ar (Y) Connection

Delta () Connection

STAR connection, the starting or

shing ends (Similar ends) of three coils
e connected together to form the
utral point. A common wire is taken out
m the neutral point which is called
utral.

In DELTA connection, the opposite ends

of three coils are connected together. In
other words, the end of each coil is
connected with the start of another coil,
and three wires are taken out from the
coil joints

ere is a Neutral or Star Point

No Neutral Point in Delta Connection

ree phase four wire system is derived

Three phase three wire system is derived
m Star Connections (3-Phase, 4 Wires
from Delta Connections (3-Phase, 3
stem) We may Also derived 3 Phase 3
Wires System)
re System from Star Connection

e Current is Equal to Phase Current. Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage.

i.e.
e Current = Phase Current
Line Voltage = Phase Voltage
IPH
VL = VPH

e Voltage is 3 times of Phase Line Current is 3 times of Phase

ltage. i.e.
Current. i.e.
= 3 VPH
IL = 3 IPH

e Total Power of three phases could be

und by
= 3 x VL x IL x Cos . Or
= 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos

The Total Power of three phases could be

found by
P = 3 x VL x IL x Cos or
P = 3 x VPH x IPH x Cos

e speeds of Star connected motors are The speeds of Delta connected motors
w as they receive 1/3 voltage.
are high because each phase gets the

total of line voltage

Star Connection, the phase voltage is

In Delta connection, The phase voltage is
w as 1/3 of the line voltage, so, it
equal to the line voltage, hence, it needs
eds low number of turns, hence, saving
more number of turns.
copper.

w insulation required as phase voltage Heavy insulation required as Phase

ow
voltage = Line Voltage.

In Power Distribution and industries,

Power Transmission, Star Connection
Delta Connection is general and typical to
stem is general and typical to be used.
be used.

2.2.4 Rotating diode bridge a) General points

The rectifier bridge, comprising six diodes, is placed at the rear of the machine. The rotating bridge is made of glass fibre with
a printed circuit to connect the diodes together. This bridge is supplied with alternating current by the excitation armature and
supplies direct current to the revolving field-coil. The diodes are protected against over voltage by rotating resistors, or by
varistors. These resistors (or varistors) are mounted in parallel with the revolving field-coil.

2
c) Rotating rectifier test
Carry out the test using a D.C. source as indicated below. A diode in good condition should allow the current to flow
only in the anode-to-cathode direction. Disconnect the diodes before the test. 3 ... 48 volts

1
+

-+
-

1 - Field
2 - Rotating resistors 3 - Exciter armature

1
2
The inner and outer rings are connected to the revolving field-coil
1 - Anode
2 - Cathode

1
2
Diode type

Positive

Negative

SKR

diode housing

diode wire

SKN

diode wire

diode housing

1 - Outer ring 2 - Inner ring

When reassembling ensure that the diodes are be tightened to the correct torque
2.2.5 Balancing
The entire rotor has been balanced according to ISO8221 standard in order to obtain a residual imbalance less than : Gen
set : Class G2.5
Turbine : Class G1

The balancing is carried out at two levels. The first is that of the fan. It is recommended, when the fan is refitted (after
servicing) to respect the initial indexing.
The second is that of the shaft end. The shaft end is cold- stamped to indicate the type of balancing.
H : balancing with Half-key carried out as standard
F : balancing with Full key
N : balancing without key (None)
The coupling must be balanced to fit the generator rotor balancing.
2.2.6 Rotor vibration sensor
This chapter concerns the setting of proximity probes. For setting of seismic probes refer to the stator chapter
The vibration level of the machines is directly linked to the duty and to the site characteristics.
We propose the following adjustment:
Vibration Alarm (*) = 50% of the Bearing shell gap Vibration Trip = 75% of the Bearing shell gap
The diode fastening screws must be tightened to the correct torque.
b) Tightening torque for the rotating diode fastening screws
CAUTION :
THE ROTATING DIODE FASTENING SCREWS MUST BE TIGHTENED USING A TORQUE WRENCH CALIBRATED TO
THE RECOMMENDED TORQUE.

Diode

Tightening torque

SKR 100/..

1.5 m.daN

SKR 130/..

1.5 m.daN

SKN 240/..

3 m.daN

http://www.leroy-somer.com/documentation_pdf/2327_en.pdf - for alternator

maintenance.

1.

7.3 ELECTRICAL TESTS

7.3.1 Stator winding test
7.3.2 Rotor winding test
7.3.3 Excitation armature winding test 7.3.4 Excitation field winding test 7.3.5 Rotating diode bridge test
7.3.6 Electric panel test

2.

7.4 CLEANING THE WINDINGS

7.4.0 General points
7.4.1 Coil-cleaning product
a) general
b) Cleaning products

7.4.2 Cleaning the stator, rotor, excitation and

diodes
a) using specific chemical product b) Rinsing using soft water

3.

7.5 DRYING THE WINDING

7.5.0 General points 7.5.1 Drying method
a) General points
b) Drying generator stop
c) Drying generator in rotation

4.

7.6 RE-VARNISHING

Following Points are to be considered while Carrying Out

Maintenance on Alternators:
Before starting any maintenance work on the alternator, all safety
precaution should be taken and the alternator should be shut and
locked down. Also, post notice and ply cards on relevant places and
alternator heater to be isolated.
Clean the alternator ventilation passage and air filter.
Check the Insulation resistance of stator and rotor winding.
Air gap between stator and rotor to be checked and maintained
between 1.5 to 2 mm.
Slip rings to be checked for even wear down to be renewed if required.
Carbon brushes to be clean and checked for free movement.
The brush contacting pressure to be checked by spring balance.
Automatic Voltage Regulator to be checked and cleaned off oil and
dust.
The lube oil level of pedestal bearing to be maintained and renewed
as per planned maintenance.
A vacuum cleaner can be used to remove dust accumulated in the
inner parts of alternator.
The terminal box cover gasket to be checked for proper oil and water
tightness.
All the connection in the terminal box to be tightened properly.
Cable gland to be checked for integrity.
Forced Ventilation around alternator must be maintained all the time.
Check heater for proper operation.
The foundation bolts of the alternator to be checked for tightness.

After maintenance is performed, a no load test should be carried out

and general condition such as noise, temperature, voltage generated
etc. of the alternator should be observed and noted.
http://www.marineengineering.org.uk/page55.html

MSB SAFETIES

The Important safety devices fitted on main switch board are:

Circuit breakers: A circuit breaker is an auto shut down device which
activates during an abnormality in the electrical circuit. Especially
during overloading or short circuit, the circuit breaker opens the
supplied circuit from MSB and thus protects the same. Different circuit
breakers are strategically installed at various locations.
Fuses: Fuses are mainly used for short circuit protection and comes in
various ratings. If the current passing through the circuit exceeds the
safe value, the fuse material melts and isolates the MSB from the
default system. Normally fuses are used with 1.5 times of full load
current.

Regulation 43 Emergency source of electrical power in cargo ships

1.1 A self-contained emergency source of electrical power shall be provided.
1.2 The emergency source of electrical power, associated transforming equipment, if any,
transitional source of emergency power, emergency switchboard and emergency lighting
switchboard shall be located above the uppermost continuous deck and shall be readily
accessible from the open deck. They shall not be located forward of the collision bulkhead,
except where permitted by the Administration in exceptional circumstances.
1.3 The location of the emergency source of electrical power, associated trans forming
equipment, if any, the transitional source of emergency power, the emergency switchboard
and the emergency lighting switchboard in relation to the main source of electrical power,
associated transforming equipment, if any, and the main switchboard shall he such as to
ensure to the satisfaction of the Administration that a fire or other casualty in the space
containing the main source of electrical power, associated transforming equipment, if any,
and the main switchboard, or in any machinery space of category A will not interfere with
the supply, control and distribution of emergency electrical power. As far as practicable the
space containing the emergency source of electrical power, associated transforming
equipment, if any, the transitional source of emergency electrical power and the
emergency switchboard shall not be contiguous to the boundaries of machinery spaces of
category A or those spaces containing the main source of electrical power, associated
transforming equipment, if any, and the main switchboard,
1.4 Provided that suitable measures are taken for safeguarding independent emergency
operation under all circumstances, the emergency generator may be used, exceptionally,
and for short periods, to supply non-emergency circuits.
2 The electrical power available shall be sufficient to supply all those services that are
essential for safety in an emergency, due regard being paid to such services as may have
to be operated simultaneously. The emergency source of electrical power shall be
capable, having regard to starting currents and the transitory nature of certain loads, of
supplying simultaneously at least the following services for the periods specified
hereinafter, if they depend upon an electrical source for their operation:
2.1 For a period of 3 h, emergency lighting at every muster and embarkation station and
over the sides as required by regulations III/l1.4 and III/15.7.
2.2 For a period of 18 h, emergency lighting:
.1 in all service and accommodation alleyways, stairways and exits, personnel lift cars and
personnel lift trunks;
.2 in the machinery spaces and main generating stations including their control positions;
.3 in all control stations, machinery control rooms, and at each main and emergency
switchboard;
.4 at all stowage positions for firemen's outfits;
.5 at the steering gear; and
.6 at the fire pump referred to in paragraph 2.5, at the sprinkler pump, if any, and at the
emergency bilge pump, if any, and at the starting positions of their motors.
2.3 For a period of 18 h:
.1 the navigation lights and other lights required by the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea in force;
.2 on ships constructed on or after 1 February 1995 the VHF radio installation required by
regulation IV/7.1.1 and IV/7.1.2; and, if applicable.
.2.1 the MF radio installation required by regulations IV/9.1.1, IV/9.1.2, IV/10.1.2 and
IV/10.1.3;
.2.2 the ship earth station required by regulation IV/10.1.1; and
.2.3 the ME/HF radio installation required by regulations IV/10.2.1, IV/10.2.2 and IV/11.1.
2.4 For a period of 18 h:
.1 all internal communication equipment as required in an emergency;
.2 the shipborne navigational equipment as required by regulation V/12; where such
provision is unreasonable or impracticable the Administration may waive this requirement
for ships of less than 5,000 tons gross tonnage;
.3 the fire detection and fire alarm system; and
.4 intermittent operation of the daylight signaling lamp, the ship's whistle, the manually

?
O

ver current relay: OCR is used mainly on the local panel and
MSB for protection from high current. They are installed where a
low power signal is a controller. Normally relays are set
equivalent to full load current with time delay.
Dead front panel: It is another safety device provided on the Main
switchboard individual panels wherein you cannot open the panel until
the power of that panel is switched off.
Main Switch Board or MSB to be installed on a raised platform.
The location where Switch Board or MSB is installed should have
good ventilation, illumination and affected by minimum vibration.
No water or oil pipes should pass above the Switch Board or MSB.
There should be adequate space around allowing comfortable
operation ans maintenance.
The operating floor space in front and behind the Switch Board or
MSB should be covered with anti skid, insulated rubber mats with
a minimum thickness of 15 mm.
Panel doors should be in locked position.
Door opening mechanism should be interlocked with power
supply.
The enclosure should be drip proof.
MSB should be dead front type. (i.e. All the live conductor should
pass behind MSB)
Every equipment onboard must be properly earthed. Also MSB
must be properly earthed.
Every incoming and outgoing feed must be protected by a switch
fuse or circuit breaker.
Insulation resistance should not be less than 1 Mega Ohm in any
case. Insulation Resistance (IR) to be checked and records are
maintained.
All meters must be calibrated periodically and records are
maintained.
All the meters, switches, fuses, push button, indicating lamps,

etc. should be in working condition and identified with individual

name plate or tag.
All the interlocks must be in working condition.
Operating switch gear, tools such as circuit breaker handle, fuse
puller, lamp grip, etc. must be readily available and to be used.
Red tag / name plate indicating high voltage and danger sign
should be fitted
Appropriate ready to use fire extinguishers should be positioned
nearby. (CO2and DCP)
Charts indicating drill procedures in case of electric shocks must
be displayed near MSB.
Wiring diagram laminated or framed indicating supply system
must be displayed nearby.
All the appropriate spares should be properly preserved and
protected, individually packed and identified, and should be
readily available for use.
Earth fault indication should be fitted and displayed in front
panel.
24 volt battery supply emergency light should be provided near MSB

How to "flash" a generator when output is lost due to loss of

excitation
Residual magnetism in the generator exciter field allows the
generator to build up voltage during start-up. This magnetism is
sometimes lost due to shelf time or improper operation, among
other reasons. Restoring this residual magnetism is possible and is
sometimes referred to as "flashing the exciter field".
To restore the small amount of residual magnetism necessary to
begin voltage buildup, connect a 12 volt battery to the exciter field
while the generator is at rest, as follows:

"

Remove exciter field leads F+ and F- from the voltage regulator.

CAUTION: Failure to remove the field leads from the regulator
during flashing procedures may destroy the regulator.
"
Measure the exciter field resistance from the F+ to the F- lead. You
should be able to read some resistance as you are measuring a
continuous winding. An infinite resistance reading would indicate an
open in the exciter field. Also check to be sure there is no path to
ground.
"
Connect F+ to the positive pole of the battery.
"
Hold the F- lead by the insulated portion of the lead wire, touch Fto the negative pole of the battery for about 5 to 10 seconds, then
remove.
Reconnect F+ and F- to the regulator. Repeat the procedure if the generator
ails to build voltage.

Inspection and Maintenance of Battery Room

<
<
<
<
<
<
<

Battery installation and its charging rectifier checked.

Battery room environment must be dry and well ventilated.
Battery tops shall be clean and dry, and terminal nuts must be tight
and a smear of petroleum jelly applied to prevent corrosion.
Electrolyte at proper level, and shall have correct value of specific
gravity by checking with a hydrometer.
Rubber gloves and goggles used when handling electrolyte.
Charging equipment checked for dirt, overheating, loose connection
and correct functioning of indicators.
Ventilation arrangement for battery locker checked. Battery
installation of both lead acid and alkaline needs good ventilation.

<
<

Since both type generates hydrogen gas during charging, no smoking

and naked light allowed.
Steel works and decks adjacent to lead acid battery, should be
painted with acid proof paint. [For Cad-Ni cell, alkaline resistance
paints].

Battery Room Safety Arrangement

Safety is provided by
Proper ventilation
Prevention of heat source for ignition
Ventilation
Independent exhaust fan provided
Inlet duct should be below battery level, and outlet at top of the
compartment
Prevention of heat source for ignition
No naked light and no smoking
Uses of externally fitted light or flameproof light
Cables of adequate size and they are well connected
Never place Emergency Switchboard in this room
Use insulated spanner and plastic jug for distilled water, to prevent
short circuit
Room temperature, maintained at 15 ~ 25 C

Nickel Cadmium battery [alkaline battery]

+ ve plate is Nickel hydroxide + graphite

ve plate is Cadmium + Iron
Electrolyte is Potasssium hydroxide solution (strong alkaline)
Normal specific gravity [1.21] does not change with charging or
recharging
But specific gravity of electrolyte gradually decrease, and electrolyte
should be renewed when specific gravity becomes [1.160]
It is a sealed battery, thus no gassing during charging
Very low open circuit losses, but requires 67% more cells than Lead
Acid battery [1.2 V per cell and when fully charged 1.7 V per cell]
Not harmful when overcharged
Left for long period, either fully charged or fully discharged, without
deterioration

Better mechanical strength and durability than lead acid battery

High initial cost but longer life

Lead Acid Battery

+ ve plate is Lead Peroxide [chocolate brown]

ve plate is Spongy Lead [slate gray colour]
Electrolyte is H2SO4 , specific gravity 1.8 when fully charged, renew
when specific gravity is 1.110.
1.8 V per cell when fully charged 2 V per cell
When undercharge, + ve plates are pale brown or yellowish, instead of
deep chocolate and very difficult to convert back to normal form
Efficiency (watt hour efficiency) is higher than Alkaline Cells

How do you know when the battery is full charge ?

It can be known by measuring the electrolyte specific gravity by using

hydrometer.
If fully charge it has a specific gravity of about (1.27 1.285),
hydrometer scale 1270 to 1285
If fully discharge which fall to a specific gravity of 1.1 (1100)

How can you know battery is over charge ? Effect of

overcharge ?

When battery is overcharged bubbles will form at the surface, the

current flowing into the cell causes breakdown or electrolysis of water
in the electrolyte.
Both hydrogen and oxygen are evolved and released through cell vent
caps into the battery compartment.
There is an explosion risk if hydrogen is allowed to accumulate. (4% of
H2 in air).
What happens when lead acid battery is overcharged ?
Overheating cause buckling of plates
Internal short circuit
Sludge formed at the bottom of cells (lead peroxide)
Battery may be ruined
Lower the capacity
What happens when lead acid battery is undercharged ?
Over discharging

+ ve plates are pale brown or yellowish, instead of deep chocolate

ve plates, almost white colour
Falling of voltage 1.8 V / cell, and specific gravity of H2SO4 1.15
Depolarisation
Liberation of hydrogen ions at ve electrode (cathode) and that will decrease
he current flow.

There are three options in a circuit for current. It can be leading, lagging, or in
hase with voltage. These can all be seen when one maps current and voltage of
ternating (AC) circuits against time. The only time that the voltage and current are in
hase together is when the load is resistive. If at some point in the phase shift the current
ads the voltage by more than 90 degrees, it can then be stated that the current lags that
oltage by 180 degrees minus the phase shift. Ninety degrees phase shift is the determining
oint if the current is either leading or lagging the voltage. [1]

How electromagnetic brakes work in cranes?

How it works[edit]

Engagement[edit]
When the clutch is actuated, current flows through the electromagnet producing
a magnetic field. The rotor portion of the clutch becomes magnetized and sets
up a magnetic loop that attracts the armature. The armature is pulled against the
rotor and a frictional force is generated at contact. Within a relatively short time,
the load is accelerated to match the speed of the rotor, thereby engaging the
armature and the output hub of the clutch. In most instances, the rotor is
constantly rotating with the input all the time.
Disengagement[edit]
When current is removed from the clutch, the armature is free to turn with the shaft. In
ost designs, springs hold the armature away from the rotor surface when power is
leased, creating a small air gap

http://www.wikihow.com/Check-an-Electric-Motor

HRC fuse or high rupturing capacity fuse- In that

type of fuse, the fuse wire or element can carry short
circuit heavy current for a known time period. During
this time if the fault is removed, then it does not blow
off otherwise it blows off or melts.
The enclosure of HRC fuse is either of glass or some other
hemical compound. This enclosure is fully air tight to avoid
he effect of atmosphere on the fuse materials. The ceramic
nclosure having metal end cap at both heads, to which
usible silver wire is welded. The space within the enclosure,

urrounding the fuse wire or fuse element is completely

acked with a filling powder. This type of fuse is reliable and
as inverse time characteristic, that means if the fault current
s high then rupture time is less and if fault current is not so
igh then rupture time is long.

Megger or Ohmmeter:

Megger is a portable instrument which is used to measure insulation resistance

the electrical machinery or system. It can be battery operated or mechanically
perated (hand crank dc generator) and gives direct reading in ohms. For this
ason it is also called as ohm meter. Onboard ship, different systems are
resent with large voltage ratings and therefore Megger comes in the range of
00V to 5000V.

Construction :
The important construction features of Megger consist of following
parts:
1) Control and Deflecting coil: They are normally mounted at right
angle to each other and connected parallel to the generator. The
polarities are such that the torque produced by them is in opposite
direction.
2) Permanent Magnet: Permanent magnet with north and south poles
to produce magnetic effect for deflection of pointer.

3) Pointer and scale: A pointer is attached to the coils and end of the
pointer floats on a scale which is in the range from zero to infinity.
The unit for this is ohms.
4) D.C generator or battery connection: Testing voltage is supplied
by hand operated D.C generator for manual operated Megger and a
battery and electronic voltage charger for automatic type Megger.
5) Pressure coil and current coil: Provided for preventing damage to
the instrument in case of low external source resistance.
Working:
The voltage for testing is supplied by a hand generator incorporated in
the instrument or by battery or electronic voltage charger. It is usually
250V or 500V and is smaller in size.
A test volt of 500V D.C is suitable for testing ships equipment
operating at 440V A.C. Test voltage of 1000V to 5000V is used
onboard for high voltage system onboard.
The current carrying coil (deflecting coil) is connected in series and
carries the current taken by the circuit under test. The pressure coil
(control coil) is connected across the circuit.
Current limiting resistor CCR and PCR are connected in series
with pressure and current coil to prevent damage in case of low
resistance in external source.
In hand generator, the armature is moving in the field of permanent
magnet or vice versa, to generate a test voltage by electromagnetic
induction effect.
With an increase of potential voltage across the external circuit, the

deflection of the pointer increases; and with an increase of current, the

deflection of pointer decrease so the resultant torque on the
movement is directly proportional to the potential difference and
inversely proportional to the resistance.
When the external circuit is open, torque due to voltage coil will be
maximum and the pointer will read infinity. When there is short circuit
the pointer will read 0.

Commutators are used in direct current (DC) machines: dynamos (DC generators) and
any DC motors as well as universal motors. In a motor the commutator applies electric
urrent to the windings. By reversing the current direction in the rotating windings each half
rn, a steady rotating force (torque) is produced. In a generator the commutator picks off
e current generated in the windings, reversing the direction of the current with each half
rn, serving as a mechanical rectifier to convert the alternating current from the windings to
nidirectional direct current in the external load circuit.