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1-07 I TMS-0216-07
MASONRY
SOCIETY
First Printing
June 2007
<~(i!W
American Concrete Institute
Advancing concrete knowledge
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www.concrete.org
ISBN 978-0-87031-236-6
ACI 216.1-07
TMS-216-07
Venkatesh K. R. Kodur
Secretary
LongT. Phan
Chair
Gene C. Abbate*
Jeffrey H. Greenwald
Phillip J. Iverson
John P. Ries
Thomas F. Herrell
Tung D. Lin
Thomas J. Rowe
Donald 0. Dusenberry
Thomas A. Holm
Richard J. McGrath
Jay G. Sanjayan
William L. Gamble
James P. Hurst
John D. Perry
Jeffery F. Speck
Robert E. Van Laningham
Richard G. Gewain*
Robert Iding
Stephen Pessiki
Dennis W. Graber
Joel R. Irvine
Walter J. Prebis
*Deceased.
FOREWORD
Fire resistance of building elements is an important consideration in
building design. While structural design considerations for concrete and
nwsomJ' at ambient temperature conditions are addressed by ACI 318 and
ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402, respectively, these codes do not consider the
impact of fire on concrete and masomy construction. This standard
contains design and analytical p!Vcedures for determining the fire resistance
of concrete and nwsomJ members and building assemblies. Where
differences occur in specific design requirements between this standard
and the aforementioned codes, as in the case of cover protection of steel
reinforcement, the more stringent of the requirements shall apply.
Keywords: beams (supports); columns (supports); compressive strength;
concrete slabs, fire endurance; fire ratings; fire resistance; fire tests;
masonry walls; modulus of elasticity; prestressed concrete; prestressing
steels; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steel; structural design; temperature
distribution; them1al properties; walls.
CONTENTS
Chapter 1-General, p. 216.1-2
1.1-Scope
1.2-Alternative methods
1.3-Definitions
1.4-Notation
1.5-Fire resistance determinations
Chapter 2-Concrete, p. 216.1-4
2.1-General
2.2-Concrete walls, floors, and roofs
2.3-Concrete cover protection of steel reinforcement
ACI 216.1-07 supersedes ACI 216.1-97, was adopted March 6, 2007, and published
May2007.
Copyright 2007, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
mechanical device, printed, written, or om!, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
216.1-1
216.1-2
ACI/TMS STANDARD
216.1-3
Aps
As
Ast
a8
B
b
bf
J;
!de
216.1-4
ACI/TMS STANDARD
~~
w
w
11
' cm
xo
x2
8
p
Pg
rop
ror
ro 8
216.1-5
1-1/2 hours
2 hours
3 hours
4 hours
Siliceous
3.5
4.3
5.0
6.2
7.0
Carbonate
3.2
4.0
4.6
5.7
6.6
Semilightweight
2.7
3.3
3.8
4.6
5.4
Lightweight
2.5
3.1
3.6
4.4
5.1
Min. of
2 tor 6" (150 mm)
c::=======--====~ft
t,
-~'
barrier fire resistance. Concrete containing steel reinforcement
shall additionally meet cover protection requirements in this
chapter for purposes of maintaining fire resistance.
In some cases, distinctions are made between normalweight
concrete made with carbonate and siliceous aggregates. If
the type of aggregate is not known, the value for the aggregate
resulting in the greatest required member thickness or cover
to the reinforcement shall be used.
where
s
216.1-6
ACiffMS STANDARD
UNEXPOSED WYTHE
CARBONATE
UNEXPOSED WYTHE
SILICEOUS
Panel thickness, mm
5
Thickness of fire-exposed wythe of
semi-lightweight concrete, mm
50
75
100
125
150
175
(!!
::J
.c_
<=
fS
(!!
Cl>
>.
Jli3
(ij
::J
-o
;:;
'5
0 2
Cl>
(.)
u;co
'iii
FIRE-EXPOSED WYTHE
CARBONATE
~
~
FIRE-EXPOSED WYTHE
SILICEOUS
ii
.c >..$
2
Panel thickness, in.
:q~
-oo
Cl>C
Cf>O
Q(.)
a.,...
ii3-,
C-
-=~
O,e
50
~g
25
<J) ..!..
CE
:Q~
.c.,_
J-o
(2-2)
(b) When the fire-exposed layer is of lightweight or semilightweight concrete
A 1> A2> and A 11 = 0.30; the air factor for each continuous air
space having a distance of 1/2 to 3-1/2 in. between
layers.
Obtain values of R 11 for individual layers for use in Eq. (2-4)
from Table 2.1 or Fig. 2.3 for concrete materials, from Table 3.1
for concrete masonry, and Table 4.1 for clay masonry.
Interpolation between values in the tables shall be permitted.
Equation (2-4) does not consider which layer is being
exposed to the fire.
2.2.5.4 Sandwich panels-Determine the fire resistance
of precast concrete wall panels consisting of a layer of foam
plastic sandwiched between two layers of concrete by using
Eq. (2-4). For foam plastic with a thickness not less than 1 in.,
use R11 59 = 0.22 hours in Eq. (2-4). For foam plastic with a
total thickness less than 1 in., the fire resistance contribution
of the plastic shall be zero. Foam plastic shall be protected
on both sides with not less than 1 in. of concrete.
2.2.6 Insulated floors and rooft-Use Fig. 2.4(a), (b), and
(c) or Fig. 2.5(a) and (b) to determine the fire resistance of
floors and roofs consisting of a base slab of concrete with a
topping (overlay) of cellular, perlite or vermiculite concrete,
or insulation boards and built-up roof. Where a three-ply
built-up roof is installed over a lightweight insulating, or
semi-lightweight concrete topping, it shall be permitted to
add 10 minutes to the fire resistance determined from
Fig. 2.4(a), (b), (c) or Fig. 2.6.
2.2. 7 Protection ofjoints beflveen precast concrete vall
panels and slabs-When joints between precast concrete
wall panels are required to be insulated by 2.2.7.1, this shall
be done in accordance with 2.2.7.2. Joints between precast
concrete slabs shall be in accordance with 2.2.7.3.
where
fire resistance, hours;
total thickness of slab, in.; and
thickness of fire-exposed layer, in.
2.2.5.3 Altemative numerical solution-Determine the
fire resistance from Eq. (2-4) for walls, floors, and roofs not
meeting the criteria of 2.2.5.1 and consisting of two or more
layers of different types of concrete, or consisting of layers
of concrete, concrete masomy, clay masomy, or a combination
R
where
R
216.1-7
(a)
:.~:_._::~ .':-~-:concRETE:~::~_;:,:~~:
CARBONATE BASE
SILICEOUS BASE
(a)
SEMI-LIGHlVIEIGHT BASE
5: . H
0~50
..,
~0
100 ~:
100
>
50 0
"0
25
0
4
0
Thickneu of Concrete Bose Slo.bt in,
~~
E:;
t="'
CARBONATE BASE
SILICEOUS BASE
SEMI-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE
-l~5
50 75 100
4~
2~5
50 75 100
4
2~5
50 75 1~5- ~-
4~
1234
234
1234
;1
50.,.:8
.;-
25~ ~
o~i
(b)
(b)
CARBONATE BASE
100
50
:~
0
~~5:."'
0~50
100
100
:H
25
Thickness of Concrete
4
8os~
CARBONATE BASE
~i:0~50
.,.100
100
~~
~u
1-'-'
SEMI-LIGHlVIEIGHT BASE
~0
5:,, IOOI~:H
....:~I
~ g
t-u
50
5~
:;
0
2
4
0
ThlcknU$ of Concreto Bose Slob, In,
~-:.
0')5.~~-;;u
'
-
SEMI-LIGHTWEIGHT BASE
Slob, ln.
SILICEOUS BASE
0~50
SILICEOUS BASE
~g
~~
CARBONATE BASE
(c)
SILICEOUS BASE
SEMI-LIGHJWEIGHT BASE
Thlcknus of Concrete Base Slob, mm
SILICEOUS BASE
CARBONATE BASE
25 50 75 100 125
25 50 75 100 125
012345
THICKNESS OF NORMALWEIGHT CONCRETE BASE SLAB, in.
12345
216.1-8
ACIITMS STANDARD
Wall bearing
Panel thickness, mm
75 100 125 150 175 200
4 1 Inch Joint widt
3~-+~N-~~~~M
Restrained
Concrete
framing
1 in. maximum
regardless of
opening rating
'\
~
c
3/4
3/4
3/4
1-1/4
1-5/8
Carbonate
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1-14
1-1/4
Semilightweight
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1-1/4
1-1/4
Lightweight
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1-1/4
1-1/4
Prestressed
Siliceous
3/4
1-118
1-112
1-3/4
2-3/8
2-3/4
Carbonate
3/4
1-3/8
1-5/8
2-118
2-114
Semilightweight
3/4
1-3/8
1-112
2-114
Lightweight
3/4
1-3/8
1-112
2-1/4
Q)
(,)
a~~--~~--~~
"(0
(,)
8 E
,_
:c
......
Q)
(j)
(,)
-11-
Joint
width
Carbonate or
_siliceous
~
aggregate
concrete
*n shall be petmitted to consider floor and roof systems restrained when they are tied
into walls with or without tie beams, provided the walls are designed and detailed to
resist thermal thrust from the floor or roof system.
tFor example, resistance to potential thermal expansion is considered to be
achieved when:
I. Continuous concrete stmctural topping is used;
2. The space between the ends of precast units or between the ends of units and the
vertical face of supports is filled with concrete or mortar; or
3. The space between the ends of the precast units and the vertical face of supports,
or between the ends of solid or hollow-core slab units, does not exceed 0.25% of
the length for normalweight concrete members or 0.1% of the length for stmctural
lightweight concrete members.
(/)
(/)
ctl
..0
a~~~~--~~-~~~~
3
4
5
6
7
8
Panel thickness, in.
Semi-lightweight
- or lightweight
concrete
216.1-9
Unrestrained
Beam
width,
in.
5
7
:2::10
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1-1/4
NP*
NP
7
:2::10
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
3/4
1-3/4
1
3
1-3/4
Restraint
Restrained*
*Not permitted.
Unrestrained
8
Carbonate
or siliceous :2::12
8
Semilightweight :2::12
8
Carbonate
or siliceous :2::12
8
Sentilightweight :2::12
1-112
1-112
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-112
1-112
1-1/2
1-1/2
1-112
1-1/2
1-112
1-112
1-3/4
1-112
1-1/2
1-1/2
2-112
1-7/8
2
1-5/8
1-1/2 1-3/4
1-1/2 1-1/2
1-1/2 1-112
1-1/2 1-112
2-112
5t
NPt
1-7/8
2
1-5/8
2-112
3-1/4
2
3
NP
2-112
*Tabulated values for restrained beams apply to beams spaced at more than 4ft on centers.
tNot practical for 8 in.-wide beams, but shown for purposes of interpolation.
tNot permitted.
Aggregate
type
All
Carbonate or
siliceous
Restrained
Lightweight
or semilightweight
Area,* in. 2
I
1-112 2
3
4
hour hours hours hours hours
2-112 NPt
40~A~I50
1-112 1-1/2
150~A ~300
300<A
150<A
40~A ~ 150
2 2-1/2 NP NP
150
~A~ 300 1-1/2 1-3/4 2-112 NP
Carbonate or
siliceous
300<A
1-112 1-1/2 2
3+
Unrestrained
All
Lightweight
or semilightweight
150<A
1-1/2 1-1/2
3+
2
NP
NP
3+
4+
*In computing the cross-sectional area for stems, the area ofthe flange shall be added to
the area of the stem, and the total width of the flange, as used, shall not exceed three
times the average width of the stem.
tNot pennitted.
t Adequate provisions against spalling shall be provided by U-shaped or hooded stirrups
spaced not to exceed the depth of the member, and having a cover of I in.
216.1-10
ACI/TMS STANDARD
E
E
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
M/Mn
M/Mn
M/Mn
60
2
40 E
E
20
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.0
0.2
M/Mn
0.4
0,6
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
M/Mn
M/Mn
*w=Asfy/bdl~
**wp=
Aps fpulbd I~
Fig. 2.8-Fire resistance of concrete slabs as influenced by aggregate type, reinforcing steel type, moment intensity, and u, as
defined in 1.4.
e
X
(])
Xo
x2
.A111i!llllll TTihJ
Fig. 2.9(a)-Redistributed applied moment diagram at
failure condition for a uniformly loaded flexural member
continuous over one support.
Xo
M:e)
-=._pT2
216.1-11
Ccrbonofe Aggregate
1500
1500
Concrete
Sitlceou$ Aggl'et)ate
Concrete
1300
1300
1100
lL
900
500
500
300
300
100
100
90
120
180
240
1300
{"
400
500
300
ACIITMS STANDARD
216.1-12
100
\to
r-
200
TEMPERATURE,
00
oc
eo
t;:
I
60
Ul
0:::
60
"'
~
(/)
40
Avg. lnltlol 10
40
~ 20
1-
Cold-drawn
prestressing steel
(tensile strength)
Ul
()
ffi
tn
~
600
0
~ 80
1-
Temperature, C
400
200
00~---L----~--~----J_----L----L----l---~
20
400
(L
70
200
400
600
600
1000
1200
1400
TEMPERATURE, OF
1200
1600
Tempera lure, C
100
:g
600
Temperature, F
80
',
so
Unstressed
v;
.!:
til
E
0
u
Residual~
........ ........._
40
--~ ....
Avg. lniliat fe 3900psi (27MPol
600
600
--,~
0
L
1;,
400
200
....
20
Corbonote Aggregate Concrete
400
800
1600
1200
Temperaiure, F
:2
.~
.E
400
600
800
80
400
600
1200
1600
Temperature, F
216.1-13
Wldthb,mm
1-1/2 hours
2 hours
3 hours
Carbonate
10
11
12
Siliceous
10
12
14
Semilightweight
8-112
10-112
12
4 hours
1-1/2 hours
2 hours
Carbonate
Siliceous
Semilightweight
3 hours
4 hours
10
10
10
700
II..
ef
~"
"'0.
E
0.
E 500
~
300
*Minimum dimensions are acceptable for rectangular columns with a fire exposure
condition on three or four sides, provided that one set of the two parallel sides of the
column is at least 36 in. long.
100
32~~~~~~--~~---L--~1--~1_-LI--~ 0
x =
-2
10
Wldthb, in.
112
(8.M:;
ne /w)
where
x2
150
200
250
700
2 flours
1200
1000
500
u
"'. 800
~
400
.i!
.i1
0
:;;
"E
l.
0.
~ 600
300
400
200
200
100
32
~:~3~-4L_~5---6L__J7___8L__J9__~10
E
~
Width b. in.
216.1-14
ACIITMS STANDARD
Width b, mm
100
1400
150
2.00
200
250
12.00
700
600
1200
1000
600
500
1000
u.
500
i
e
u.
~.,
":;; 600
0.
400
1!'600
BOO
400 1!"
0.
.,l!
.,~
0.
1!'-
..
0.
f!'-600
300,....
300
400
200
3 Hours
Normalweight Concrete
400
32.
L
0
2.00
6
7
Width b, in.
100
2.00
10
32
--r,
0
10
Width b, ln.
100
Width b, mm
150
200
250
2.00
I I 00 l':"ll-r-r-r1.,,-.,-,...,,-..,--;--,r-T-r..-.,-;c-t-...,--r-n 600
I Hour
100
600
1000
.r
:;
~
~
300 ;0
1!'-
"c.
E
500 u
i
0"
~
e"'~
BOO
0.
400
1-
200
300
100
3 Hours
7
5
6
Width b, ln.
10
32_
200
'I-t~1 ..Ji-L..JI.......Li..JI_LI..JI___li..Jil.J..I.JI_L_ji...._Lj..J!-1..1-L-l.Jir
0
6
7
Width b, in.
10
216.1-15
}
SEMI LIG!Tli'EIGHT CONCRETE
at 2 HOURS EXPOSURE
I I
NORMAlii'EIGHT CONCRETE
AT 1 HOUR EXPOSURE
L
I
!Sin.
(406mm)
I Sin.
(406mml
\..
~OF (2,00Cl
~ l-16?0 F (3:16 C)
~ ~ 8~0 F 1Jzr Cl
50J F (J60Cl
"
"'r--
I-
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1000 F (538 C)
'-... ~---:--- 1-
.,
7in.
{178mml
t
!
I I
Vl/ J
v [.0;
-- v t:J
F !371 Cl
F (482Cl
F (593C\
F (704 c
(816Cl
12ln .
..J
(305rnm)
NORMALWEIGHT CONCRETE
AT 2 HOURS EXPOSURE
II
J..
t II'
!
!
!Gin.
(406mml
~"
'
l
300F
\\
"
F (2rCJ
rod F
!3~1 c 1
1000 F !538 Cl
1200 F !64S C ) ' 1400F !760 C}
1600F 1871 d
(178mm)
r
I
50
eocf Ft4z+ c1
7in.
(406mm)
i\ \.
!Sin.
!149C~
1300 F (704 C l
1500 F (816 C
1700F (927 C
I~
12in.
(305mm)
--
v
./ J
_.. v_,/)
--v.. ,
216.1-16
ACI/TMS STANDARD
I I
I
I
llORHALliEIGHT CONCRETE
AT 3 HOURS EXPOSURE
I
500
400
300
200
!
50~ F (2i0 C)
70JF
If
i /
(3r C}r--
90fFI+
h-
500
IGin.
(406mml
I
E
400
I I
/
300
200
v
/
_...
C)~
/__,.vI
;,
1100 F (593 Cl
100
1300 F (704 C}
1500 F IBIS Cll
1700 F (927 C)
100
......
...... /
12 in.
(305mm)
Vermicullle
CM {VCM)
BOO
2.5.2.2 Ties shall be formed with hooks having a sixdiameter extension that engages the longih1dinal reinforcement
and projects into the interior of the hoop. Hooks for rectangular
hoops shall be formed with minimum 135-degree bends.
Hooks for circular hoops shall be formed with minimum
90-degree bends.
2.5.3 Minimum cover for reinforcement-The minimum
thickness of concrete cover to main longirudinal reinforcement
in columns, regardless of type of aggregate used in the
concrete and specified compressive strength of the concrete,
shall not be less than 1 in. times the number of hours of
required fire resistance, or 2 in., whichever is less.
600
300
200
i'T
u
I.-
Type CM (VCM)
800
4ln ..j
(l02mml
600
where
400
zooL---~~~--~=--L----k-~
0.5
(2-5)
As used in these expressions:
R
fire resistance at equilibrium moisture conditions
(minutes);
R0
fire resistance at zero moisture content (minutes);
216.1-17
Ad
h,
......
f-
..
<
L,
1/ f
;{"f
j j.
h,
..
If
V' /
L,
.#!
L,
'
.-
...
j.. j.
h,
(a)
II
. If
. .. If .
h,
'
'
. .
,j
L,
. .
- .. '.
.
f'
'
LL
>
'
...., .'
'
/
~
:;:
h,
'-,
'
'
Prot-Jol~
...
I
. " r. .. '
'lL L
'
<
.
'
. . ./ . ./1.
1-'-
h,
(b)
(c)
where
flange width of the steel column, in.;
depth of the steel column, in.; and
Ast
cross-sectional area of the steel column, in. 2
When specific data on the properties of concrete are not
available, use the values given in Table 2.9.
For structural steel columns encased in concrete with all
reentrant spaces filled (Fig 2.14(c)), use Tables A.l and A.2
(Appendix A) to determine the thickness of concrete cover
required for various fire-resistance ratings for typical wide
flange sections. The thicknesses of concrete given in these
tables also apply to structural steel columns larger than
those listed.
For structural steel columns protected with precast
concrete column covers, as shown in Fig 2.14(a), use Table A.3
bf
50
0.113
0.21
60
0.138
0.21
70
0.169
0.21
80
0.206
0.21
90
0.252
0.21
100
0.308
0.21
110
0.376
0.21
120
0.459
0.21
130
0.563
0.22
140
0.685
0.22
!50
0.836
0.22