Ajanth Dra

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying
CONTENTS
PAGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
02
INTRODUCTION
03
TASK 1.1 .
Drawing
TASK 1.2 .
Drawing
TASK 2.1 .Auto Cad Drawing
TASK 3.1 . 04 to 09
TASK 3.2 .. 10 to 18
TASK 3.3 . 19 to 23
TASK 3.4 .
24 to 25
TASK 3.6 .
26
CONSULATION.
27
REFERENCE.
24
British college of applied studies
Page 1

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all I wish to extend my thanks for all lecturers of Department of Quantity surveying for
encouraging us to do this assignment effectively.
I am very much grateful to Mr.sasitharan and Mr.A.santhan for the knowledge they imported us,
and the help and advice given to us all the time.
Then the BCAS campus, for providing us the internet facilities to find the information for this
assignment and also thanks to my friends who always be me and our senior batch and to the
BCAS management for helping me in many ways to complete this as a successful one.
V.Ajanth
J/QS/04/04/21
Page 2

INTRODUCTION
Drawing and surveying is most important for all the quantity surveyors. According to that
I worked hard to improve this assignment. I done the entire task I my own at the same
time I referred some of the books and websites to improve my assignment
Here I used ActoCAD software to draw the drawings which relates to our site. I done all
the tasks according to the tasks which issued by our assessor here I done all the
calculations in my own and at the same time this drawing is drawn by my self
I got lectured for 60 hours.
I learnt about all related notes while I am doing this assignment. I hope I
completed all tasks with my knowledge and I will be great in this subject.
Page 3

3.1 select the appropriate instrument for the surveying job of
the plot.
Instruments Used for Measuring Distances

Chain
Tape
Instruments used for Setting Right Angles

Cross-staff
Optical square
Clinometers
Instruments used for Marking Survey Stations

Arrows
Ranging rod
Offset rod
Pegs
Laths and whites
Plumb bob
Nothing information
Field book
Pencil
Plane Table surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations
and plotting are done simultaneously.
It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.
The plan is draw by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his
eyes. Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.
Tapes
Page 4
Tapes are used where greater accuracy of measurement is required such as the setting out of
building and roads. They are marked in meters, centimeters, and millimeters. They are usually
15cm or 30cm long and are of three types
I.
II.
III.
Linen or linen with steel wire woven

Fiber glass tapes
Steel tapes
In our filed work we used steel taps:Steel tapes are available with different accuracy of graduations, A steel tapes of lowest
degree of accuracy is generally spirant to a metafiles or cloth tape for linear measurement steel
types which consist of a light strip of width 6mm to a 10mm are accurately graduated.
Steel tapes are available in different lengths 10m,20m,30m, & 50m steel tapes are usually used
for survey measurement at the end of the tape a bracing is provided. The length of the metal
ring is included the length of tape it is would in a leather, metal. Case having a suitable windy
device as steel tapes are delicate they generally not used in terrain with vegetation or rocky
ground
Tri pod
Page 5
Tri pod is an instrument to keep the horizontal level of telescope. The tripod is placed in the
location where it is needed. The surveyor will press down on the legs' platforms to securely
anchor the legs in soil or to force the feet to a low position on uneven, pock-marked pavement.
Leg lengths are adjusted to bring the tripod head to a convenient height and make it roughly
level.
Chain pins Arrows

An arrow is made of steel wire 4mm diameter. The length of the arrow may vary from
25cm to 50cm but the high in common use is 40cm. one end of the arrow is bent into a loop of a
circle of 50cm diameter and the other end is made pointed sharp to arrows generally
accompany a chain. About 0.5n long used for marking temporary station.
Alidade
Page 6

The alidade is useful for establishing a line of sight. In two types of alidade are used.
I.
Simple alidade
It is used for ordinary work
II.
Telescopic alidade
It is used when it is required to take inclined sights.
Ranging poles
Ranging poles are made of wood or tubular steel and are usually 2m long. They are
similar to ranging rods exception that these are of heavier section of the length 4m to 6m.These
are used for ranging very long lines in undulating ground.
Plumb bobs
It is used to transfer the end points of the chain on to ground while measuring distance in
a hilly tram. It is also used for testing the vertically of ranging poles, ranging rods or leveling
states.
Page 7

The theodolite
The theodolite is a useful tool by the surveys. The instrument is capable of finding both
vertical and horizontal angles, and when is combine with technical studies also can determinate
horizontal distances and a differentiation elevations.
Drawing paper
Drawing paper is used for plotting the ground details.
Leveling
Telescope (to provide a line of sight)

Automatic level
Level with tripod (device to gives a truly horizontal line)
Leveling staff (a suitably graduated staff for reading vertical heights)
Chain/Tape (to enable the points leveled to be located relative to each other on a map)
Change plate (staff base plate)
Staff bubble
Leveling staff
Page 8

Leveling involves measuring vertical distances with reference to a horizontal plane or surface.
To do this, leveling staffs is needed to measure vertical distances and an instrument known as a
level is required to define the horizontal plane.
Page 9

Task 3.2
Set up complete all temporary adjustment and use the
appropriate instrument for the given surveying tasks
Theodolite
The Theodolite is a precision scientific instrument. It is fairly robust, but care should be taken to
avoid harsh treatment. There are several moving parts and it is quite heavy, so it is easy to
inadvertently drop it when removing it from its case.
It is designed to be used in all weathers, but if it gets wet it should be dried out at the earliest
opportunity (best by leaving in a warm room). The case lining also holds water, so dont forget
to dry the case as well.
Please remember to unlock a clamp before you try to rotate it.
The Controls
Upper rough sight

I minutes and seconds adjuster
Small eyepiece (scales)

Main eyepiece (viewing)
G vertical clamp and fine adjuster
The mirror light source for the scale can be seen
on the left of the picture
Horizontal bubble [Fine adjustment]
The theodolite controls are labeled A to I and are as follows
Page 10

A, B,C three leveling screws.
D - Lower horizontal clamp (outer ring) and fine adjuster (inner). Used to align on the reference
north
E - Upper horizontal clamp and fine adjuster. Used to align on the object to be measured
F - Vertical sighting to align the theodolite over a set point on the ground.
G - Vertical clamp and fine adjuster. Used when measuring vertical angles
H - Mirror Supplies a source of light to the internal scales.
I - minutes and seconds adjuster Used to align the degree scale so angles to a resolution of
minutes and seconds of arc can be made
In addition, the telescope has upper and lower rough sights and a small eyepiece on the right to
view the scales.
Theodolite is an instrument to find out the vertical distances of points by obtaining the staff
clearly.
Setting Up
It includes two operations
1. Centering a theodolite over a station: Done by means of plumb bob.
2. Approximately leveling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs
Radically or circumferentially
Leveling Up
Having centered and approximately leveled the instrument, accurate leveling is
Done with the help of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical
Axis shall be truly vertical.
To level the instrument the following operations have to be done.
Page 11
Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to a line
joining any two of the leveling screws (A & B).
Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand
Uniformly so that the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each Other until the
bubble comes to the center.
Turn the upper plate through 90 i.e until the axes of the level passes over the
Position of the third leveling screw C
Turn this leveling screw until the bubble comes to the center.
Rotate the upper plate through 90 to its original position and repeat step(2)
till the bubble comes to the center.
Turn back again through 90 and repeat step 4.
Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.
Now rotate the instrument through 180. The bubble should be remaining in the
Center of its run, provided it is in correct adjustment the vertical axis will then be
Truly vertical
Page 12

Proposed step:
Setting up the tripod (the head of the tripod should be approximately horizontal)
above the station point
Fix the instrument on the tripod.
Sight the station point in the optical plummet using the foot screws of the instrument.
Level the instrument by adjusting the length of the legs of the tripod using the circular
bubble.
leveling the Theodolite first and third positions
leveling the Theodolite second and fourth positions

Find the normal point of the bubble tube.
Level the instrument accurately using the bubble tube and the three leveling screws.
Finally loosen the instrument on the tripod, and slide it above the station point on the
head of the tripod.
Fix the instrument on the tripod.
Page 13

Focusing the Eyepiece
This operation is done to make the cross hair appear clearly visible. The following steps are
involved
The telescope is directed towards the sky. The eyepiece is moved in or out until the cross-hairs
appear clear and distinct.
Focusing the objective
This operation is done observed the poles. This operation is done to bring the image of the object
in the plane of the cross-hairs. The Following steps are involved. The telescope is directed
towards the object. The focusing screw is turned until the image appears clearly and sharp.
Page 14

Tripod
Setting up the Tripod

Extend the tripod legs to a proper length (around shoulder height), and set the tripod
approximately over the marked survey point. The tripod head should be leveled (use horizontal
objects as references), and each leg should make approximately a 70 angle with the ground.
Feel free to lift the tripod and redo the above if necessary.
Carefully take the theodolite out of the carrying case, and remember how it was fitted in the box
so that know how to put it back later. Mount it on the tripod, and fasten the tripod screw. Make
sure the tribrach base and the tripod head (both triangular) are parallel and share the same
centered to permit maximum translation in any direction, which will be needed later on. Remove
the lens cap, put it back into the carrying case, and close the box.
Main parts of a theodolite

Page 15

Levelling head
Levelling head is used to attach the instrument to tripod and attach the plumb bob
along the vertical axis of the instrument.
Lower plate/circle plate
An annular horizontal plate with the graduations provided all around, from 0 to 360,
in a clockwise direction. The graduations are in degree divided in to 3 parts so that
each division equals to 20 min.
Horizontal angles are measured with this plate.
The size of the theodolite is defined by the diameter of horizontal circle.
Upper plate
Horizontal plate of smaller diameter provided with two Vernier's.

On diametrically opposite parts of its circumference.
These Vernier's are designated as A and B. They are used to read fractions of the
horizontal circle plate graduations.
The Vernier's are graduated in 20 min and each minute is divided in 3 to 5 parts
making least count 20 or 10.
Telescope
It has the same features as in a level gratitude with eyepiece and internal focusing
for the telescope itself.
Vertical Scale (Circle)
It is a full 400g scale. It is used to measure the angle between the line of sight
(collimation axis) of the telescope and the vertical axis.
Horizontal Scale (Circle)
It is a full 400g scale. It is often placed between the upper and lower plates It is
capable of full independent rotation about the trunnion axis.
Circle Reading and Optical Micrometer
The vertical and horizontal circles require illumination in order to read them. This is
usually provided by small circular mirrors.
Above figure shows the plate with the bubble in its various positions
Page 16
1. Precisely central the theodolite loosen the clamp or bolt and carefully slide the
instrument site ways till the station appears central in the optical plummet, where central
use is below the foot screw take care or instrument or leveling will be disturb tighten or
the bold of clamp.
2. Repeat step 64 & 5 until the theodolite remain level & centre
3. eyes Sitting a plane back ground rotate the piece to focus the cross hair or target
Telescope position
Face left & face right
All angles must be measured twice once on face left and ones on face right. Face left is
when the vertical circle is left of the telescope view from the eye-piece face right when it is to
right change from face left to right rotate the telescope 180` vertically reading on face left are
does read on the opposite side of the circle to those on face right.
Measuring horizontal angle
All moments are made with the upper plate clam slow motion screw only the lower clamp must
be locked.
To measure the horizontal angle BAC in figure
i.
set up instrument over point A
Page 17
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
on the face left intersect points b with the vertical hair using the upper plate, clam and
motion screw, lead the various and book a reading on line B in face left column
Still on face left in the set C in the same way read & booked the reading of line C in the
face left column.
On face right intersect C in the same way read & booked the reading on line C in the
face right column.
On face right intersect B in the same way read & booked on line Bin the face right
column.
Note:- conclusion of the thedolite in our practical we used face left angular measurement. In our
side no need to consider the vertical angle of the measurement because it is not a hilly place
Task 3.3
Page 18

Explain the method of carrying out a field survey and the
standard recoding method.
What is Field survey?
Collection and gathering of information at the local level by conducting primary surveys is called
field survey. The primary surveys are also called field surveys. They are an essential component
of geographic enquiry. It is a basic procedure to understand the earth as a home of humankind.
It is carried out through observation, sketching, measurement, interviews, etc.
Why is Field Survey Required?

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
Geography is a field science, thus, a geographical enquiry always needed to be

supplemented through well planned field surveys.
These surveys enhance our understanding about patterns of spatial distributions, their
associations and relationships at the local level.
Further, the field surveys facilitate the collection of local level information that is not
available through secondary sources.
Field surveys are required so that the problem under investigation is studied in depth as
per the predefined objectives.
It helps in comprehending the situation and processes in totality and at the place of their
occurrence.
Field Survey Procedure Steps:

Step 1.Defining the Problem:
First the problem to be studied is defined precisely by

statements indicating the nature of the problem. The problem is the title and sub-title of the topic
of the survey.
Step 2.Objectives: Objectives and purposes of the survey are outlined and in accordance
to these, suitable tools of acquisition of data and methods of analysis will be chosen.
Step 3.Scope: Scope of survey is the geographical area studied, time period of enquiry and
if required themes of studies to be covered are defined.
Step 4.Tools and Techniques of information collection:
Various types of
tools are required to collect information. These include:

1. Recorded and Published Data: from government agencies are collected and these
provide base information about the problem. For example: Election Office can provide
information about households, persons. Similarly, physical features like relief, drainage,
vegetation, land use, etc. can be traced out from the topographical maps.
Page 19

2. Field Observation is very necessary to find the characteristics and associations of
geographic phenomena. Sketching and photography are helpful tools.
3. Measurement: Some of field surveys demand on site measurement of objects and
events. It involves use of appropriate equipments.
4. Interviewing: In all field surveys, personal interviews are needed to gather information
about social issues through recording the experiences and knowledge of each individual.
Step 5.Compilation and Computation:
Information collected is organized for their

meaningful interpretation and analysis to achieve the set objectives. Notes, field sketches,
photographs, case studies, etc. are first organized according to subthemes of the study.
Similarly, questionnaire and schedule based information are tabulated on the spreadsheet.
Step 6.Cartographic Applications:
Maps and diagrams are used for giving visual
impressions of variations in the phenomena.
Sep 7. Presentations:
The field study report is prepared in concise form and it contains

all the details of the procedures followed, methods, tools and techniques employed. At the end
of the report, the summary of the investigation is provided
Chain survey is the simplest method of surveying. In this survey only measurements
are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. are done in
the office. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details.
If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. The necessary requirements for
field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and some time cross staff.
PROCEDURE:
CHAIN LINES & STATIONS SELECTIOS
To locate a suitable stations and chain lines, a reconnaissance of the area should be undertaken
by walking around the area required to be surveyed. Any obstacles should be noticed. The selected
stations should produce well formed linked triangles or braced quadrilaterals.
The principles to be considered are:

1. Few long lines should be used.
Page 20

2.
3.
4.
5.
Avoid any obstacles to ranging or chaining.

Angles should be > 30o & <120o.
Make check lines when possible to detect errors when plotting.
The lines should be closed to the details (Avoid long offsets (>10m) and ties.
After selection of the framework you should draw sketch of the area and mark the stations by
wooden pegs or marker paints, and give a number for each station.
DIRECT DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
For measuring any distance between A and B, especially when it is longer than the tape length, the
following ranging is needed: "ranging by eye".
1. The ranging rode should be placed at the beginning point A and the end point B. The first man
should place the tape zero point at A.
2. The second man holding the third raging rod and the tape should move to the direction of B to
a point of the end of the tape length. Then he should hold the ranging rod vertically.
3. The first man at point A lines up the ranging rod with that on point B. "by sighting as low as
possible".
4. Then, the second man should straighten the tape and mark this point.
5. Both men move ahead repeat the whole steps beginning from the first mark.
6. As measurements processes, the second man should record the length.
SETTING THE OFFSET
Any point on the detail can be related to the chain line by offset or ties. To set out offsets, a prism
square can be used. To locate the point at which a 1 from any point on the feature would meet the
chain line (say AB) you can follow the following steps:
1. One man should hold the ranging pole at the given point, while the other pole is placed at any
point on the chain line AB.
2. The observer holds the instrument and walk along the line AB until he see both poles
coincide in each other. Then the distance to this point along the chain line can be measured
beside the length of the perpendicular.
Page 21

Another method can be used by holding the zero point of the tape at the given point and swinging
tape over the chain line and mark the point on the chain line at minimum reading.
MEASURING THE BEARING OF A LINE
To measure the angle that any line makes with the magnetic direction, you can use a prismatic
compass. The procedure is as follow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Place the ranging pole vertically at point B.

Place the prismatic compass over its tripod at point A and level it using the bubble and screws.
Rotate the compass until it is directed to the pole and read the angle.
Repeat the whole procedure for point B.
BOOKING
The field book should be neat and consistent:

1. Each chain line is represented by double line drawn through the corner of the page.
2. Entries start at the bottom of the page.
3. Detail that is on the right-hand side of the line is booked on the right-hand side of the page
and voice versa.
4. The lengths from the beginning of the line are written inside the double lines while the offset
lengths outside.
PLOTTING
A. Plot the framework of chain lines by:
1.Draw the longest line according to its bearing.
2.Build up the other chain lines by using beam compasses.
3.Draw the check lines, and if there are any errors, check the drawn lines in the incorrect triangles.
(You may need to measure them in the field).
What Constitutes Original Survey Field Notes?

Field Notes are generally considered to be one of the most important aspects of a survey. In
many cases it may be the only remaining evidence that we have of the conditions at the time of
the survey. All field notes must be recorded at the time the work is being done.
Page 22

All original field notes should be done in pencil and cannot contain CAD drawings, transcribed
voice recordings, or any processed or resultant data. However, processed data such as digital
photos may be attached to the field notes as supporting information.
Task - 3.4, 3.5, 3.6
B/S
I/S
F/S
Rise
Fall
R/L
Page 23
Correction
C.R/L
Remar

1.246
1.287
2.453
1.207
3.410
1.431
0.144
0.836
0.544
0.487
-(0.011/12) *1
209.13
4
CP
208.99
1
-(0.011/12) *2
208.98
9
CP
2.86
6
211.85
7
-(0.011/12) *3
211.85
4
TBM A
0.34
9
212.20
6
-(0.011/12) *4
212.20
2
L1
211.82
6
-(0.011/12) *4
211.82
2
L2
212.15
9
-(0.011/12) *4
212.15
5
L3
211.93
1
-(0.011/12) *4
211.92
7
CP
212.04
7
-(0.011/12) *5
212.04
2
M1
211.51
1
-(0.011/12) *5
211.50
6
M2
211.65
3
-(0.011/12) *5
211.64
8
M3
0.309
211.34
4
-(0.011/12) *5
211.33
9
CP
0.639
210.70
5
-(0.011/12) *6
210.70
0
N1
210.94
9
-(0.011/12) *6
210.94
4
N2
210.20
2
-(0.011/12) *6
210.19
7
N3
0.867
0.380
0.534
1.234
0.33
3
0.762
1.118
0.228
0.11
6
1.654
0.536
1.512
0.592
0.14
2
1.821
1.231
0.987
210.3
42
209.13
5
k
BM 23
0.24
4
1.734
0.747
Page 24

2.731
1.437
3.241
2.981
2.497
1.574
1.987
0.29
7
210.49
9
-(0.011/12) *6
210.49
4
TBM B
210.24
9
-(0.011/12) *7
210.24
3
CP
1.66
7
211.91
6
-(0.011/12) *8
211.90
9
CP
1.843
0.65
4
212.57
-(0.011/12) *9
212.56
2
CP
2.547
0.984
1.00
3
213.57
3
-(0.011/12)
*10
213.56
4
CP
1.034
1.345
1.20
2
214.77
5
-(0.011/12)
*11
214.76
5
CP
214.58
2
-(0.011/12)
*12
214.57
1
BM 25
0.250
1.227
22.642
10.12
4
18.40
2
0.193
8.87
3
4.633
Checking
1. Bick sight force sight
22.642- 18.402
= 4.24
2. Rise fall
8.873 4.633
= 4.24
3. Reduce level of BM25 Reduce level of BM23
= 214.582 - 210.342
= 4.24
Page 25
Station
A
B
C
Corrected
Latitude
35.699
-2.993
Corrected
Departure
10.216
24.763
Page 26
Co-ordinates
North
29017.255
29052.954
29049.961
East
62000.000
62010.216
62034.979

D
E
F
A
-15.869
-27.073
5.169
5.067
12.800
-1.806
-19.920
-26.053
29034.092
29007.019
29012.188
29017.255
62047.779
62045.973
62026.053
62000.000
Bearing AF = 1002810
So FA bearing should be = 2802810
Correction = 2802640 - 2802810
= -0130
Lines = 6
Error of Distribution for station =
Error of Distribution for station B =
Total Error of W .C . B
Station Number
No of Statio n
0 1' 30
1
6
= -000015
Calculate the Latitude and Departure

Line AB
Line AB Latitude
=L
cos
=36.785
=36.785
0.9614685553
cos155725
=35.36762081
35.367
Line AB Departure =L
sin
Page 27

=36.785
sin155725
=36.785
0.2749149272
=10.1127456
10.112
Total Error
(1.413)2 +(0.444)2
1.996569+ 0.197136
2.193705
=1.481116133
1.48
Allow able Error
=1.58
Length
=1.58
156.726
=1.58 12.51902552
=19.78006032
19.78
Total Error
Allow able Error
Page 28

Adjustment Latitudes & Departures Use Compass Rule of the Correction
Correction =
C
S
L
C = Total error in sum of Latitudes or Departures with sign changed.

L = Total Length of Survey.
S = Length of Particular Course.
Latitude
Correction of Latitude AB =
1.413
36.785 = -0.3316437924
156.726
Correction of Latitude BC =
1.413
24.901 = -0.224500804
156.726
Correction of Latitude CD =
1.413
20.495 = -0.1847774779
156.726
-0.184
Correction of Latitude DE =
1.413
27.385 = -0.2468958884
156.726
-0.247
Correction of Latitude EF =
1.413
20.590 = -0.1856339727
156.726
-0.186
Correction of Latitude FA =
1.413
26.570 = -0.2395480648
156.726
Departure
Page 29
-0.332
-0.225
-0.239

Correction of Departure AB =
0.444
36.785 = -0.1042107883
156.726
Correction of Departure BC =
0.444
24.901 = -0.07054377704
156.726
Correction of Departure CD =
0.444
20.495 = -0.0580617128
156.726
Correction of Departure DE =
0.444
27.385 = -0.07758087363
156.726
Correction of Departure EF =
0.444
20.590 = -0.05833084491
156.726
-0.104
-0.071
-0.058
-0.078
-0.058
Correction of Departure FA =
0.444
26.570 = -0.07527200337
156.726
Page 30
-0.075

Conclusion
I have got more valuable information about surveying
through this assignment and I
understand from this assignment that the works in surveying field getting more hazard to
survey a land or road etc. I had to meet several engineers and quantity surveyors for my
assignment. I got many valuable information for my assignment from their and I would like to
thank to all.
This surveying assignment has been very useful to improve my knowledge about quantity
surveying studies. I have got more surveying techniques from field visits. This assignment is a
good opportunity QS studies student. I think that it would be a good way to become a best
Quantity Surveyor. Finally I would like to thank my surveying lecturer for give me a valuable
opportunity.
Page 31

References
Lecture notes and handouts
Google images.
Some websites.
http://www.brighthubengineering.com/geotechnical-engineering/63871-use-oftheodolites/
http://whistleralley.com/surveying/theoadjust/
.
Page 32

Ajanth Dra

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Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

TASK 2.1 .Auto Cad Drawing

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

I got lectured for 60 hours.

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Instruments Used for Measuring Distances

Instruments used for Setting Right Angles

Instruments used for Marking Survey Stations

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Linen or linen with steel wire woven

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Chain pins Arrows

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Telescope (to provide a line of sight)

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Upper rough sight

Small eyepiece (scales)

The theodolite controls are labeled A to I and are as follows

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

leveling the Theodolite first and third positions

leveling the Theodolite second and fourth positions

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Focusing the objective

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Setting up the Tripod

Main parts of a theodolite

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Lower plate/circle plate

Horizontal plate of smaller diameter provided with two Vernier's.

Vertical Scale (Circle)

Horizontal Scale (Circle)

Circle Reading and Optical Micrometer

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

set up instrument over point A

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Why is Field Survey Required?

Geography is a field science, thus, a geographical enquiry always needed to be

Field Survey Procedure Steps:

First the problem to be studied is defined precisely by

Step 4.Tools and Techniques of information collection:

tools are required to collect information. These include:

British college of applied studies

Fundamentals of Drawings and surveying

Step 5.Compilation and Computation: