Name

: Wong Ming Ken

ID No

: M16080841

Zone

:5

Faculty

: Medicine

Batch Name : MBBS Batch 22

Uses of Antibody
Diagnosis
Correct diagnosis is a prerequisite to appropriate treatment of disease. Antibodies
make useful reagents for identifying infectious or other diseasecausing agents. Monoclonal
antibodies are particularly specific and often provide the best diagnostic reagents. Antibodies
can be used in a variety of assay formats, designed to answer different questions such as
presence or absence of a particular substance, amount present and localisation within tissues.
The rapid identification of new or rare infectious agents is an important public health measure,
to monitor and reduce the chances of epidemics. Disease often results from imbalances or
defects in normal physiological mechanisms, especially the immune system. Many diagnostic
tests therefore analyse the components of normal physiological processes. Laboratory tests are
useful after the initial diagnosis, to monitor the effects of therapy. Diagnostic tests are
generally done in a specialised diagnostic laboratory, but it is often advantageous to perform
tests at point of care or at home. After that, there is also use of radiolabelled antibodies that
can be used in the diagnosis of diseases as well. These radiolabelled antibodies are used for
diagnosis or detection of whole cells, receptors and enzymes. There is also enzyme labelled
immune assays.

Prophylaxis
Pregnant mothers produce IgG red cell antibodies, which can cross the placenta and
destroy the babys red cells, causing haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).HDN has
devastating effects to the fetus and newborn, such as severe anaemia or neurological damage;
thus, requires effective care and specialist skills. The antibodies that cause HDN are directed
against antigens on the baby's red cells that are inherited from the father and are absent in the
mother. The mother may develop these antibodies if fetal red blood cells cross the placenta
during pregnancy or delivery. They may also result from a previous red cell transfusion.
Antibody to the RhD antigen is the most frequent cause of HDN. IgG antibodies against other
Rh antigens and blood group antigens occur in about 0.5% of pregnancies. In the most severe
cases of HDN, the fetus may die in uterus or be born with severe anaemia that requires
replacement of red cells by exchange transfusion. So to prevent this kind of thing happen we
create the anti-D immunoglobulin.
The anti-D immunoglobulin neutralises any RhD positive antigens that may have entered the
mothers blood during pregnancy. If the antigens have been neutralised, the mothers blood
won't produce antibodies. You'll be offered anti-D immunoglobulin if it's thought there's a
risk that RhD antigens from your baby have entered your blood ,for example, if you
experience any bleeding,if you have an invasive procedure or if you experience any
abdominal injury.Anti-D immunoglobulin is also administered routinely during the third
trimester of your pregnancy if your blood type is RhD negative. This is because it's likely that

small amounts of blood from your baby will pass into your blood during this time. After
giving birth, a sample of your baby's blood will be taken from the umbilical cord. If you're
RhD negative and your baby is RhD positive, and you haven't already been sensitised, you'll
be offered an injection of anti-D immunoglobulin within 72 hours of giving birth.The
injection will destroy any RhD positive blood cells that may have crossed over into your
bloodstream during the delivery. This means your blood won't have a chance to produce
antibodies and will significantly decrease the risk of your next baby having rhesus disease.

Treatment
Monoclonal antibody drugs are cancer treatments that enlist natural immune system
functions to fight cancer. These drugs may be used in combination with other cancer
treatments. Monoclonal antibodies are laboratory-produced molecules engineered to serve
as substitute antibodies that can restore, enhance or mimic the immune system's attack on
cancer cells. They are designed to bind to antigens that are generally more numerous on the
surface of cancer cells than healthy cells.

Monoclonal antibodies are designed to function in different ways. A particular drug

may actually function by more than one means. The role of the drug in helping the immune
system may include flagging cancer cells. Some immune system cells depend on antibodies
to locate the target of an attack. Cancer cells that are coated in monoclonal antibodies may be
more easily detected and targeted for destruction. Besides it can triggering cell membrane
destruction to destroy the membrane of a cancer cell, blocking cell growth by block the
connection between cancer cell and protein that promote cell growth. After that, blocking
immune system inhibitors. Certain proteins that bind to immune system cells are regulators
that prevent overactivity of the system. Monoclonal antibodies that bind to these immune
system cells give the cancer-fighting cells an opportunity to work with less inhibition.
Furthermore, directly attacking cancer cells. Certain monoclonal antibodies may attack the
cell more directly, even though they were designed for another purpose. When some of these
antibodies attach to a cell, a series of events inside the cell may cause it to self-destruct.
After that, monoclonal also will delivering radiation treatment. Because of a
monoclonal antibody's ability to connect with a cancer cell, the antibody can be engineered as
a delivery vehicle for other treatments. When a monoclonal antibody is attached to a small
radioactive particle, it transports the radiation treatment directly to cancer cells and may
minimize the effect of radiation on healthy cells. This variation of standard radiation therapy
for cancer is called radioimmunotherapy. Besides, binding cancer and immune cells. Some
drugs combine two monoclonal antibodies, one that attaches to a cancer cell and one that
attaches to a specific immune system cell. This connection may promote immune system
attacks on the cancer cells.