Review of Related Literature Matrix

Author
Material Profile
Anhwange, B. A.
Ugye, T.J.
Nyiaatagher, T.D. (2009)
Clark, D.,
Pazderniik, N. (2015)
Gonzalez-Montelongo, Rafaela
Lobo, M. Gloria Gonzalez, Monica (2010)

http://www.kat-chem.hu/en/prodbulletins/izoamilalkohol (n.d)
Kirk-Othmer (1999)

Liu, S. (2013)

Myers, Marshall J. Issenberg, Phillip

Wick, Emily L. (1970)

Quilter, M. G.
Hurley, J. C.
Lynch, F. J.
Murphy, M. G. (2003)
Yoshikawa, Shigetoshi
Isamu Oguri
Kimio Kondo
Mikio Fukuzawa
Makoto Shimosaka
Mitsuo Okazaki (1995)

Pryatiyogita Darpan (Publisher) (2004)

Title

Citation

Chemical
Composition of Musa
Sapientum (Banana)
Peels
Biotechnology

Antioxidant activity in
banana peel extracts:
Testing extraction
conditions and related
bioactive compounds
Izoamyl Alkohol

Chemical
Properties
Isoamyl Alcohol

Concise Encyclopedia
of
Chemical
Technology
Bioprocess
Engineering: Kinetics,
Biosystems,
Sustainability,
and
Reactor Design
L-Leucine
as
a
Precursor of Isoamyl
Alcohol and Isoamyl
Acetate,
Volatile
Aroma Constituents of
Banana Fruit Discs
The Production of
Isoamyl Acetate from
Amyl alcohol by
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Enhanced Formation
of Isoamyl Alcohol in
Zygosaccharomyces
Rouxii
due
to
Elimination
of
Feedback Inhibition
of A-Isopropylmalate
Synthase.
Competition Science
Vision (Vol 78)

Presents
the
physical
properties
of
Isoamyl
Alcohol.
Aspergillus Niger as a
source of amylase

Shows
the
minerals,
nutritional
and
antinutritional
contents
of
banana peels.
The use of Aspergillus Niger
in converting starch to
glucose.
Potential use of banana peel
as a raw material

of

L-Leucine as a Precursor of
Isoamyl Alcohol

Effect of leucine in the

conversion of Isoamyl
Alcohol

The pathway
synthesis
of
Alcohol.

Isoamyl Alcohol as the main

constituent of fusel alcohol.
Carbon dioxide as an
important by-product during
alcoholic fermentation.

for the
Isoamyl

http://sbioinformatics.com/design_thesis
/
Isoamyl_alcohol/Isoamyl-2520alcohol
Preparation of Raw Material
Patel, H.
Patel, A.
Surati, T.
Shah, G. (2012)
Parthiban, R.
Sivarajan, M. Sukumar M. (2011)

Wachirasiri, Phatcharaporn Julakarangka,

Siripan
Wanlapa, Sorada (2009)

Sravan, Kumar K. (2015)

Varzakas, Theodoros Tzia, Constantina

(2015)

Sterilization
Behera, I. D. (2006)

Isoamyl Alcohol

Production of Isoamyl using

different methods

Potential Use of
Banana Peels For The
Production of
Fermented Products
Ethanol Production
from Banana Peel
Waste using
Saccharomyces
Cerevisiae
The Effects of Banana
Peel Preparations on
the Properties of
Banana Peel Dietary
Fibre Concentrate
Drying Kinetics of
Banana Peel

Composition of Banana Peel

The optimum temperature

25-30OC for banana peels
storage.
Washing temperature.

Handbook of food
processing: Food
Safety, quality and
manufacturing
processes.
Fundamentals of
Biochemical
Engineering

Ratio of the banana peels to

water. (1:5)

Optimum drying temperature

for banana peels
Properties of Drying Air
Recommended screen sizes
for banana peels

The medium is to be exposed to

high temperatures for a short
time (HTST Process) to

avoid denaturation of protein

s or to avoid destruction of
some of the enzymes
The holding time is
based on the length of
the holding pipe.
Sterilization takes place
during the holding
period.

Bulfer, August J. et. al (1946)

Sterilization of Starch

The objective of sterilization

process:
starch which is substantially
free of thermophylic bacteria

has good color

Nothum, Patricia H. (2013)

Managing Steam
Sterilization

free of foreign or unpleasant

taste and odor

viscosity characteristics of
the starch subjected to
sterilization cant be altered
appreciably
highquality steam is 97%
steam with 3% moisture
content.
1.5 to 3 minutes at 121.0C

Saccharification
Dahnum et.al. (2014)

Comparison of SHF
and SSF processes
using enzyme and dry
yeast
for optimization of
bioethanol production
from empty fruit
bunch

Simultaneous Saccharification
and fermentation (SSF)
advantage:

Ferreira (2010)

Maurice (2011)

Silpa Kamatam (2007)

Fermentation

Simultaneous
saccharification and
fermentation process
of different
cellulosic substrates
using a recombinant
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
harbouring the glucosidase gene
Factors Effecting
Ethanol Fermentation
Via Simultaneous
Saccharification and
Fermentation
Modeling of Kinetics
of Saccharification
and Fermentation in
the Ethanol Production
Process using
Parameter Estimation
Techniques

Reduced operation all costs

lower enzyme requirement
increased productivity
can use single reactor
alleviating problems caused
by product inhibition in SSF
process
the highest concentration of
ethanol could be found 6.05%
by 40 FPU of enzyme

Sterilized at 121C/20 min.

Prior to the SSF process as for an
enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatment, performed at 47C
for 12 hrs.

Enzyme pathway to convert

starch to glucose

The Efficiency of SSF process

depends on:
Characteristics of the
Biomass
The quality of enzyme used
Performance of the Yeast

Erlich, Felix (1908)

Process For The

Manufacture of FuselOil And Its
Components

Ferments at a temperature of
25-30C.

Side Reaction:
Leucine + Water -> Isoamyl
Alcohol + Ammonia
Valine + Water -> Isobutanol +
Alcohol + Carbon Dioxide +
Ammonia
Iso-Leucine + Water -> Amyl
Alcohol + Carbon dioxide +
Ammonia

Only 50 mole-% of the

leucine added is converted to
isoamyl
alcohol.
The
remainder of the leucine
remains unassimilated in the
medium.

Food

Stoichiometric equations of
the growth of bakers' yeast
on glucose

Hough, J. S.
Stevens, R. (1961)

Factors Affecting The

Production Of Fusel
Oil

Hui, Y. (2007)

Handbook of
Products
Manufacturing

McDermott, F. (1929)

Process of Producing
Fusel Oil by
Fermentation

Quilter, M. G.
Hurley, J. C.
Lynch, F. J.
Murphy, M. G. (2003)

The Production of
Isoamyl Acetate from
Amyl alcohol by
Saccharomyces

Glucose + Ammonia -> Biomass

+ Carbon Dioxide + Water +
Ethanol
The
temperature
of
fermentation is not especially
critical,
but
satisfactory
results may be obtained
between 25 and 35C.
The addition of L-leucine
gave rise to nearly a 2.3 fold
increase in isoamyl acetate
production (4.8 to 11.0 ppm)
and a 27% increase in amyl
alcohol production.

Schoodermark-Stolk, Sung A.
Tabernero, Maria

Bat2p is essential in
Saccharomyces

4.0 g/L addition of L-leucine,

Beyond that no further
increase in amyl alcohol
production, suggesting that
L-leucine catabolism may be
saturated.
Temperature was set at 30oC
and pH was maintained at 5.

Chapman, John
Ter Schure, Eelko G.
Verrips, C. Theo
Verkleij, Arie J.
Boonstra, Johannes (2005)

cerevisiae for fusel

alcohol production on
the non-fermentable
carbon source ethanol

Schrilla, J. (n.d.)

Design of an Ethanol
Fermentation Plant

Stirrer speed was set at 500

rpm.

Working volume of the

bioreactors was 500 ml.
In a fermentation process,
yeast
are
used
to
metabolically convert sugars
into ethanol and carbon
dioxide via the simplified
chemical reaction.

Glucose -> 2Ethanol + 2Carbon

Dioxide

Singh, Ajay Kumar, Sanat Rath, Yashab

Kumar, Harison Masih, Jyotsna K Peter, C
Benjamin, Pradeep Kumar Singh, and
Pankaj Singh. (2014)

Bio-Ethanol
Production from
Banana Peel by
Simultaneous
Saccharification and
Fermentation Process
Using Cocultures
Aspergillus Niger and
Saccharomyces
Cerevisiae

A fermenter is a specialized
vessel with a motorized
impeller for stirring and
outlets for regular testing of
the contents. This allows for
mixture to be uniformly
exposed to the yeast and for
the progress of the reaction to
be monitored over time.

The fermentor is held at 32C

and left for 4872 hours to
allow the yeast to fully
metabolize the sugars and
convert as much as possible
into ethanol.

Due to the long processing

times required, fermentation
is typically implemented as a
batch process.
A 4% inoculum Aspergillus
Niger and 3% inoculum
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
was added.

The optimum pH and

temperature
for
the
fermentation of banana peels
was found to be 6 and 30C.

Fermentation was done for 7

days for banana peels.

Yoshizawa, Kiyoshi (2015)

The Formation of
Higher Alcohols in the
Fermentation of
Amino Acids by Yeast

The Presumptive Scheme of

Synthetic
Pathway
of
Isobutanol
and
Isoamyl
Alcohol.

Glucose -> iBuOH + 2CO2 +

H2O
5Glucose -> 4iAmOH + 10CO2
+ 6H2O
Microfiltration
Adikane, H. V. (n.d.)

Recovery of Penicillin
G. from Fermentation
Broth by
Microfiltration

Basile, A (2015)

Pervaporation, Vapour
Permeation and
Membrane
Distillation: Principles
and Applications

Faria, L. (n.d)

Development and
Characterization of
Microfiltration
Hollow-Fiber Modules
for Sterilization of
Fermentation Media

Microfiltration is used for:

clarification of
fermentation broth
cell harvesting
Factors for
efficiency:
optimization of
membrane cleaning
control of some
physical parameters:
pressure,
temperature, crossflow velocity,
permeate flow rate,
bioactive nature of
the
Microfiltration before
pervaporation:
remove yeast and
fermentation culture to
fermentor
provide alcohol solution
heating for better
performance of pervaporator
decrease amount of
suspended solids in the broth
which will affect the
efficiency of pervaporator.
Advantages of Membrane
Process
High selectivity
Low energy demand
Low temperature
requirements
Do not use chemical
solvents
Do not demand pH changes
Continuous operation
Modular processes

Linzmeyer, Poliana
De Souza, Priscilla K.
Souza, Ozair
Sellin, Noeli (2014)

Persson (2000)

Pervaporation
Femeria L. et.al. (2000)

Kraetz L. (n.d)

Lipnizki F. et.al (1999)

Comparison of
Different Separation
Methods for Solids
Removal in an Ethanol
Fermentation Broth
from Banana Culture
Waste
Separation of lactic
acid-producing
bacteria from
fermentation broth
using a ceramic
microfiltration
membrane with
constant permeate
flow

Development of the
New Tool for the
Selection of
Pervaporation
Membranes for the
Separation of Fusel oil
from Ethanol/Water
Mixture
Journal of Membrane
Science 182(2001)
215-226
Dehydration of
Alcohol Fuels by
Pervaporation

Pervaporation-based
Hybrid Process: A
renew of Process
Design, Application
and Economics

For the removal of solids,

microfiltration resulted in a
minor presence of total solids in
the liquid compared to
centrifugation and
microfiltration.
Protein adsorption:
protein was adsorbed on
the membrane surface
protein retention
occurred even though the
conditions were such that
no filter cake was present
on the membrane surface
- proteins are too small to
be retained to a marked
extent by the membrane
this indicates that the
difference in protein
concentration was due to
proteins adsorbed on the
membrane.

Permeate sorption is
influence
by
the
chemical affinity bet.
The
polymer
and
permeate
Temperature:
Cold trap 196oC (liquid N2)
Feed 70 1 oC
Designing the equipment

Process of Pervaporation
1. Sorption of permeating
Molecules
2. Diffusion
3. Evaporation of permeate
side of the membrane
Feed temperature:
90oC MX type of membrane
60oC MY type of membrane

Water content from 14%

to 7%
99 wt. % Isoamyl alcohol at the
bottom part
TOP Stream:

Kujawski, W. et.al. (2001)

Journal Membrane
Science 153 (1999)
183-210
Application of
Membrane
Pervaporation Process
to Enhanced
Separation of Fusel
Oil
Chem. Pap 56 (1) 3-6

30 % wt. isobutanol
70 % wt. EtOH

Pressure:
Upstream

Atmospheric
Pressure
Downstream 100 Pa
Temperature:
Feed: 70o C
Water Content:
Feed 18 wt. %
Final 5 wt. %
Permeate 99 wt. %
Time: 30 hr

feed
dm 3
=118 2
membrane
m

Shin-ling Wee et.al. (n.d)

Membrane-Separation
Process pervaporation
through zeolite
membrane
Separation and
Purification

Vauclair C. et al (1997)

Permselective
Properties of PVAPAA blended
membrane used for
dehydration of fusel
oil by Pervaporation

Journal of Membrane
Science 125 (1997)
293-301

Conclusion:
Efficiency of fusel oil
fractionation
depends
strongly on water content
In the distilled mixture
The lower the initial
content the higher the
amount of higher alcohol
Pressure Condition
Permeate Connected to
Vacuum
Feed Atmospheric or
Elevated
The partial Pressure of the
permeating component is kept
lower than the equilibrium vapor
pressure
Temperature:
Sorption Experiment
T = 60oC
Pressure:
Downstream - <1 mmHg
- Vacuum Pump

Conclusion:
Water and EtOH flux
increase
with

Distillation
Montoya et.al. (2011)

Fusel Oil Separation

Process

Distillation column operating

conditions:

Rongqui Z. (n.d.)

Separation of Active
Amyl Alcohol and
Isoamyl Alcohol

temperature
rise
(Arrhenius equation)
NO
ISOAMYL
ALCOHOL passed thru
the membrane in both
Binary
nd
Ternary
System
Mutual
interaction
between
permeates
affected the transport of
water/EtOH w/c are
linked by hydrogen bond
and are absorbed and
diffuse
through
the
membrane
ISOAMYL ALCOHOL
IS INSOLUBLE

Temperature: 80-121oC
Pressure: 560 mmHg

Optimum mass recovery of

heavy components is 99.9% on
corresponding
design
specification.
Showed the data on the boiling
points of the different
components of fusel oil- isoamyl
alcohol (3-Methyl-1-Butanol)
being the component with the
highest boiling point which is
approximately 131 degrees
Celsius and also the major
constituent of fusel oil.
The effect of reflux ratio on the
separation was studied and
presented.
The higher the reflux ratio, the
better are the separation results.
But, higher reflux ratio takes
longer time, thus, the optimum
reflux
ratio
yields
high
concentration of product at

enough time.
The effect of temperature on the
separation was also studied.
Automatic temperature control at
the top of the column is to
control the concentration of
active amyl alcohol in the
product. It is showed by
experiments that with regard to
or yield, automatic control has
significant effect. But it needs
longer operation time.
The effect of feed preparation
was also analysed.
It is verified by experiments that
as the concentration of the feed
increases and the yield rises,
decreases gradually. The curve is
very
steep
when
the
concentration is low. When the
concentration reaches certain
amount, the curve becomes level.
So it is advisable that reflux ratio
should be changed when the
concentration is high, that is, in
the first period of distillation
reflux ratio is small, and later
reflux ratio should be increased.
Through
experiments
the
following optimum operational
conditions are obtained: oil-bath
temperature 170 ; reflux ratio
100/5 for low concentration;
temperature control; changing
reflux
ratio
for
high
concentration; whole reflux and
batch distillation.
Walas S. (1990)

Chemical Process
Equipment Selection
and Design

Optimum reflux ratio is

about 1.2 times the minimum,
and the number of trays is
theoretically about 2.0 times the
minimum.
Tower operating pressure is

determined most often by the

temperature of the available
condensing medium.