in
shear
Column web
in transverse
compression
Beam flange
and web in
compression
Column web
in transverse
tension
Column
flange in
transverse
bending

End-plate in
bending

Bolt-row

Effective
width/
length

Resistance
Formula
Symbol

Single-sided

Stiffness coefficients

Double sided

Symbol

Formula

k1

0,19 t

9,2 t fy

k2

0,71 t

k3

0,53 t

k4

2,28 t

Vwp,Rd

5,5 t fy

15,4 t

Fc,wc,Rd

6,5 t fy

Fc,fb,Rd

11,4 t

Ft,wc,Rd

11,4 t

Ft,fc,Rd

8,0 t fy
2

4,8 t fy

6,8 t fy
2

outside
tension
flange
below
tension
flange

5t

12,9 t

4,8 t fy
2
(3,7 t fy)
2,6 t fy

Ft,ep,Rd

4,3 t fy
2
(3,4 t fy)

0,66 t
k5

1,06 t

other
Beam web in
tension

below
tension
flange
other

4,2 t fy
2
(3,2 t fy)

11,5 t
12,9 t

Ft,wb,Rd

11,5 t

7,0 t fy

0,95 t
-

6,2 t fy

Bolts in tenk10
0,51 t
sion
Remarks:
t = min (tfc; tp),
Resistance of basic components is related to steel grade S235 (In parenthesis values for S355)

0,9 5t fc t 3fc
Bolt-row outside tension flange of beam: k 5 =
= 0,66t fc
(1,9t fc ) 3

(14)

0,9 12,9t fc t 3fc

First bolt-row below tension flange of beam: k 5 =
= 1,06t fc
(2,22t fc ) 3

(15)

0,9 11,5t fc t 3fc

Other inner bolt-rows: k 5 =
= 0,95t fc
(2,22t fc ) 3

(16)

Bolts in tension (Table 6.11 in EN 1993-1-8):

1,6 A s
k 10 =
Lb

A s = 0,78 A = 0,78

d 2
= 0,61d2 = 0,61(1,25t fc ) 2 = 0,95t 2fc
4

L b 2t fc + t fc = 3t fc

k 10 =

1,6 0,95t 2fc

3t fc

= 0,51t fc

(17)

Table 2 gives the review of simplified formulas, which can be used to assess
resistance and stiffness coefficients of steel joints basic components.
4. MOMENT RESISTANCE AND ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS OF STEEL JOINTS
Mechanical models representing different types of joints with distinguished
components are shown in figures:
- single sided joints (Figure 2),
- double sided joints (Figure 3),
- beam splices with bolted end-plates (Figure 4).
Each from above-mentioned figures show first view of joint (figures marked
a) and next show mechanical model with calculated values of each component
(figures marked b). Such system in next step is replaced by simpler model, with
only one component in every line, representing the smallest value of the tension
(compression) resistance for an individual row (figures marked c).

Figure 2. Single sided joint with extended end plate; a) general view, b) mechanical
model, c) effective design resistance of each bolt-rows, d) final model with reduced
values according to resistance of compression (shear) zone

Figure 3. Double sided joint with extended end plate; a) general view, b) mechanical
model, c) effective design resistance of each bolt-rows, d) final model with reduced
values according to resistance of compression (shear) zone

Figure 4. Beam splice with extended end plate; a) general view, b) mechanical
model, c) effective design resistance of each bolt-rows, d) final model with reduced
values according to resistance of compression (shear) zone
Final models (figures marked as d) show effective design tension resistances, reduced according to the resistance of compression zone (the sum of tension resistances of bolt-row cannot exceed the resistance of compression zone).
The final models shown in Figure 2d, 3d and 4d can be easily used to assess
design moment resistance, taking into account only the distances from bolt-rows to
the centre of compression, thickness of column flange (or end plate) and yield
strength.
Initial stiffness single sided joint with flush end plate can be calculated, assuming z=0,9hb, as follows:

E (0,9hb )2
S j, ini =
1

k
The only one bolt-row was taken into account (first below tension flange):
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11,90
+
+
+
+
+
=
=
k 0,19t fc 0,71t fc 0,53t fc 2,28t fc 1,06t fc 0,51t fc
t fc
210 10 3 (0,9hb ) 2 1
h 2t
= b fc
(19)
11,9
70
10 6
t fc
In above formula input values (the depth of the beam hb and thickness of column flange tfc) should be put on in [mm], then the result is calculated in [kNm/rad].
Initial stiffness of double sided joint with flush end plate:
1
1
1
1
1
1
6,64
+
+
+
+
=
=
k 0,71t fc 0,53t fc 2,28t fc 1,06t fc 0,51t fc
t fc
S j, ini =

210 10 3 (0,9hb ) 2 t fc 1
hb 2 t fc
S j, ini =
=
(20)
6,64
39
10 6
For extended end-plate connections, simplified method was applied. Instead
of calculation concerning two bolt-rows (one in the extended part of the end-plate
and one between the flanges of the beam) there was used modified value for a single bolt-row in the extended part of the end-plate, taken as twice to the corresponding value. The influence of the third bolt-row was neglected. In case of single sided
joint:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
9,29
+
+
+
+
+
=
=
k 0,19t fc 0,71t fc 2 0,53t fc 2 2,28t fc 2 1,06 2 0,51t fc
t fc
210 10 3 (1,05hb )2 t fc 1
hb 2 t fc
S j, ini =
=
9,29
40
10 6
And in case of double sided joint with external end plate:
1
1
1
1
1
1
4,24
+
+
+
+
=
=
k 0,71t fc 2 0,53t fc 2 2,28t fc 2 1.06 2 0,57t fc
t fc
210 10 3 (1,05hb ) 2 t fc 1
h 2t
= b fc
4,24
18
10 6
Full list of developed formulas is presented w Table 4.

S j, ini =

(21)

(22)

5. ACCURACY OF DEVELOPED FORMULAS

Accuracy of developed formulas (Table 4) was checked by confronting obtained
values of structural properties of steel joints with accurate ones, from component
method. There were used results of calculations included in (Brdka et al, 2009,
Kozowski et al, 2009, Kozowski et al 2010, Giejowski & Ziko, 2010, Sprint). Additionally calculation of a few joints were performed by Cop software (Cop). Results of
comparison applying to the bending resistance is shown in Figure 5, results of rotational
stiffness comparison is shown in Figure 6.

Table 4. List of simplified formulas to assess design moment resistance and initial
rotational stiffness of steel joints
Type of joint
Single sided with flush
end plate

Double sided with

flush end plate
Single sided with extended end plate
Double sided with extended end plate

Beam splice with

bolted flush end-plates
Beam splice with
bolted extended endplates

Steel
grade

Design moment resistance Mj,Rd

S235

(4,3h 2 + 1,2h3 )t 2 f y

S355

(3,4 h 2 + 2,1h 3 )t 2 f y

S235

(4,3 h 2 + 3,7 h 3 )t 2 f y

S355

(3,4h 2 + 3,2h 3 )t 2 f y

S235

(2,6 h1 + 2,9 h 2 )t 2 f y

S355
S235

(2,6h1 + 4,3 h 2 + 1,1h 3 )t 2 f y

S355

(2,6h1 + 3,4 h 2 + 2,0h 3 )t 2 f y

S235

(4,3 h 2 + 3,7 h3 )t 2 f y

S355

(3,4 h 2 + 3,2 h 3 )t 2 f y

S235

(2,6h1 + 4,3 h 2 + 1,1h 3 )t 2 f y

S355

(2,6h1 + 3,4 h 2 + 2,0h 3 )t 2 f y

Initial rotational stiffness Sj,ini

hb 2 t
70
hb 2 t
39
hb 2 t fc
40
hb 2 t
18
hb 2 t
23
hb 2 t
11

Remarks:
h1, h2, h3 the distances from bolt-rows (accordingly from one outside tension flange, below tension flange and other) to the centre of compression, (Figure 1),
t=min(tfc, tp)
Design moment resistance is calculated in the same units, as input values, while rotational stiffness is calculated in [kNm/rad], on condition that input values are in [mm].

Figure 5. Results of comparison applying to Figure 6. Results of comparison applying to

the bending resistance
the rotational stiffness

6. CONCLUSIONS
With reference to the prediction of the bending resistance by component method,
the use of simplified formulas shows good agreement. The range of error varies between -8% do +7% in case of single sided joints with extended end plate, -27% do +9%
in case of double sided joints with flush end plate and -20% do +11% in case of single
sided joints with flush end plate.
Rotational stiffness results obtained from simplified method differ from exact results from 20% to +40%.
Proposed formulas are addressed only to predesign stage and should help designers to establish structural properties of steel joints in easy way, to use them in global
analysis of structure. Sensivity analysis of frames show limited influence of joint rotational stiffness on global behaviour of frames. Even 50% change in rotational stiffness
does not significantly change values of internal forces in steel frames (Steenhuis et al,
1996 and Kozowski 1998). So proposed formulas enables practitioners to assess
structural properties of joint without complicated calculation.
It should be noted that full verification of the joint have to be carried out after the
structure has been designed.
REFERENCES
Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional, http://www.autodesk.pl
Brdka J., Kozowski A., Ligocki I., aguna J., lczka L., (2009) Design and calculations of steel joints and connections (in Polish), vol. 2, Polskie Wydawnictwo
Techniczne, Rzeszw.
CoP, The Connection Program, http://www.connectionprogram.com
CRSJAE (1998) Computer program for calculation of resistance and stiffness of
joints according to Eurocodes, Rzeszow University of Technology.
EN 1993-1-1. European Committee for Standardization CEN. Eurocode 3: Design
of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. Brussels.
EN 1993-1-8. European Committee for Standardization CEN. Eurocode 3: Design
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