1.

As if / as thoughPresent Indefinite + as if / as though + past indefinite

Past indefinite + as if / as though + past perfect
= She walks as if / as though she were ill.
= Tom speaks as if / as though he were a minister.
= He behaves as if/as though nothing happened.
= She walked as if / as though she had been ill.
=Tom spoke as if / as though he had been a minister.
= He behaved as if/ as though nothing had happened.
02. It is time , it is high/about time|
It is time + infinitive (to + main verb)
It is time for + object + infinitive
It is time + sentence (past indefinite)
= It is time to change your bad habits.
= It is time for them to go there.
= It is time that the government took action.
it is high/about time |
It is high/about time + sentence (past indefinite)/infinitive
= It is high time we left the place.
= It is about time the government took necessary steps to control price hike.
= It is high time you changed your food habits.
= It's high time to ban use of cell phones while driving.
03. No sooner had + past perfect + than + past indefinite
Scarcely had + past perfect + when/before + past indefinite.
Barely had + past perfect + when/before + past indefinite.
Hardly had + past perfect + when/before + past indefinite.
= No sooner had he reached the school than the bell rang.
= No sooner had we left the house than it begun to rain.
= No sooner had she said it than she burst into tears.
= Hardly had I done my exercise when Nila came to see me.
= Scarcely had I reached the station when the train left.
= Barely had they won the match when the coach had a heart attack.
1.
2.

( Before is rarely used )

Subject + had + no sooner + v3 + than + past indefinite.

Subject + had + hardly/scarcely/barely + v3 + when/before + past indefinite ( Before is rarely used )
= She had no sooner said it than she burst into tears.
= I had hardly done my exercise when Nila came to see me.

04. So that / in order that / thatMain clause future tense,

Subordinate clause will + v1
Main clause present tense,
Subordinate clause may/can + v1
Main clause past tense,
Subordinate clause might/could + v1
= They are going to Germany so that his son meets (or will meet) his uncle.
(present continuous tense future A
= I will take my umbrella so that I wont get wet.
= Shammi is studying hard in order that she can be the first girl in the class.
= He opened a bank account so that he could save his money.
= Urmi is trying hard so that she can do well in the admission test.
= He worked hard so that he could prosper in life.

= John closed the door so that nobody could disturb him

= They came here in order that they could enjoy the natural beauty.
05. As soon as
past indefinite + past indefinite
= As soon as the thief saw the police, he ran away.
= The train left the station as soon as we reached there.
= As soon as we saw him, he ran to us.
= I came as soon as I heard the news.
As soon as present indefinite +
future indefinite.
= As soon as he returns, I will meet him.
= I will go home as soon as I finish the work.
= I'll cook supper as soon as I come home.
06. A. Since
01. Present indefinite/perfect/perfect continuous + since + past indefinite/present perfect
02. Past indefinite + since + past perfect
03. Past perfect continuous + since + past indefinite
= I have worked here since I left school.
= It is many years since I wrote you.
= Its 5 years since I have seen him.
= I have lived in Dhaka since I was ten
= Tom has not phoned since he went to London.
= It was many years since we had met last.
= It was long since I had seen you last.
= She had been worrying ever since the letter arrived.
B. since/as / because+ clause
= They had to leave early since their train left at 8.30.
= Since the old man killed the bird, he brought bad luck to the crew.
= As it was raining, I could not go to university.
= Rahim could not walk fast because he was ill.
= Acid rain is harmful because it contains harmful chemicals.
= Since she knew English, I asked her to translate it.
= I could not attend the meeting because I was suffering from fever.
= Because there had been an accident, we all arrived late.
Because of / on account of /owing to/due to+ noun/noun phrase
Due to is an adjective phrase. Usually it is used before a
noun/noun phrase and after a be verb. Not at the beginning.

= She retired early on account of ill health.

= I could not attend the meeting because of
my illness.

= The game was cancelled owing to torrential rain.

= The project had to be abandoned due to a lack of government funding.
= George said that Lennies problems were due to a childhood injury.
07. The + comparative, the + comparative
= The more you read, the more you learn.
= The earlier, the better.

= The sooner, the better.

= The more you sleep, the lazier you will be.
= The more he eats, the bigger he gets.
= The older she is, the wiser she becomes.
= The more he moved, the more it hurt him.
08. Lest
|
Clause + lest + subject + should + v1 + ..........
= We run most of the way lest we should be late.
= Read hard lest you should fail.
= He was walking fast lest he should miss the train.
09. After

Before

past perfect tense past indefinite tense |

= We had reached the station before the train left.
= He came home after he had finished his work.
= We arrived at the stadium after the game had started.
= I ate rice after father had come home.
= I had done my homework before I went to school.
future perfect tense present/future indefinite tense
|
= He will have prepared his lessons before father comes.
= We shall have reached the field before the game starts.
= We shall have finished the work before he will come home.
10. If |

( conditional)

There are two kinds of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real Conditional describes real-life
situations. Unreal Conditional describes unreal, imaginary situations.
Type A: Factual conditional/zero conditional (Real conditional)
01. If + present indefinite, + present indefinite.
= If/when you boil water, it evaporates.
= If/when people earn more, they spend more.
= If/when you hungry, have a banana.
= If/when a balloon is filled with air, it floats.
= If/when you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
= If/when you eat too much, you get fat.

= We cannot our body fit if/when we do not have a balanced diet.

02. If + past indefinite, + past indefinite.
= If it rained, I went by rickshaw.
= If my father bought chocolates, he always gave me some.

Type B: First conditional / Predictive conditional (Real conditional)

If + present indefinite, + future indefinite.
= If you don't hurry, you'll miss the bus.
= If I find his address, I will send him the letter.
Type C: Second conditional/ Hypothetical conditional (Unreal conditional)
If + past indefinite, + would/could/might + v1
= If I had enough money, I would buy a new computer
= If you lived in England, you would speak English fluently.
= Had I wings of a bird, I could fly in the sky.
Type D: Third conditional/Counterfactual conditional. (Unreal conditional)
If + past perfect, + would have + v3
= If I had asked him, he would have helped me.
= If I had met him before, I would have told him the news.
= If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam.
= Had I seen him once more, I would have told the matter.
Type E: Mixed real conditional
In factual conditionals, we usually use the same tense in both clauses(see Type-A), but we sometimes use a
mixture of past and present tenses in the clauses:
= If you saw the film, you know how it ends.
= If they dont understand what to do, they probably werent listening earlier.
Some factual conditionals are used to describe habits in the past with would(d). It has the same meaning
as used to. It makes the sentence look like a hypothetical conditional, but it is not.
= When we were kids, if it rained a lot, wed stay indoors. But it was sunny, wed often go down to the lack.
In predictive conditionals(see Type-B), we usually use the present simple in the if clause, but we can also use
the past simple/present perfect.
= If you studied for the test, you wont have any problems.
= If theyve finished already, well give them something else to do.
When we use predictive conditionals to express a preference, we can include would with the verbs of liking
or not liking in the main clause. We can also use would rather plus the base form of a verb when we express
a preference between alternatives which have been suggested.
= If it isnt too late, wed like to watch the news on TV.
= If its OK with you, Id rather stay here. (You suggested going somewhere else.)
Type-F: Mixed unreal conditional
In hypothetical conditionals (see Type-C), instead of connecting an imaginary event to a possible present or
future event using would, we can connect it to a possible past event with would have.
= If we were rich, we would have offered to help those poor people who were suffering.
= If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
In counterfactual conditionals (see Type-D), instead of connecting an imaginary past event to another past
event using would have, we can connect it to a present event or situation using would.
= If your parents hadnt met, you wouldnt be sitting here now.
= If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to work here.

11. So.........that + sentence.

= The dinner was so delicious that we ate with satisfaction.
= He is so weak that he cannot walk.
= The load is so heavy that I cannot carry it.
= He is so dishonest that he never speaks the truth.
= He was so foolish that he could not answer any question.
= English is so difficult that many students cannot understand.
= The station was so quiet that I was afraid to move.
= The weather was so cold that we could not go out.
12. Such ...........that + sentence
Subject + verb + such (a/an) + adjective + noun + that + subject + verb + etc
= He is such a lazy worker that nobody will employ him.
= They were such a good people that they helped us a lot.
=It was such an expensive car that they didn't buy it.
13. Would rather would prefer to..
sentenceSubject + would rather + verb1 + than + verb1 + etc
= I would rather read a book than watch television.
= Shed rather leave than stay here.
= I would rather eat fish than meat.
14. Too ........... to
Subject + verb + too + adjective/adverb + (for noun/pronoun) + to + verb1 + etc.
= He is too young to perform the job.
= She talked too fast to follow.
= It is too difficult for him to solve the problem.
15. Enough to
Subject + verb + adjective/adverb + enough + (for noun/pronoun) + to + verb1 + etc
= The girl is intelligent enough to solve the problem.
= The load is light enough for the boy to lift.
16. (a) As/so long as ( since; to the extended that )
Main clause + as long as + subordinate clause.
Or-As long as + subordinate clause + , + main clause.
= you are safe as long as I am with you.
= As long as there is law, criminals will be punished.
= Allah will be beside us as long as our purpose is honest.
(b) only if)
= Well go as long as the weather is good.
= You can do whatever you like as long as you do not neglect your studies.
17. In case/provided/provided that/providing that hw` |
Present tense + ~ + present/future tense.
Past tense + ~ + past tense.
= He can lend you the money provided that you repay it in time.
= Dont forget to visit the museum in case you go there.

= You could get the job provided that you had good result.
18. Not only .............. but also )
= Not only Shammi but also Urmi was present there.
= I bought not only a book but also a pen.
= The man is not only fat but also tall.
= He is not only a footballer but also a cricketer.
= Not only it rained heavily but also there was flood.
19. Either .............or
= Either Akash or Masum broke the glass.
= Zoya will buy either a sari or a frock.
= He is either a footballer or a cricketer.
= Either she will come or I shall go.
20. Neither ................. nor
= Neither Zoya nor her brother went there.
= They were given neither food nor water.
= He is neither rich nor poor.
= Neither they met us nor we met them.
21. Unless ( if ....... not)
= You cannot prosper in life unless you work hard.
= Unless they take a taxi, they will surely be late.
= You cannot cast your vote unless you are 18 years or above.
22. though /although/even though/much as
Used to mean but or however
= Though he is rich, he is unhappy.
= I felt he was wrong, although I didnt say so at the time.
= Although the sun was shining, it wasnt very warm.
= Although/even though/though everyone played well, we lost the game.
= Much as he studied attentively, he could not pass the examination.
23. Until / till / till = 'up to that time'
We use either the simple present or simple past with 'until' and 'till'. 'Till' is usually
only used in spoken English.
= wait here until I come back.
= We waited until he finished his homework.
= I'll wait till you finish.
= Mina nursed her mother till/until recovered completely.
24. Relative pronouns:

subject form
who
which
that
= It is I who am your friend.
= A man who is drowning catches at a straw.
= A patriot is he who loves his country.
= Sadnan is one of the students who have secured GPA-5.
= Everyone loves them who speak the truth.
= This is the pen that I lost yesterday.

object form
whom
which
that

possessive form
whose
of which

= The book whose leaves are torn has been replaced.

25. When
= It is 11 oclock when we go to bed.
= When we arrived here, it was late night.
= 10 am is the time when our classes begin.
= 1971 is the year when our liberation war took place. Or Bangladesh became independent.
.
26. Some useful idioms:
= All that glitters is not gold.
= Make hay while the sun shines.
= Every cloud as a silver lining.
= Strike the iron while it is hot. Or = Strike while the iron is hot.
= Danger comes where it is feared.
= A man is known by the company he keeps.
= Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.
= As you sow, so you reap.
= What is lotted cannot be blotted.
= Faults are thick where love is thin,
= Alls well that ends well.
= Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.
= United we stand, divided we fall.
= Blessings are not valued, till they are gone.