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membentuk atau memberi tambahan arti pada kalimat. Umumnya auxiliary verbs
digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja utama (main verbs) dan membantunya
membentuk struktur gramatikal sebuah kalimat.
Ada tiga auxiliary verbs: to be, to do, dan to have. Be, do, dan have tidak
mempunyai makna jika berdiri sendiri sebagai auxiliary verbs, meskipun begitu
dalam bahasa Indonesia umumnya diartikan sebagai sedang, telah, apakah,
atau sungguh-sungguh.
To Be
Auxiliary verbs yang biasa digunakan adalah be, am, is, are, was, were, being,
been. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to be biasa digunakan bersama past participle untuk
membuat kalimat passive dan bersama present participle untuk membuat kalimat
continuous.
Contoh:
- He is watching TV.
- We are teaching you about helping verbs.
- Small fish are eaten by big fish.
- He was killed in the war.
- The agencies were completing the inventories.
- I will be seeing him soon.
- He had only been trying to help.
- The house is being painted.
To Do
Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah do, does, did. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to
do biasa digunakan bersama-sama kata kerja utama (main verbs) membentuk
kalimat pertanyaan atau kalimat negatif. Dan juga dipakai untuk memberikan
tekanan atau menghindari pengulangan kata kerja utama. Auxiliary verbs ini dikenal
juga dengan istilah dummy operator atau dummy auxiliary.
Contoh:
- Do you like bananas?
- I don't feel like going out tonight.
- Where do you live?
- Don't forget to write.
- It doesn't matter if you win or lose.
- I didn't know what to do.
- What did you do with that notebook?
- He speaks faster than she does.
- I do understand.
To Have
Auxiliary verbs yang digunakan adalah have, has, had. Sebagai auxiliary verbs, to
have digunakan bersama main verbs untuk membuat kalimat perfect.
Contoh:
- I have completed my work.
- She has acted in a film.
- They had forgotten to send the letter.
- Our guests have arrived.
- Has anyone phoned?
- I hadnt seen him for fifteen years.
- Someone should have predicted these complications.
Catatan
Be, do, dan have juga berfungsi sebagai main verbs atau principal verbs. Perhatikan
contoh berikut dibawah ini.
- She is a good singer. (Principal verb)
- She is singing. (Auxiliary verb)
Auxiliary verbs juga biasa disebut dengan istilah helping verbs.
Since Sherylee is such a klutz, she should have been eating a cake donut, which would not have
stained her shirt.
In the first sentence, smacked and dripped, single-word verbs, describe the quick actions of both
Sherylee and the raspberry jelly.
Since Sherylee has a pattern of messiness, is dripping communicates the frequency of her
clumsiness. The auxiliary verbs that comprise should have been eating and would have stained
express not only time relationships but also evaluation of Sherylee's actions.
Below are the auxiliary verbs. You can conjugate be, do, and have; the modal auxiliaries,
however, never change form.
Be
Do
Have
am
is
has
are
does
have
was
do
had
were
did
having
being
been
Modal Auxiliaries [Never Change Form]
can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, would
Understand the dual nature of be, do, and have.
Be, do, and have are both stand-alone verbs and auxiliary verbs. When these verbs are auxiliary,
you will find them teamed with other verbs to complete the verb phrase. Compare these
sentences:
Freddy is envious of Beatrices steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew.
Is = linking verb.
Freddy is studying Beatrices steaming bowl of squid eyeball stew with envy in his eyes.
Is = auxiliary verb; studying = present participle completing the verb phrase.
We did our homework for Mrs. Long.
Did = action verb.
Were not slackers! We did prepare our homework for Mrs. Long.
Did = auxiliary verb; prepare = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Unfortunately, Naomi's lab reports were missing the nutritional data on chocolate-broccoli
muffins.
Were = auxiliary verb; missing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
While Naomi was obsessing about her grade, Jason shared the data that she needed.
Was = auxiliary verb; obsessing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Future progressive looks like this:
will + be + present participle
Use the future progressive tense to indicate an action that will continue in the future.
I will be growing broccoli in the backyard this spring.
Will, be = auxiliary verbs; growing = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Soon, Alex will be eating organic chocolate-broccoli muffins!
Will, be = auxiliary verbs; eating = present participle completing the verb phrase.
Form passive voice with be.
You can make any transitive verban action verb that can take a direct objectpassive with the
auxiliary verb be.
Active voice looks like this:
subject + verb + direct object.
Here are some samples:
We licked our lips.
Frank devoured a bacon double cheeseburger.
Everyone envied his enjoyment.
Passive voice makes these changes:
direct object as subject + form of be + past participle + by + subject as object of the preposition.
Will, have = auxiliary verbs; gotten = past participle completing the verb phrase.
Form emphatic tenses with do.
When you use a form of do as an auxiliary verb, you form the emphatic tense. This tense is
useful for asking questions or emphasizing an action. The patterns look like these:
form of do + main verb
form of do + subject + main verb ... ?
I did not eat your leftover pizza!
Did = auxiliary verb; eat = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Do you always accuse the first person you see?
Do = auxiliary verb; accuse = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Doesn't the evidence point to Samuel, who still has a bit of black olive stuck to his front tooth?
Does = auxiliary verb; point = main verb completing the verb phrase.
Understand the job of modal auxiliary verbs.
Modal auxiliary verbs never change form. You cannot add an ed, ing, or s ending to these words.
Can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would have only one form.
You can use modal auxiliary verbs in these patterns:
modal + main verb
modal + be + present participle
modal + have + past participle
With modal auxiliaries, you can indicate necessity or obligation:
To lose her orange glow, Yvonne should eat fewer carrots.
John must remember his wife's birthday this year.
If Cecilia wants a nice lawn, she ought to be raking the leaves.
Or you can show possibility:
Fred might share his calculus homework if you offer him a slice of pizza.
Ann could have run the half marathon if she had started to train four months ago.
Modal auxiliaries also show willingness or ability:
Nicole will babysit your pet iguana for a reasonable fee.
Jason can pass chemistry this semester if he stops spending his study time at the
arcade.
Question Word Function Example what asking for information about something What
is your name? asking for repetition or confirmation What? I can't hear you.
You did what? what...for asking for a reason, asking why What did you do that for?
when asking about time When did he leave? where asking in or at what place or
position Where do they live? which asking about choice Which colour do you want?
who asking what or which person or people (subject) Who opened the door? whom
asking what or which person or people (object) Whom did you see? whose asking
about ownership Whose are these keys?
Whose turn is it? why asking for reason, asking what...for Why do you say that? why
don't making a suggestion Why don't I help you? how asking about manner How
does this work? asking about condition or quality How was your exam? how +
adj/adv asking about extent or degree see examples below how far distance How far
is Pattaya from Bangkok? how long length (time or space) How long will it take? how
many quantity (countable) How many cars are there? how much quantity
(uncountable) How much money do you have? how old age How old are you? how
come (informal) asking for reason, asking why How come I can't see her?
) Yes/No questions - be
Subject and verb change their position in statement and question.
statement
question
We always use the short answer, not only "Yes" or "No". This sounds rude.
NOTE:
If the answer is "Yes", we always use the long form.
Example: Yes, I am.
If the answer is "No", we either use the long or the contrated form (short form).
Example: No, I am not - No, I'm not.
Yes,
am.
No,
am not.
'm not.
Are
you
from Germany?
Is
he
your friend?
Yes,
he
is.
Are
from England?
Yes,
they
are.
Verb
Rest
Answer
Where
are
you from?
What
is
your name?
My name is Peter.
How
are
They're fine.
Subject
Verb
Rest
Yes/No
Subject
Auxiliary
(+ n't)
Have
you
got
a cat?
Yes,
have.
Have
you
got
a new car?
No,
we
haven't.
Has
your brother
got
a bike?
Yes,
he
has.
Do
you
have
a cat?
Yes,
do.
Do
you
have
a new car?
No,
we
don't.
Does
your brother
have
a bike?
Yes,
he
does.
Auxiliar Subjec
Verb
y
t
Rest
Answer
Where
have
you
got
Where
do
you
Subject
Verb
Rest
Do
you
read
books?
Does
Peter
play
football?
Yes/No
Subject
Auxiliary (+ n't)
Yes,
do.
No,
don't.
Yes,
he
does.
Auxilia
ry
Subject
Ver
b
Rest
Answer
What
do
you
play
on your
computer?
I play games on my
computer.
When
does
your
mother
go
to work?
Where
do
you
mee
your friends?
t
Max
play
Rest
football?
Yes/No Subject
Yes,
he
Auxiliary (+
n't)
did.
Did
you
No,
he
didn't.
Yes,
did.
No,
didn't.
BUT:
to be Subject xxx
Were
you
Rest
Yes,
was.
No,
wasn't.
Auxiliar Subjec
Verb
y
t
Rest
Answer
What
did
you
do
When
did
she
Where
did
they
go
BUT:
Question word
Where
to be Subject xxxxx
were
you
Rest
yesterday?
Answer
I was at the cinema.
9) Subject question
Question word
Who
Verb
runs
Rest
to the shop?
Subject Verb
Peter
runs
Auxiliar Subjec
Verb
y
t
Rest
Answer
Who
do
you
like?
I like my mum.
Who
did
NOTE!
Subject question
Who
phoned
Answer:
Peggy phoned John.
John?
Object question
Who
did
John
Answer:
John phoned Pegg
phone?