CONTENTS

4.

Wind
Wind zones of india.
passive strategies.
Location of windows.
Orientation.
Design strategies according to
directions
Case study-

Active strategies.
What is wind energy?
Advantages/Disadvantages
Wind Turbines
Ways to generate electricity
A typical wind turbine
How it works?
Sizes and Applications.
Buildings having wind turbines.

1.
2.
3.

WIND ENERGY

SUBMITTED BY
MANISHA DHIMAN
PRATEEK KAPILA
B.ARCH 4TH YEAR.

GROUP - 01

Climatic & wind zones of India

Differentiating Passive vs. Active Design

Based upon climate considerations

Attempts to control comfort

Orientation of the building

Building envelope (plan, section) to control air flow

Uses materials to control heat

Maximizes use of free solar energy

Maximizes use of free ventilation for cooling

Uses shade (natural or architectural) to control heat gain

Design Strategies in Hot & Dry Climate

Large openings

Windows area.

Internal courtyard for cross ventilation & thermal buffer

Radiation barriers in the form of canopies, chhajjas, .verandahs etc.

Design Strategies in Warm &Humid Climate

Orientation should preferably be in North-South

direction.

Provide maximum cross ventilation in the building.

Active design uses equipment to modify the state of the building,

create energy and comfort; Ie. Fans, pumps, etc.
Passive design results when a building is created and simply
works on its own.

Orientation
Building orientation is a significant design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation and wind.
In predominantly cold regions, buildings should be oriented to maximize solar gain; the reverse is advisable for hot regions.
In regions where seasonal changes are very pronounced, both the situations may arise periodically. For a cold climate, an orientation slightly east of
south is favoured (especially 15 east of south), as this exposes the unit to more morning than afternoon sun and enables the house to begin to heat
during the day.

Wind tower
In a wind tower, the hot ambient air enters the tower through the openings in the tower, gets cooled, and thus becomes heavier and sinks down.
The inlet and outlet of rooms induce cool air movement.
In the presence of wind, air is cooled more effectively and flows faster down the tower and into the living area.
After a whole day of air exchanges, the tower becomes warm in the evenings.
During the night, cooler ambient air comes in contact with the bottom of the tower through the rooms.
The tower walls absorb heat during the daytime and release it at night,warming the cool night air in the tower. Warm air moves up, creating an
upward draft, and draws cool night air through the doors and windows into the building.
The Jodhpur hostel designed by Dr Vinod Gupta uses wind tower for summer cooling.
A wind tower works well for individual units not for multi-storeyed apartments. In dense urban areas, the wind tower has to be long enough to be
able to catch enough air. Also protection from driving rain is difficult.

Solar Transmission through Varying Types of Glass

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
STRATEGIES
CASE STUDY
INDIRA PARAYAVARAN BHAWAN OFFICE BUILDING FOR MINISTRY OF
ENVIRONMENT&FORESTS USING WIND ENERGY ,
ALIGANJ JORBAGH ,NEW DELHI .

 Building form wrapped

around
a pedestrian-friendly shaded green open
Architectural
Design
Strategies
courtyard

A continuous green axis from front of site across the atrium.

Eco park within the courtyard shall contain a self sustaining low.

Large openings in building form on South and North sides.

NORTH

- Maximum Ground Coverage Used (30%) to keep

building height comparable to the surroundings
-Respecting the Eco-logic of the site. Building Punctures
to Aid Cross Ventilation

Natural ventilation due to stack effect

Energy Conservation Measures

Active Architecture Design

A form of natural energy.

o
o
o
o

Winds are caused by:

the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun
the irregularities of the earth's surface
rotation of the earth.
Process by which wind is used generate mechanical power or electricity
Specific tasks: such as grinding grain or pumping water or a generator can convert this
mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.
turn in the moving air and power an electric generator that supplies an electric current

In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind in a high pressure

system flows in clockwise direction out of the center,
while in low pressure system wind flows in a
counterclockwise direction towards the center.
A high pressure system has higher pressure at its center
than the areas around it. Wind blows away from high
pressure. Winds of a high pressure system swirl in the
opposite direction as a low pressure system clockwise north of the equator and
counterclockwisesouth of the equator. This is called
anticyclonic flow.

This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines

electricity

http://www.weatherquestions.com/wind.jpg

Wind Energy

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

* free, renewable resource

* higher initial investment

* clean, non-polluting, electricity.

* cost of wind power has decreased
dramatically in the past 10 years

* birds and bats having been killed

(avian/bat mortality) by flying into the
rotors.

* relatively little impact on the

environment

* concern over the noise produced by the

rotor blades

* wind-generated electricity can be

stored, if batteries are used
* can be located on land that is also used
for grazing or even farming

A TYPICAL WIND TURBINE

The Tower
o supports the rotor and drive train
mostly cylindrical, made of steel, painted light
grey, and from 25 -75 m in height.
o Rotor Blades
o converts the energy in the wind to rotational
shaft energy
o 1-3 rotor blades
o Blade size: between 30-80 m in diameter
o The longer the blades, the greater the energy
output
o Rotation: 10-30 revolutions/minute at
constant speed

The Yaw Mechanism

turns the turbine to face the wind.

Wind Speed & Direction Monitor

o Sensors are used to monitor wind direction
and the tower head is turned to line up with
the wind

Drive train: consists of a gearbox and a

generator

The Gear Box

Most wind turbines have gearboxes, although
there are increasing numbers with direct drives.

Other equipments: includes controls,

electrical cables, ground support equipment,
and interconnection equipment.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Operate at a speed of 3-5 m/s and reach maximum power at about 25 m/s
kinetic energy in the wind
electrical energy

HOW IT WORKS?

The wind turns the blades.

The blades turns a shaft inside the nacelle (the box at the top of the turbine).
The shaft goes into a gearbox which increases the rotation speed.
The generator converts the rotational energy into electrical energy.
The transformer converts the electricity from around 700 Volts (V) to the right voltage for
distribution, typically 33,000V.
The National Grid transmits the power around the country.

https://need-media.smugmug.com/Graphics/Graphics/i-VvpvKJt/1/L/Transporting%20Wind%20Electricity-L.jpg

Power generation of wind turbines:

capacity of the turbine (in kW or MW)

wind speed
height of the turbine
diameter of the rotors

Wind farm near Palm

Springs, CA

Wind turbines in desert

landscape in
Western U.S.A

53 meter meteorological tower

(foreground) and wind farm.

Large Turbines (600-1800 kW)

Installed in Windfarms, 10 - 100 MW
Provide Low Cost Power to the Grid
Require 6 m/s (13 mph) Average Wind Speeds
Small Turbines (0.3-50 kW)
Installed Off-Grid or at On-Grid Facilities
Designed for Reliability / Low Maintenance
Require 4 m/s (9 mph) Average

Intermediate (10-250 kW)

Village Power
Hybrid Systems
Distributed Power

Small (10 kW)

Homes

Farms

Remote Applications
(e.g. water pumping, telecom
sites, icemaking)

Sizes and applications

Large (250 kW - 2+MW)

Central Station Wind Farms

Distributed Power

The Eiffel tower installs two wind turbines

Possible dual rotor technology for wind turbines

http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/photos/index.cfm

Positioning of the turbine

Locating between diffuser shaped buildings
In this case buildings are positioned in such a way that they act as a diffuser for the
wind turbine. Many tests were carried out on horizontal axes wind turbines in ring
shaped diffusers. This combination results in a high aerodynamic efficiency
compared to other possibilities. The diffuser needs to be long in order to generate
an appreciable gain in aerodynamic efficiency. The common shape of the diffuser
augmented wind turbine is not very suitable for the built environment. Because of
that a combination of diffuser and duct is often applied.

The Bahrain World Trade Center (BWTC) is a 240m (787ft) high twin
commercial office
tower complex located in Manama, Bahrain.

The concept design was inspired by the traditional Arabian Wind Towers.

What truly sets the BWTC apart, however, is its status as the first commercial
building to fully integrate three large-scale wind turbines into its design.

Collectively, the turbines are capable of generating a significant percentage of

the buildings total electricity demand each year.

11 to 15% of the office towers electricity needs equivalent to lighting 200 to

250 homes for a year.

Design errors
Bahrain WTC, Blocken calculated that the towers would actually produce 14
percent more wind energy if they were positioned the other way round. Or better
still, suspending the wind turbines further back would have given a 31% higher
energy output per year, Blocken discovered. But that is no fair comparison, says
the reseacher. Because of constructive and financial reasons this option isnt
realistic.

Locating in building facades

Several designers have created building integrated wind turbines that fuses magnificent
sculpture-like facades to augment wind flows onto turbines and generate more energy
than is traditionally possible. Simultaneously, these artistic wind generating facades
overcome some of the traditional problems with this type of dynamic facade, like noise
and vibration.
Many of these building integrated wind energy systems use the concept of Wind
Assisted Rotor Platform (WARP). These consist of small wind turbines mounted to the
exterior of an aerodynamically shaped building. The saddle ridge shaped modules swirl
around the building to channel and amplify the flows of wind

The company has made a concept that wind will flow through the structure of the building and run wind turbines. And, also, solar cells will be
mounted on the facade of the building. The building is still being built and we are waiting for the first feedback on the energy independence of
the skyscraper

Guangdong Tobacco Tower in China

The Castle House,

Locating on the building rooftop

For locating on the roof it has to be kept in mind that the flow separates at the leading roof edge and has an angle of about 45 degrees to the
horizontal roof. For a Darrieus turbine this effect will be less important. For common tip speeds the blades will experience an almost
horizontal flow. On a HAWT the tilt will have a larger influence. The airfoils will stall, the aerodynamic efficiency will decrease and the rotor
load will be non-uniform. So the Darrieus turbine seems preferable for locating on the roof of buildings.

Lincoln Financial Field, Philadelphia

Horizontal wind turbines on the highway

Wind turbine in bridge, Bagnera Scilla in Italy

Looking at

Future Wind Energy Generation Concepts

Dual Rotor Wind Turbines

Iowa State Aerospace Engineers: Anupam Sharma
and Hui Hu are exploring the possibility of adding a
smaller, secondary rotor to wind turbines.
we found that with two rotors on the same tower,
you get more energy. Lab tests and computer
simulations found the extra blades and increase the
energy harvest by up to 18 percent.

Makani Energy Kite

The Energy Kite is a new type of wind turbine, designed to
generate more energy using 90% less materials.
Makanis energy kite uses the same aerodynamic principles
as a conventional wind turbine, but replaces tons of steel
with lightweight electronics, advanced materials, and smart
software.

Tree Shaped Wind Turbines

A French company called New Wind is installing
tree-shaped wind turbines.
saw the leaves tremble when there was not a
breath of air.
The efficiency of the trees is low compared to
more consistent currents higher up, but
believes the 23,500 trees are more viable and
less intrusive than monstrous conventional
wind turbines.
The 26 foot high trees, which use tiny blades
inside the leaves,

REFERENCES

http://www.bahrainwtc.com/

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/tree-shaped-wind-turbines-paris/

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/dual-rotor-wind-turbines/

http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/makani-energy-kite/

http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/

http://www.ewea.org/wind-energy-basics/how-a-wind-turbine-works/

http://www.ewea.org/

http://ec.europa.eu/research/energy/eu/index_en.cfm?pg=research-wind

http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/wind-ventilation

https://www.google.ae/search?biw=1366&bih=643&tbm=isch&q=how+wind+energy+works&revid=1518998558&sa=X&ved=0ahU
KEwiTgbLeoPXKAhXC6xQKHYirBjoQ1QIIHQ#imgrc=_

https://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-wind_power.pdf

IMAGE SOURCES

http://cdn.mysitemyway.com/etc-mysitemyway/icons/legacy-previews/icons/green-grunge-clipart-icons-business/081940-greengrunge-clipart-icon-business-battery1.png

http://blog.seymourpowell.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Screen-shot-2013-01-31-at-17.11.05.png

http://images.akamai.steamusercontent.com/ugc/436074927452457240/21268123B2D76C89181A1710F59112BBD038AD18/

http://save-birds.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/sdb-logo-smaller.png

http://www.neptunus-studios.nl/wp-content/uploads/Noice-icon.jpg

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/money-stack-20912061.jpg

https://www.irena.org/documentdownloads/publications/re_technologies_cost_analysis-wind_power.pdf

http://windeis.anl.gov/guide/basics/

http://www.ewea.org/wind-energy-basics/how-a-wind-turbine-works/

http://www.ewea.org/