1.

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

Introduction: Characteristics of Embedded System, Embedded System design SOC,
VLSI, and Processor based Design. Challenges in Embedded System Design, Embedded
System Design Process. Introduction to Hardware and software components of Embedded
System.
Processors in Embedded System: Structural units in a processor and Processor Selection,
Memory Devices and Selection, Direct Memory Access, Interfacing Processor Memory,
I/O Devices, Introduction to Cache organization
Intel 89C51 microcontroller: architecture, features - internal block schematic pin
descriptions, I/O ports. Memory organization on chip peripherals, interrupt structure &
functioning, Programming model - Program status word - register banks - Addressing
modes - instruction set Programming examples
Introduction to ARM architecture: Programmers Model, Operating Modes, Exception
Handling, Instruction Set (ARMv4 architecture in detail). Introduction to Multi-core
Architectures. Study of Microcontroller based On ARM Architecture, Timing and Counting
devices, ADC, DAC, DMA Interrupt Servicing, Interrupt Servicing Mechanism, Context
and Periods of Context Switching, Latency.
Examples of Embedded System design: Embedded System Design Process Starting
with modeling, Hardware Software Partitioning Compiler, Assemblers, Debuggers for
Embedded Systems. Advanced concepts in Embedded C- Memory Management, System
Initialization.
Text Book:
1. Wolf, Wayne, Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computing System
Design, Second Edition, Morgan-Kaufmann, 2008.
2. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and embedded sytems, Pearson
Education 2nd edition, 2006
Reference Books:
1. Vahid, F and Givargis, T, Embedded System Design A Unified Hardware/Software
Introduction, John Wiley, 2002.
2. Joseph Yiu,The Definitive Guide to ARM Cortex M3/M4 Processors-Third Edition
3. James.K.Peckol, Embedded System Design A Contemporary Design Tool, Wiley
Student Edition, 2010

2. SOFTWARE FOR EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

Introduction to Embedded Systems: Review of basics and understanding issues in
Embedded Systems
Embedded System Modeling: Techniques for Modeling Embedded Systems
Software Design of a Product: Software Development Methodologies and phases. Object
oriented modeling and design with UML, UML, UML diagrams, use cases and scenarios
Identification, Details and Diagrams. Analysis Object Discovery & Identification, Objects
Associations & Attributes, Classes and Relationships, State and Behavior, State charts and
Scenarios
Java implementation: Java programming introduction, Implementation of UML diagrams
using Java
Software Design for Real Time / Embedded Systems: Understanding the Software
design process by identifying and analyzing requirements for embedded systems software.
ROPES Model for Embedded Software design.
Design, implementation and testing: Understanding high level architectural framework(s)
and design patterns applicable for embedded software. Understanding detailed design
issues, implementation issues, Testing methodology for embedded system. Learn Linux
Device Driver programming.
Operating system and run time environments in Real Time / Embedded Systems:
Embedded Linux with real time extensions (POSIX 4), usage of operating system
environments
Text Book:
1. Bruce Powel Douglass, Real Time UML: Advances in the UML for Real Time
Systems, 3rd Edition, 2004.
2. Cay Horstmann, Object Oriented Design and Patterns, Wiley India, 2004
Reference books:
1. Frank Vahid and Toby Givargis, Embedded System design, Wiley.
2. James Rumbaugh, Ivar Jacobson and Grady Booch, The Unified Modeling Language
Reference Manual, 2nd edition, Pearson Education, 2005.
3. Luciano Lavagno, Grant Martin and Bran V Selic, UML for Real: Design of
Embedded Real-Time systems, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
4. Big Java, Cay Horstmann, John Wiley & Sons, 3rd Edition, 2008.
5. Jane W S Liu, Real Time Systems, Prentice Hall, 2000.
6. Doug Lea, Concurrent Programming in Java Design Principles and Patterns 3rd
Edition, Addison - Wesley, 2006.
7. Philip A Laplante, Real Time Systems Design and Analysis, 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons Inc., 2004.

3. HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CO-DESIGN
Introduction: Introduction to Embedded System Design/High Level Design, Introduction to
Hardware/Software Codesign, Dualism of Hardware and Software designs.
Specification and Modeling concepts: Need for Concurrent Models, State Oriented Models: FSM,
Petri Net, HCFSM. Activity Oriented Models: DFG, SDF, DFG Transformaton, Heterogeneous
Models: CDFG, Structure Chart, Programming Language Paradigm, PSM, Queuing Model.
Modeling and implementation concepts: Analysis of Data Flow Graphs and Control Flow Graphs,
Hardware Implementation and Software Implementation of Data Flow, Data and Control Edges of C
Program, Translation C to Hardware.
Application Specific Architectures: Controller Architecture, Datapath Architecture,
FSMD, Simulation and Synthesis of FSMD, Language Mapping for FSMD,
Microprogrammed structure implementation, General Purpose Embedded Cores
Hardware/Software Interfaces: Connecting Hardware and Software, On-Chip Bus
Systems, Bus Transfers, Synchronization schemes, Memory-Mapped Interfaces,
Coprocessor Interfaces, Custom Instruction Interfaces.
Hardware/Software Partitioning and Estimation: Partitioning Issues, Partitioning
algorithms, Functional partitioning for Hardware, Hardware and Software Partitioning
Algorithms. Design Quality Estimation, clock slack minimization, control step estimation,
execution cycle estimation.
Text Book
1. Daniel D Gajski, Frank Vahid, Sanjay Narayan, Jie Gong, Specification and Design of
Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall, 1994.
2. Peter Marwedel, Embedded System Design, Springer 2003
3. Jorgen Staunstrup, Wayne Wolf, Hardware / Software Co-Design: Principles and
Practice, Kluwer Academic, 1997.

4. VLSI DESIGN

Introduction to MOS Circuits: MOS Transistors, MOS Transistor Switches, CMOS

Logic, Circuit and System Representations, MOS Transistor Theory - Introduction MOS
Device Design Equations, The Complementary CMOS Inverter-DC Characteristics,
Static Load MOS Inverters, The Differential Inverter, The Transmission Gate, The Tri
State Inverter, Bipolar Devices.
Circuit Characterization and Performance Estimation: Introduction, Resistance
Estimation Capacitance Estimation, Inductance, Switching Characteristics CMOS-Gate
Transistor Sizing, Power Dissipation, Sizing Routing Conductors, Charge Sharing,
Design Margining, and Reliability.
Graphs: representation of graphs using matrices; Paths, connectedness; circuits, cutsets,
trees; Fundamental circuit and cut-set matrices; Voltage and current spaces of a directed
graph and their complementary orthogonality. Stick Diagrams & Layouts.
CMOS Circuit and Logic Design: CMOS Logic Gate Design, Basic Physical Design
of Simple Gate, CMOS Logic Structures, Clocking Strategies, I/O Structures.
Systems Design and Design Method: Design Strategies, CMOS Chip Design Options,
Design Methods, Design Capture Tools, Design Verification Tools, CMOS Testing Manufacturing Test Principles, Design Strategies for Test, Chip Level Test Techniques,
System Level Test Techniques.
Syntax and Semantics of Verilog: Variable types, arrays and tables. Operators,
expressions and signal assignments. Modules, nets and registers, Concurrent and
sequential constructs. Tasks and functions.
Examples of design using Verilog.

Texbooks / References
1. N. Weste and K. Eshranghian, "Principles of CMOS VLSI Design", Addison Wesley,
1998.
2. Jacob Backer, Harry W. Li and David E. Boyce, " CMOS Circuit Design, Layout and
3. Simulation ", Prentice Hall of India, 1998.
4. L.Glaser and D. Dobberpuhl, "The Design and Analysis of VLSI, Circuits, Addison
Wesley 1993.
5. C.Mead and L. Conway, "Introduction to VLSI Systems", Addison Wesley, 1979.
6. Randel & Geiger, VLSI Analog and Digital Circuit Design Techniques McGrawHill,1990.
7. Sahib H.Gerez, Algorithms for VLSI design automation ,1998.
8. William M. Penny, Lillian Lau, MOS Integrated Circuits- Theory, Fabrication, Design
and System Applications of MOS LSI, Van Nostrand Reihold Company.
9. Sung Ms Kang, Yusuf Lablebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits Analysis &
Design, Tata Mc-Graw Hill.
10. S. Palnitkar, "Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis", Prentice Hall
(NJ, USA), 1996.

5. FPGA and ASIC Design

Introduction application and comparison: General Purpose Computing, Domain
Specific Computing, Application Specific Computing, Reconfigurable Computing.
VLSI Technology: Wires, Registers and RAM, Wires and vias, Gate delay vs. wire
delay, Registers and RAM. Programmable logic, an overview of PLA, PAL, SPLD and
CPLD Hardware Description Languages and Logic Design Modeling with
Combinational Network Delay, Power and Energy Optimization
FPGA Architecture, FPGA Fabrics Configuration, SRAM Based-FPGAs, Permanently
Programmed FPGAs Programmable I/O, Circuit Design of FPGA Fabrics, Architecture
of FPGA Fabrics, Case Studies (Xilinx, Altera, Microsemi etc).
Reconfigurable Computing Architecture: Fine - Grained and Course - Grained
Reconfigurable Architecture, Case Studies. Programming Reconfigurable Systems:
Logic Design Process Design, Integration, FPGA Design Flow. Implementation
Approaches: Run Time Reconfiguration (RTR), Partial Reconfiguration (PR)
Mapping Designs to Reconfigurable Platform: Logic Implementation for FPGAs,
Syntax-Directed Translation Logic Synthesis: Two-Level Logic Synthesis, Multi-Level
Logic Synthesis. LUT-Based Technology Mapping High-Level Synthesis for
Reconfigurable Devices (Behavioral Design) Modelling: DFG, CFG. Introduction to
Binding, Scheduling and Allocation, Temporal Partitioning Temporal Partitioning
Algorithms: ASAP, ALAP
ASIC Construction, Floor Planning, Placement and Routing: System partition - FPGA
partitioning - partitioning methods - floor planning - placement - physical design flow global routing - detailed routing - special routing - circuit extraction - DRC.
Text Book
1. Wolf Wayne, FPGA Based System Design, Pearson Edu, 2004.
Reference Book
1. Scott Hauck, Andr DeHon, Reconfigurable Computing - The Theory and Practice of
FPGA Based Computation, The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Systems on Silicon, 2007.
2. C Bobda, Introduction to Reconfigurable Computing: Architectures, Algorithms, and
Applications, Springer, 2007.
3. R Vaidyanathan, Trahan Jerry, Dynamic Reconfiguration: Architectures and Algorithms,
L, Kluwer Academic, 2003.
4. Uwe Meyer-Baese, DSP with FPGAs, Springer-Verlag, 2003.
5. M.J.S .Smith, - " Application - Specific Integrated Circuits " - Addison -Wesley
Longman Inc., 1997

6. LOW POWER VLSI DESIGN

Low power Basics: Need for low power VLSI chips, Sources of power dissipation on Digital
Integrated circuits. Emerging Low power approaches. Physics of power dissipation in CMOS
devices.
Device & Technology Impact on Low Power: Dynamic dissipation in CMOS, Transistor sizing &
gate oxide thickness, Impact of technology Scaling, Technology & Device innovation.
Power estimation Simulation Power analysis: Gate level logic simulation, capacitive power
estimation, static state power, gate level capacitance estimation, architecture level analysis, data
correlation analysis in DSP systems.
Low Power Design Circuit level: Power consumption in circuits. Flip Flops & Latches design,
high capacitance nodes, low power digital cells library
Logic level: Gate reorganization, signal gating, logic encoding, state machine encoding, precomputation logic
Low power Architecture & Systems: Power & performance management, switching activity
reduction, parallel architecture with voltage reduction, flow graph transformation, low power
arithmetic components, low power memory design.
Low power Clock Distribution: Power dissipation in clock distribution, single driver Vs distributed
buffers, Zero skew Vs tolerable skew, chip & package co design of clock network
Algorithm & architectural level methodologies: Introduction, design flow, Algorithmic level
analysis & optimization, Architectural level estimation & synthesis.

Reference Books:
1. Kaushik Roy, Sharat Prasad,Low-Power CMOS VLSI Circuit Design Wiley,2000
2. Gary K. Yeap, Practical Low Power Digital VLSI Design, KAP, 2002
3. Rabaey, Pedram, Low power design methodologies Kluwer Academic, 1997