Tektronix. (COMMITTED TO EXCELLENCE PLEASE CHECK FOR CHANGE INFORMATION AT THE REAR OF THIS MANUAL. INSTRUCTION MANUAL Tektronix, Inc. P.O. Box 500 Beaverton, Oregon 97077 Serial Number Fist Printing NOV 3972 .070-1438.00 Fevised UU 1981577-172-01 oF D2 Operators TABLE OF CONTENTS (OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS, Pages 1 to 14) (APPLICATIONS, Pages 18 to 53) OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS: Power Source Requirements Function of Contot and Connoctors Display Unies 577 Cuvee Tracer ‘Coltactor Sweep ‘Step Goneretor Horzontat Display Vvertint 7 Toat Fer “est Fete Adaptors Kelvin Seeing Fir Tina Operation ond Famlariation Pretimiaary| Positioning Cottector Supply Step Ganerator APPLICATIONS Dipolar Tramitort ‘Common-Emieer Chacsctorinice ‘Common Messuroments ‘Set ‘Souration Leakage and Broskdown Low Bear Ore Votege Common Gave Chancterstis Field Effect Transistors ‘Choracterinies ‘Common Mensurement ‘ose Mestarng Smal Sign yy otf Voltage Finding Zeo Temperoture Coefficient, Te Unijintion Tronstore ‘Charecteitos ‘Comman Menevremente Rages Ven sary ‘2620 Monsuting Negative Resistance ‘Seon Contra Rectifier ‘Charstertioe ‘Common Messurementt “Turman Voltage Forwora Bioking Voltage 2 s 6 ° SSBB BRRREEEEES ey B88SRu Re EEE APPLICATIONS (cont) Rivers Blocking Voltage SCR Formard Votape Drop SCR Hotaling Curent “ise Charaotrietior ‘Signa ane Rectifying Didooe Charsterises ‘Common Meamarements teand vy Diode Forward Voltage Drop Diode Choroeerises vt Vr anes ios ‘Charscereies| ‘Common Measurements Veand t pane ve Zener Choractrieie9¢ Low Curent Zero Termpareure Costhoint Zener Tolerance Limite “Tunpo! Diodes and Back Diodes (Charsctersaee Tyend Vi rand Ve Optical Semiconductor Dovces ight mitiog Diodes Phote Tranietors Optically Couple iotstore Musedhaneous tissureoeate olay Characters Power Supply Load Current Inirevit Location of Shot Cireuite LLeakore Resistance ‘General Resistance Mearutements ‘Gas Discharge Devices Batterie ‘easuring Capssitance (ap to 1000 pF Moesuring Semiconductor Capectance neoring Capacitanes (7000 BF and vp Polarized Copscitors Incandescent Lamp Choreteritics Induction Motore negated Circuit Digital crews ‘Evauoting TH Vez Characteristics nest Cents Input Curent top vote ‘Supply Current ve Supply Voltage Output Current v- Output Voltage i a x 2 2 coy n = PT 35 35 8 35 a5 = » 3 38 gseaaagessgeses gagersesssss“The 577.177.01 Curve Trae, 77-17-01 oF D2 Operators577-177-014 or D2 Operators OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS INTRODUCTION The 877-177-01 (Storage) or B2 (Non Storage) Curve ‘Tracer system is a dynamic component testor that permits display. of charscterstie curves of many types of devices, including: bipolar transistors, field effect transistors, silicon-controllod rectifiers, uni junction wansistort, MOS. FETS, integrated circuits, light coupled devices, capacitors, and relays The D1 Disoley Unit features splitscreen storage, 6 1/2inch CRT, variable stored brightness, and a beam finder. ‘The D2 Display Unit features @ 6 1/2-inch CRT and a ‘beam finder ‘Th features of the 877 Curve Tracer ae: A collector supply variable from 0 to 1600 volts in sevarat operating modes, Including AC. The current avsil- able varies from 10.A (20 A Pulsed) on the lowest voltage range to 40 mA (BO mA Pulsed) on the highest voltage range. The collector supply Bower ie set using 4 switch that Changes series resistance to maintain the seme peak power setting as the voltage range is changed. The collector supply 's automatically cisabled when the vortical dispiay exceode 2.5 screen dimensions, Helping to protect the device under {est from destructive currents Switching the collector supply potarity automatically cchangos the polarity of the step generator and re-posisions the display start to the appropriate position on the CRT A stop generator having current steps from 5 nA/Step (using STEP X.1) to 200 mA/Step, and voltage steps from BimVSeep (using STEP X.1) to 2 ViStep, When STEP X.1 {& used, up to 96 steps are produced such that the Step Generator signal to the device under tests of the nature of ‘ramp, rather than discrete saps Calibrated step offsst permits stops to be offset up to 10 steps (oF 100 steps when using STEP X.1} A 300 us pulsed step is slo available. AEV.B, AUG, 1978 ‘The amplitude por step is indicated by & back lighted knob skirt that automatically changes the indication when STEP X.1 is used. “The horizontal display may be either collector oF base voltage A 10% horizontal magnifier is provided and the back- lighted knob skirt automatically indicates the change in horizontal deflection factor. “The features of the 177 Test Fixuce are Vertical deflection factors from .2 nA/DIV (with magni fier on) t0 2 A/DIV. Correct detiection factor is indicated by a beck-lighted knob skirt, ‘The vertical system monitors colleetor current even on ‘the most sonsitive ranges, such that tree -torrinal measure ‘ments can be made on all ranges. ‘A mode switch that provides for grounded base or grounded emitter operation, and includes 2 mode for ‘emiter-base breakéown oF leakage A bias supply that is adjustable from —12 valts to +42, volts. Output impedance < 10K ohms. Looping compensation that permits comparison of capacitance values Gown to 1X 107? F. Interlocking switch for the collector supaly with whieh the higher voltage ranges ave disabled unl the orotective ‘cover if in piace over the daview under test or 2 momentary: contact interlock defeat button # pressed “Device under tost” connectors that accept e wide range of adepters, including those with Kelvin connections for high current measurements,877-177-01 or D2 Operators POWER SOURCE REQUIREMENTS ‘The 577-177-D1 or D2 Curva Tracer system operetes ‘within two ranges of nominal fine voltage: 100 V, 110 V. 120 V, or 200 V, 220 V, 240 V. Fig. 1 shows the fuse locations and fuse size informa: tion. Fuse sizes are shown on the panel near the line fuse. Fig. 2 shows the method of changing power transformer ‘ps to match the transformer to the line voltage available, Fig, 2 alzo shows the location of the alternate line fuse. FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS AND CONNECTORS Display Units prp2 INTENSITY Controls non-stored display bright- Focus Provides adjustment to obtain a well-defined deploy. POWER Used to turn instrument power on and off. BEAMFINDER Brings beam onscreen; limits dix play to the area inside the graticule, ‘RAGE ROTATION ‘rear pare!) Permits alignment of the trace to the horizontal gaticule tines. D1 Only (Storage) UPPER and LOWER Selects storage or non-storage STORE operation. UPPER and LOWER Complementary canceling switches ERASE select the screen to be erased. Both buttons pushed selects both BRIGHTNESS Provides continuously variable flood-gun current duty cycle from about 10% to 100% (when the collector sweop is turned down oF disebied), permitting extended re tantion of displayed information, Alse controls the degree af spot simming when the collector sweep is turned dovm oF disabled, 577 Curve Tracer Collector Sweep COLLECTOR SUPPLY POLARITY! 406 Aoplies positive DC to the collector terminals of the tos fixture, Useful when the device under test exhibits excessive looping in sweep modes or viten 2 DC supply ie desired, + Applies postive sweeping voltage at 2X line rate to collector zerminals fof the test fixture. When the step ‘generator is in PULSED mode, the supply is automatically switched to DC unless the operator desires to maintain the sweep voltage (92 PULSED 300 ps) ac Applies AC at power tine frequency to the test fixture collector termi nals fuse SLOW step rate. automatic wave poston with polety change is manrainad in at seston portion. REV. B, MAY, 1978577-177-D1 oF 02 Operators WARNING. Dangerous wotager ext nthe insta All GONNECTOR "330. tev 00 V Fig, 2. Pomer transformer tne voltage ta EV, ¢, MAY, 2976 3877-177-01 oF D2 Operators ne spam |} Eondamoge feos once caution ; LM | f oe INCORRECT SETTINGS OF CON. inn gaerry TROLS IN THE SHADED AREAS CAN eh Avcia SaMAGe THe DEVICE UNDER TEST Seemar ve | Sore Satay asa So ni An fr ares Adal Powe ster GENERATOR = VARIABLE ‘Bocuecrons Watch high power settings. Can amore Sntow indo ost POLARITY. ® Indiater Galector, ‘Suppty Dialed ndiatas Dangerous Vatges on Test VERTICAL, ea Controls Vertical Leer (O Jarour Stepay! car vanias.e fue vic undar step Gen toe O° vourace “Sint noun Q 0.6 EXT BASE conenserion _‘ourner’ OR EMT Fig, 3. Location of contol and connectors, 87 end 177.- Applies negstive sweeping voltage 3t 2X line rats to the test fixture collector terminals. When the step gonorator is in PULSED mode, the tupply is automatically switched to DC unless the operator desies to maintain the swoep waitege (see PULSED 300 ss), ~o¢ Applies negative DC to the tost fixture collector terminele. Useful when the device under tas exhibits excessive looping in sweep mode, or ‘whan a DC supply i desired, wore The normal step ganerator polarity is postive going in +00, +, and AC, and negativegoing in — and —DC. ‘Stap generator polarity can be Inverted by either the STEP/OFFSET POLARITY switch or the test fixture Terminal Solector switching. VARIABLE Provides uncalibrated, continuousiy COLLECTOR % variable control of collector supply ‘ommplitude from O% to TOO% of the voltage. selected with the MAX PEAK VOLTS switch. MAX PEAK VOLTS Selects one of five collector supply Siwite voltages. SERIES RESISTORS Fourteen resistor values coupled to and PEAK POWER — the MAX PEAK VOLTS sich to WATTS Switches maintgin one of six labeled peak- power limits. The SERIES RESIS- TORS ond PEAK POWER WATTS switch pulls out ro uniock from the MAX PEAK VOLTS switch 10 change the power setting. Loner Power settings are available on all except the highest voitage range, Tho maximum peak power ind ated by the MAX PEAK POWER WATTS can be delivered only if the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % con- ‘Wot is #81 10 100 and the impedance of the “device under test” exactly matches the series resistor selected with the SERIES RESISTORS witch, ‘The MAX PEAK POWER WATTS. switch usually canbe safely tot above the maximum power cating ff the device under tes. S71-477-D1 or D2 Operators COLLECTOR SUPPLY Tho yellow lamp is lighted when DISABLED (Indicator tho test tixture protective lid is not lamp) closed over the test terminals {unless modified by a wiring option in the test fixturo} whenever the MAX PEAK VOLTS switeh is in the 100 V, 400 V, oF 1600 V asi= tion. The yellow lamp pulses (on and off) it the vertical currant limiting cirouit disables the collec: tor sweep (when the device undor test current causes 25 times full screen dellection for a short time, COLLECTOR SUPPLY Protects the collector supply from CIRCUIT BREAKER excessive power dissipation. Push to reset breaker etter circuit interrup: tion. Step Generator PULSED 300s Wth the 300s pushbutton in the (Pushbutton) “in position (Pulsed modo), the step generator produces 300 us wide pulses at 1 or 2 times line frequency, depending on the Step Rate selected. For theso 190 step rates (SLOW and NORM) the col- lector supply is automstically switched to DC unless the COLLECTOR SUPPLY POLAR” ITY is in AC. It the FAST Step Rave is selectud, tho generator step Tate is twiee the line froquency, but the collector supply isnot switched, STEP FAMILY Rep With this pushbutton in the position, up to ten steps per fori are generated, depending on the Position of the NUMBER OF STEPS control. Whan the push bush button, STEP X.1, concentric with the STEP/OFFSET AMPL switch, is in the “out” postion, the NUMBER OF STEPS control ra: vides from about 1 to 95 steps SINGLE Each time the SINGLE button is pressed, a single farily is generated, Upon ralease, the step generator it urned off, Single family ie ueetu for lowcurrent, two terminal SLOW (TX LINE When the SLOW pushbutton is in Frequency) the “tn” position, the generator stepping rate is at power line tre: quency.877-177-D1 or D2 Operators NORM @XLINE When the NORM oushoutton sn the tot itr. The Offer parity Preaveney) the in” postion, the geet Isaetemined by the poston of re Stoolng rates tc the power Hie OFFSET /AIDIOPPOSE button frequency. OFFSET MULT Muttiturn control providing DC off- FAST 4X LINE When the FAST pushbutton i in ast fam to 10 tes he STEP Frecuaney) then" portion, the onan QEFSET AMIEL suits stra with poverne nearer postion, or @ to. 100 times te frequency. STEP/OFFSET AMPL setting with the STEP Xt kno nthe Hout” wore pasion orFser Inthe “out” postion, the oft, ‘Step transitions occur at the start of the collector supply swsep in SLOW and NORM modes, Tronsi- tions eccur at both the start and the peak of the collector supply sweep in the FAST mode voltage i detcrmined by the OFF SET MULT control, When the ZERO bution is in the “in” pos ‘on, offser is disabled. oppose nthe “In” position, she offser FAST and SLOW When FAST and SLOW bottons are voltage aids the step generator sig- in the “in” postion simultaneously, fa, When the OPPOSE tutton js in ‘the generator stepping rate is twice the “out” position, the offser ‘the powerline frequency, (NORM), voltage opposes the step generator but the step transitions occur at the Signal beaks of elector spy Horizontal HORIZ VOLTS/DIV Selects from 12 calibrated collector NUMBER OF STEPS Continuously variable control {nab eflection factors trom 05 V/DIV selects the number of steps per 20 200 V/DIV or from 6 calibrated display. base deflection factors tom 50 mV/DIV to 2 VIDIV with X10 STEP/OFFSET Selects from 21 current steps, from HORIZ MAG PULL in the “in” MPL. 50 nA/Step to 200 mA/Step, oF si porition. With the X10 HORIZ voltage steps, from 05 ViStep to MAG PULL in the “our” position, 2VIStep, in 3 1-25 sequence the deflection factors are 8 m7 DIV to 20 V/DIV ar SmVIDIV to STEP X41 Puth-push_kaab concentric with 2V/DW. All stepe fallow a 1-25 SFEP/OFFSET AMPL knob. When sequence. mis knob ig released (aut posh tion}, the Step Amplitude is HorizPOSITION Provides uncalibrated horizontal reduced to .1X the previous ampli- (knob Pesitioning over at least *10 grat tude and is indicated by the illu cule divisions. rminated area of the STEP/OFFSET AAMPL knob skirt, The OFFSET — XIQHORIZMAG Pulling the Horiz POSITION knob, MULT range is not effected, re = PULL to the “out” position provides ten sulting in small steps on large offset times magnification of the hor capability. The number of steps zontal display, extending the hor available changes {from the 110 10, zontal positioning so 2100. di range 10 approximately 1 10 95 Sons, Sensitivity change is indt steps), making the deplzy appear as cated by a change in the area of {8 ramp rather than discrete steps at llumination of the HORIZ the high rate VOLTS/DIV knob skirt. STEP/OFFSET When the NORM pushbutton is ia Display POLARITY the "in" position, the step voltage Is the same polarity as the collector DISPLAY INVERT When the NORM pushbution is in sweep unless inverted by the test the “in” pasitian, a normal display fixture. When the NORM button is presented. When the NORM, Jn the “out” position, she step button is in the “aut” position, the vattage is opposite the collector i averted, ott hori- sweep polarity unless inverted by ly and vertically,DISPLAY FILTER, Vertical POSITION tknob} X10 VERT MAG PULL 177 Test Fixture ‘Terminal Selector EMITTER GROUNDED BASE TERM STEP GEN ‘OPEN (OR Ext) SHORT Base GROUNDED EMITTER TEAM STEP GEN OPEN (OR EXT] Full vertical bandwith is obtained wwith the NORM. pushbutton in the “in? position, When the NORM pushbutton is in the “out” posi tion, vertical hendwiath ie limited 10 reduce noise on the trece, Band ‘width limit is useful ia the most sensitive CURRENT/DIV positions, DC position: of the collector sweep, and with base steps turned off, When sweeping manually with filer in use, sweep very slowly Vertical Provides uncalibrated verticat post ‘Toning over atleast 48 divisions. Pulling the Vert POSITION knob to the “out” position provides ten times magnification of the vertical Cisplay. extending the vertical por tioning’ 20 80 divisions, Senstivisy change is indicated by a change in the arez of illumination of the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY (Test Fixture) knob skirt Applies sted generator output to the test fixture base connections Disconnects she tet fixture base terminal from the step generator ‘output and connects the base ter ‘minal to the feont-panel EXT BASE OR EMIT INPUT connector, Disconnects the test fixture base ‘wiminal from she step generator fourpus and grounds the base xe minal Applies step generator output 20 the test fixture emitter terminal ‘and inverte the step generator polarity. Disconnects she emitter terminal from the step genetator and con- hhects the emitier terminal to the EMITTER-BASE BREAKOOWN VERTICAL SENSt- TWITY (CURRENT/ oi LEFT-RIGHT Imelock Defeat LOOPING COMPENSATION VARIABLE VOLTAGE, VARIABLE ouTPuT STEP GEN OUTPUT Connector 877-177-D1 or D2 Operators frontpanel EXT BASE OR EMIT INPUT terminal NOTE In BASE-GROUNDED mode, the stop gonorator signa! 9¢ the frontganel STEP GEN OUT is inverted, Grounds the tost fixture bose ter. ‘minal and applies collector sweep voltage (onty those supply voltages that are not interlocked to the lmitter terminal. The collector ter- minal i open in this mode. Selocts from 28 calibrated vertical eflection factors from 2 9A/D1V 10 ZA/DIV with mainframe X10 VERT MAG PULL in the “in” Position and 2 nA/OIV to 200 mA/DIV with the VERT MAG PULL in the “out” position. All st09¢ follow a 1-2-5 sequence, Threeposition toggle switch for applying est signal to either the teft or right sat of terminal connec. tors leenter position disconnects the terminal connectors). The emitter terminals sre connected toguthor and to either geound, ste generator, oF collector, depending fon the position of ve Terminal Selector switeh, anormal operation, collector ‘weep voltages that are controlled bby the interlock are removed from the device under test if the pro- twetive cover is open, Pushing the Interlock Defeat button applies sweep voltage with the protoctive cover open, as long as the buttan is pressed, Permits compensation of the inter: raf and adapter stray capacitance and for some “deview under test” capacitance. Provides +12, 0 —12 continuously variable voltage (referred 10 ground) to the VARIABLE OUT- PUT connector. Impedance is spproximately 10k. Provides external access ta the step: ‘generator output.£877-177-01 or D2 Operators EXT BASE OR EMIT INPUT. Provides external access tothe base or emitter torminals, depending on ‘the position of the Terminal Salec- tor switch. Also provides a means fof connecting an external resistor between the step generator output and base of she device under cest. GROUND External ground connection. “Tost Fixture Adapters Dovices to be tested are connected to the 677 through the ton banana jacks provided on she test fixture, These Jacks permit wo adapters to be used alternately to make comparison tests “The ten test Fwure Jacks aooept standard banana pluge s0 that a device under test may be connected to the 577-477 without using a specific adapring accessory. ‘The LEFTRIGHT switch position determines which devier is under test. ‘The adapters listed in Table 1 provide sockets into which semiconductors with diverse lead configurations can be placed for testing, TABLE Test Fixture Adopters? Devices TEKTRONIX Tested Cave Types Part Number Diodes ‘Axial Lead Provides | 1030111-00, Kalvin sensing? Bipolar Tran- | TO-5, TO48, and re | 019-096-017 sistors and | lated shee. FETs based Tike bipotar de- views Stundard FET | 705, 0-18, and ce | 013.0099.01"% basing Aeted sizes. Bipolar Tran- | TO-3; Provides Kelvin | 013.0100.00 sistors and | sensing? ‘SCRE Bipolar Tron: | 70-66; Provides Kelvin | 013-0101-00" sissors and | sensing? SCRs some of the asceooris lisned are made of plastic and are susceptibe to damage from excuse heat Hx viene ely to heat excosively, use het sink oF switch to the PULSED mode of operation, 2500 the pearaph tiled Kelvin Senin, TABLE 1 (cont) Devices TEKTRONIX Tested Part Number Bipolar Tansie 013.0102-00* tors and FETS based like bi polar devices. ‘Standard FET | Longlead devices. 013-0103-00* basing Diodes Stud leads; DO4 and | 013.0110-00" DOS. Provides Kelvin sensing? Bipolar Tansis- 013.0112-00% tors and SCRE Bipoter Trar- | TO-5, TO.18, and ve | 019-0127-00" sistors, FETs, | lated. sites, short or and SCRE long leads. KeWwin sensing®. Furnished with standard bipolar configuration, but may be rewired to non standard configura tions. Bipolar Tran: | Small indine plastic | 013.0139.00* sistors power transistors. Kel- Vin sensing? Furnished With BCE configura ton, but may bo wires to CBE contig: Bipolar Tran | Large indine plane. | 0130136008 Sistors Kelvin sensing? Fur nished with 8-C£ con- figuration but may be rewired 10 CBE cow figuration “Optional accesory Tye wansstor adapter (TEKTRONIX Part Number 013:0098.01) and the FET adopter {TEKTRONIX Port Number 013.0008.01) havea foureh terminal fom eoch single test socket) marked with {yelow dot. This fourth terminal i connected to 4 termina [also {doritiod with a yellow det] near te Bortom edge of the adapter, ‘The fourth terminalis normally connected by a removable wite ink ‘the Elemis) or & feouree) terminal st the device unde test, ‘The fourth terminal may be used to Blas he subsrat af the doves under test. The VARIAQLE £12 volts avaiable. on the 177 Tost, Fistwre front panel can be patched (using a bananatosin patch ‘cord tothe fourth terminal eonnectar Remove the wit Hse between the yellow dot and the © for S| terminal and iaert the etch ord pin ead into the "yellow" termina To inert ‘wire link) Into the conmactrll, prow the sguar, [etton(l white inearing th pin OrTABLE 1 (eont) Devices Tested Case Type Integrated Cir-| Wher used with the cuits ‘correct Barnes Corpora: tion adapters, accepts most ICs with up to 16 leads TEKTRONIX Part Number Dioses Magnetic holder for ‘axial lead diodes, pro- viding rapid insertion fend removal for pror duction applications. (013.0078.00" Bipolar Tran | Powar transistors with ators hook leads. 013.0074.00" Other Blank adapter bax to mount your choice of socket. (013-0104.008 coLLecton ‘SUPPLY ST7-177-01 or D2 Oporators Kelvin Sonsing Since each contact in the vest fixture has Fnite resis tence, a potential is developed geross this resistance during eny test. “The potential developed across tas contact resistance fs of little consequence in low current measurements, Contsct ‘sistance can be an important consideration in high overent measurements, since the potential daveloped across this contact resistance may be an appreciable part of the total potential measured. Providing separate path, through a separate set of contacts through which very fttle current flows (Kelvin Sensing) provides an accurate measurement of the voltage soross only the dovica under test. Seo Fig. 4. Kelvin sensing is designed into many of the test adopters ‘vsilable a8 sccessories to the TEKTRONIX Curve Tracer systems, as shown in Table 1. Contac esitance + we TSENG A wonta voursiow Kelvin sensing lends sense ig, Kahin Volage sersiog Sensing. 9571-177-D1 or D2 Operators FIRST-TIME OPERATION AND FAMILIARIZATION ‘The §77-177-D1 oF D2 Curve Tracer system, as received, should perform within the specification given in Section 1 of the 577-1 of 02 Service Manuel and the 177 Service Manust. ‘This procedure permits the operator to bacame familiar With the front pane! eantrois and their functions, ‘This procedure can also be used os 9 general check of instrument performance. To check performance with respect to instrument specifications, use the Performance Chock Procadura in Section 5 of the Service menuals, Preliminary ‘Set the Display Unit (01 or D2) controls as fallow: wore hen frst receiving the instrument or when it has ‘been turned off for two weeks or more: turn the BRIGHTNESS contro! fully clockwise, place the push-push STORE switehes (UPPER and LOWER) in the depressed position, Turn the INTENSITY control uty counterclockwise. Turn tho power on snd note that after 3 short delay the sereen will bocome folly Murninated, Leave the instrument in this mode for 5 ‘minutes before erasing oF going to non-store modo. p1p2 INTENSITY ‘Counterctockwise Focus Geatered 1 BRIGHTNESS Counterctockwise STORE UPPER our position LOWER “our” position ERASE UPPER. Etcher position Lower Either position 1, Apoly power 10 the 577-177-D1 or D2 system, Pull the POWER ewiteh to she ON position, 2 Alloer about one minute for instrument weemmup, 10 Set the 577 Mainframe controls as foltows: STEP FAMILY REP Pushed int STEP RATE NoRM Pushed int STEP/OFFSET POLARITY “NORM Pushed int OFFSET ZERO Pushed inf pase AID Asis STEP X.1 Pushed iné STEP/OFFSET AMPL = mA/DIV NUMBER OF STEPS 1 ecw) OFFSET MULT Asis MAX PEAK VOLTS 25 MAX PEAK POWER WATTS 15 SERIES RESISTOR 2k COLLECTOR SUPPLY POLARITY ac VARIABLE COLLECTOR % ° Horiz POSITION contrat Centered XIOHORIZ MAG PULL Pushed in HORIZ VOLTS/DIV 200 COLLECTOR VOLTS DISPLAY INVERT NORM Pusheo inf DISPLAY FILTER NORM Pushed in? 3. Tun the INTENSITY control clockwise, white pressing the BEAM FINDER button, until a pot appears fon tha geaticulo. To avoid burning’ the CRT phosphor, adjust the INTENSITY until the spot is esi visible, out not exceptionally bright. Position the spot to grticule center and release the BEAM FINDER, 4, Adjust the FOCUS control for 4 shara, well-defined spot. Vortical POSITION control Canter the display VERTICAL SENSITIVITY 1 ma/DIV X00 VERT MAG PULL Pushad is Sot the remaining Test Fixture controls as follows: ‘Terminal Selector EMITTER GROUNDED BASE TERM STEP GEN, LOOPING COMPENSATION As ie LEFT-RIGHT, Off {center position) For normal operation sit dork gray buttons aod knobs we in thePositioning 41, Turn the Vertical POSITION eontrot throughout ite range, The control range should position the spot well off-screen in both directions. Vertically position the spot to graticule center, 2, Turn the Horizontal POSITION control throughout Its range. The contro! range should position the spot well off-ereen in both directions. Push the BEAM FINDER and ‘ote that the spot can not be positionad off screen. Ralease BEAM FINDER buron and return the spot to graticule contar. 3, Set tne COLLECTOR SUPPLY POLARITY to +. Note that the spot moves to the lower (eft corner of he raticule, 4, Set the COLLEGTOR SUPPLY POLARITY to -. Note that the spot moves to the upper right corner of the CRT graticule, Return the COLLECTOR SUPPLY POLARITY to +. 5. Instell the Diode Test Adapter (TEKTRONIX Part Number 013.0111.00) into the righthand set of accestory ‘connectors located on the 177 Test Fixture ©, Place a 1 KS2 resistor in the diode adapter clips, 7. Set the LEFT-AIGHT switch to the RIGHT position. Set the HORIZ VOLTS/DIV to COLLECTOR VOLT, 8. Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control clock: wise until_a diagonal trace sopears on the graticule, a shown in Fig. 5. Note thet the trace intensifies when the Collector sweep level is urned up trom the 20F0 potion. ‘This feature helps to keep the intensity atthe correct level, helping to prevent burning the CRT phosphor when the collector sweep is turned down or disabled. The emount of Intensity change (D1) is controlled by the BRIGHTNESS ‘control, The 02 Display Unit has & fixed amount of change. 8, Turn the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY awiteh clock wise and now that a the vertical deflection fector decreases, the slore of the diegonal trace increases. Set MAX PEAK POWER WATTS to 2.5, Turn the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY further clockwiso (more sensitive) and note that the collector sweep disables yellow light flashes). Increase the value of SERIES RESISTOR and note that the dlagonal trace shortens, ingicating that the higher value of SERIES RESISTOR limite the collector supply current Reset the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY to 1 mA/DIV and the SERIES RESISTOR 20 2k. REV.¢, MAY, 1977 STT-ATT-D1 oF D2 Oporators 10. Tum the HORIZ VOLTS/DIV switch end rote thet the slope change is the inverse of the vertical relationship noted in sep 9. Reuen HORIZ VOLTS/DIV switch to 1 ViDIV COLLECTOR VOLTS, 11, Press the DISPLAY INVERT button to release the button to its “out” position, Turn the VARIABLE, COLLECTOR % costal counterclockwise, Note thet the display has been inverted and i now originating at the ‘upper right corner of the CRT graticul, Push the DISPLAY button to the “in” position. Return the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % t0 0, Collector Supply 1. Turn the MAX PEAK VOLTS switch through is five positions. Note that when the switch is in the 100 V, 400 V, andi 1600 V positions, the yellow lamp fs lighted 2. Whila the yellow light is on, turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control clockwise, Note that the diagonal line obtained previously doas not poze. The yellow lamp Ingicates that the eolfector supply is cissbled. 3. Reset the 677-177 controls as follows: MAX PEAK VOLTS 3 VARIABLE COLLECTOR % @ LEFT-RIGHT Off fcenter) 4, Set the MAX PEAK VOLTS to 100. Note that the veliow lamp is Highted, Fg. 5. Change in slope of resistance, VERTICAL SENSITIVITY or HORIZ VOLTSIDIV change, "877-177-D1 or D2 Operators 5. Install the protection box on the 177 Test Fixture as shown in Fig. 6, with the lid open. 6. Close the lid on the protective box end note thet the yellow lamp extinguishes and the rad lamp {on the test ‘xture) is Hahied The ced lamp indicates thet lethal voltage may exist at the test fixture collector terminals, 7. Open the lid on the protective box and prass the red Incertock Defeat button (lett front of the test fixture) and rote that the yellow lamp extinguishes and the red lamp Tights. &. Set the LEFT-RIGHT switch to the RIGHT position and turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % clockwise, while holding the Interlock Defeat button in, Note that the tiagons! trace apfiears, indicating that the collector supply isenabies. 9, Reset MAX PEAK VOLTS to 25 and turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % to 0, The protective box may be removed, If desired. 10. Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control until ‘the diagonal trace reaches center screen. Pull out the MAX PEAK POWER WATTS and set the switch 10 .6 watts. Note ‘that the diagonal trace lengtbans 2¢ the switch is turned through the higher wattage positions, Note that the SERIES RESISTORS values decrease as the maximum peak ower increeses 11, Allow the MAX PEAK VOLTS switch and the MAX PEAK POWER WATTS switches to become tocked together at 6.5 volts and -15 watts. Switch the MAX PEAK VOLTS: to 25 and note that the MAX PEAK POWER WATTS emaing at .15 watts and that the SERIES RESISTOR value changes to maintain this power level 12, Ser the 877-177 conttalsa¢ Fallows: HORIZ VOLTS/OIV 1 V/OIV COLLECTOR vouTs VARIABLE COLLECTOR % ° MAX PEAK VOLTS 25 MAX PEAK POWER. WATTS 15 LEFT-RIGHT Ott (comer) 2 ig. 6. Protective plastic box for 177 Tat Fixture, 13, Remove the resistor from the diode tost adopter ant replace the resistor with a silicon diode. Connect the diode cathode to the test fixture emiter wermi 14. Set the LEFT-RIGHT switch to RIGHT and turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control clackwist until the diode forward voltage characteristic i displayed (sae Fig. 7).18, Set the COLLECTOR SWEEP POLARITY to #DC. Note that the forward voltage charecteristc fs 2 spat. The spot position indicates diode voltage (horizontal) and current (vertieat, 16. Tum the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % counter: ‘clockwise and note thet the soat traces the diode charecter- istics, wore 1 the asploy unit of the Curve Tracer system is @ DY (Storage) Unit, press the UPPER and LOWER STORE end UPPER and LOWER rece butions to the “in” position. Turn the INTENSITY control counterclockwise, press the ERASE button to pre ‘pare the target for storage, and turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % to 0. Turn the INTENSITY control clockwise far enough t0 produce 9 sot af normal Viewing intensity in lower left comer). Tarn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control clockwise and ote the diode charactoritis on the screen, Return the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % counterclockwise to 0 and note that the trace has boen stored on the screen. With the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % ot 0, turn the BRIGHTNESS control throughout its range and note thst the brightness of the stored image chenges. Turn the BRIGHTNESS contro! fully counterclockwise. Now, wn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % clockwise until the stored image again appears. Turn the BRIGHTNESS control ‘throughout its range and note that the stored display brightness snot affected. Return the BRIGHTNESS control 0 the clockwise position, To remove the stored image, press tha ERASE button. Storage mode ‘ean be returned to non-store by releasing UPPER and LOWER STORE buttons. 17. Remove the diade from the adapter and twiseh the LEFT-RIGHT swizeh of Off. Set the 877-177 controls as follows VERTICAL SENSITIVITY 1 A/DIV HORIZ VOLTS/OIV 2V/DIV COLLECTOR vouTs LEFT-RIGHT. RIGHT COLLECTOR SWEEP. POLARITY aC 18. Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % clockwise to 2ive 10 horizontal divisions oF display. 577-177-01 oF D2 Operstore Fi.8. Typical displays af (A) wuncompanerid looping and (@) looping eomponsated 19. Adisst the 177 LOOPING COMPENSATION tor 14m tooping as shown in Fig, B. 20, Set the 577-177 contras as follows: VERTICAL SENSITIVITY .2mA/DIV VARIABLE COLLECTOR % 0 COLLECTOR sweer POLARITY AC LEFT-RIGHT off 5 V/DIV COLLECTOR vouTs HORIZ VOLTS/DIV 21. Replace the vest diode with a Zener about 12 volts). Conmect the Zener cethode to the test foeure comsittor terminal. 13S7I-A77.D1 or D2 Operators 22. Set she LEFT-RIGHT switeh to RIGHT and urn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control to obtain display similar to that in Fig, 9. Note that both forward and reverse characteristics are deplayed, ig, 8. Display af Zener dhode charactornics (AC moe, 23, Set the COLLECTOR SWEEP POLARITY to — end note the display of only the Zonar characteristics of the ode. ‘Step Generator 1. Set the 677-177 controle a8 follows: LEFT-RIGHT, oft OFFSET MULT. Ofeew) OFFSET ZERO (pushed in} HORIZ VOLTS/(OIV 1 Viiv COLLECTOR vouTs COLLECTOR sweEP POLARITY + VARIABLE COLLECTOR % ° VERTICAL SENSITIVITY 1 ma/DIV MAX PEAK VOLTS 28 MAX PEAK POWER, WATTS 18 NUMBER OF STEPS 1 cow) STEP/OFFSET AMPL 5 A/DIV 2. Remove the diode adapter and replace it with » ‘TEKTRONIX 013-0008-01 Transistor Adapter. 3. Place an NPM silicon aransistor into one of the right “wansistor sockets of the adopter 4 4, Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % contra! until the peak collector voltage is about 10 volts (10 horizontal divisions of display). Sot tne LEFT-RIGHT ewiteh to RIGHT. Turn the STEP/OFFSET AMPL switch clockwise nti @ step appears on the display (see Fig. TOAI. Set the STEPIOFFSET AMPL for the minimum step that produces about 10.5 division step in the display. 5, Set the MAX PEAK POWER WATTS at or telow the Power distipstion rating oF the trensstor under test, Turn ‘the NUMBER OF STEPS contol clockwite until ten steps are cisplayed (soe Fig, 108). 6. Set the HORIZ VOLTS/DIV ta .1 V/DIV, BASE VOLTS. Note the display (Fig, 11A) of collector current vs. ‘basoeminter voltage. Push the STEP X.1 button to release to the “out” position and note that the trace is now = Fig, 10. (A) Mlstation of step 4 (NUMBER OF STEPS ot 1 ‘el (B) Miuttation of stp & (NUMBER OF STEPS at 201,repetition of approximately 100 steps, giving the appearance of a ramp rether than steps. Press the STEP X.1 button to the “in” positon, 7. Set the HORIZ VOL.TS/DIV to STEP GEN. Note the ispley of collector current vs. bese curtent, one step per horizontal division (see Fig. 178). @. Sot the HORIZ VOLTS/DIV to 1 V/DIV COLLEG- TOR VOLTS, and STEP RATE to SLOW. Note that the step rate is slower than the nermal mode. 9. Press the STEP RATE NORM button and then the FAST. Note wat the FAST step rate is fester than the ‘noemal stop rate Fig. 11. (A) thawation of stant 6 (Collector curtent 93. base tor voltage! and (8) ituswation of stop) (eller eurent vm, ® 877-177-D1 oF D2 Operator 10, Prest the STEP FAMILY SINGLE bution several times, and note that each time the SINGLE button i pressed a single family of characteristics is displayed. Set the D1 Display Unit to store, press the ERASE bution, press the SINGLE button, and nate the stored family display. 11, Set tho 877 controls a follows: STEP FAMILY REP RATE NORM PULSED Pushed in 42, Note that the coltactor supply has switched to DC and each stp is 2 short duration (300 ss) pulse (soe Fig, 12), Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control slowly, ‘counterslockwise and note that te curve is traced and stored {with 81 Display Unit lg, 12. tusration of stp 14 (200 us PULSED) 13, Set the 577 controls 26 foltows: PULSED 300 ut VARIABLE COLLECTOR % 20 NUMBER OF STEPS S displayed (6 tinest out" position 14, Set she STEP/OFFSET AMPL switch and VARIABLE COLLECTOR % control for aferily of curves similar to that in Fig. 124, 15, Position the filth curve to the graticue center. Pull the VERT X10 MAG (POSITION control) knob and Position the display to a convenient area of the graticule (e0u Fig, 138), 15577-177.D1 oF D2 Operators Fig. 1, lIhstraton of steps 14 and 15, eletaton, Caleutate 6/Div os follows: 2. Divide the collector currentidivision (setting of VERTICAL SENSITIVITY switch) by the base current stap (sattng of STEP/OFFSET AMPL switen). bb. Determine the change in collector current per base stop (amolitude in vertical visions for 1 base step). Muttiply the B/Div (a) by the collecror current shange in civisions (b). Tho example in Fig, 13 shows a bese current step of 5uA. The collector current per ivision equals 2 mA. 2mapviy , 2X102 2 Ber dvcon = ZOMOW 4 BAIT? «0.4 x 102 = 40 Since the collector curruat change between the fourth and fifth steps & 4.85 divisions, the B of the transistor lunder thase operating conditions is 40 times 4.85 = 194, 16 16. Set the LEFTRIGHT switch co Off, Place an Nechannel junction FET into the LEFT test socket of the FET adoprer 17. Set the $77 controls ss follows: VERTICAL SENSITIVITY 7 ma/DIV VARIABLE COLLECTOR % ° STEP/OFFSET AMPL 05 ViOIV HORIZ VOLTS/DIV 1V/DIV COLLECTOR vouTs 300 ns PULSED “out” position 18. Sot the LEFT-RIGHT switch to LEFT. Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % slowly clockwise. Note the display of drain current vs, drain-source voltage, Since the steps applied to the gete are positivegoing, the curves represent the enhancement mode of operation af the FET (eee Fig. 148). Press the STEP FAMILY SINGLE button to focate the curve obtained with zero volts on the gate, 19. Position the zero gate volts curve to graticule center am digi i Fig 148 Pull bo VERT 10K MAG (POST TION) knob and position the display to a convenient of the grticule gs shown in Fig. 140. Press the STEP FAMILY REP button and reposition the display as, necessary. 20. Calculate Jy,/DIV from the following formu Vert Currentibiv Gate Voles/Div Fig, 4A, Musteation of step 19,4 elelation577-177-01 or D2 Operators Fig. 140,€. Wusrtion of sap 18, o, alvlaton leans For the example in Fig, 14C: Gm: then is the gq,/DIv times the number of displayed SO UAIDIV 50 x 108 {ivisions between curves, and is equal to the 1000 gemhos! = s1x 19% = 7 iy times 2.7 divisions, or 2700 pho. os ViDIV 8x 10% 10? = 1000 umbor/OW. Div times 2.7 divisions, oF 2700 jr ® 7STI-A77-D1 or D2 Operstore APPLICATIONS ‘The 577-177-01 or 02 Curve Tracer system can be used to measure the basic parameters of a wide variety of doves. ‘These devices include: bipolar, fiald effect, and ani- junction transistors; signal, eetifying, Zener, light-emitting, tunnel, and back diodes; silicon controlled rectifier; relays power supplies; and » wide range of resistances For each of the dovice, the section includes a table of besie contol settings required to make the test accurately, without damaging the device under test. Where necessary for clerificstion, a diagram of connec: tions to the west fixture and @ ghotograph of = typical characteristic are provided. A tist of common measurements for most deviegs Is also included, REV JUL 1981 ‘This section was written assuming thet the reader is familiar with the operation of the 577 Gueve Tracer system and the parameters being considered. Storage (using the D1 Display Unit) was used for many fof the illustrations in this manual. Most of the tests can be performed without storage. The photos ware taken with a C5 Camera; most were storad lnages. Storage tends to reduce differenos in intancity such that waveform photos are aesy to make, practically eliminating any waste of film, even on the first photo. 18577-177-D1 or D2 Operators BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 877-177 Control Settings Control Settings HORIZ VOLTS/DIV COLLECTOR VOLTS (1 V/DIV) ‘COLLECTOR SWEEP POLARITY “+ {NPN} or — {PNP] depending on the iansistor typo, VARIABLE COLLECTOR 100 WAX PEAK VOLTS os MAX PEAK POWER WATTS Sarto a we level NUMBER OF STEPS 10 STEP/OFFSET AMPL ‘Curent Stope Al, ‘All Dark Gray buttons Poshed in STEP K.1 Pushed in. PULSED ‘360 is bution pushed in whan using high power lavas “Terminal Selector Common Emitter Family EMITTER GROUNDED, BASE TERM, STEP GEN, Common-Bese Family BASE GROUNDED, EMITTER TERM, STEP GEN. COMMON EMITTER CHARACTERISTICS Conmom Emitter Family ica ortan iver of VERTICAL DISPLAY BaP ster GENERATOR coutector SUPPLY 19 HORIZONTAL DISeLAY. ‘ane REV JUL 1964COMMON MEASUREMENTS Beta 6 (Statics } 2 igh Curren 8 (Low Current) “The static forward current transfer ratio (emitter groundedl, bee, is Nella The small-signal short: ward current transfer ra grounded), he termine hye at various pointe in a family of curves, multiply the var tical separation of two adjacent curves by leflg. To make = more accurate measurement of smal signal 6. adjust the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY zo limit the distance between curves, in tha area of interest, to 0.8 divisions. Reduce the NUMBER OF STEPS to 1. Set OFFSET to AID and use the OFF: SET MULT to set the display 40 the sired collector currant level. Pll VERT X10 MAG to expand the display vertically. Use Vertical POSITION to re-position the dis: Play on the seveen. High current 8 messsroments should be made inthe manner detailed for small-signal 8, but the pulsed made should be utilized. Use PULSED 300s and SLOW STEP RATE, Kelvin sensing is not necessary for high current, medium voltage, # measurements, When measuring at lower cur= ents, base steps as low as 5aA/ DIV may be obtained by utilizing the STEP X.1 {in the “out” posi onh. DG mode is necessary to prevent looping. If display noise is objectionable, the noise may be minimized in the following mann Turn off the STEP FAMILY (press SINGLE button}, use DISPLAY FILTER (button “out") and OFF- SET AID. ‘Curves can be tracad manually for each desired level of base dive, Storage (using the D1 Display Unit) Is usoful for this kind of measur ment. 577-177-01 or D2 Operators Saturation Veeysar) Saturation characteristics of many vices can be meatured without being tested with pulses. But, ‘usually saturation is specified as & pulsed measurement at 2%, of less, ‘duly eyela. For making measure ments. to specifications, use the PULSED 900 us and SLOW STEP RATE features of the 877 Curve Tracer system to obtain 2% duty cycle. VARIABLE COLLECTOR % could “be adjusted 10 obtain only ‘he required current Love. At highor currant levels (100 mA or above for smaltsignal devices and somewrat higher for power deviees) Kelvin sensing. should be utilized for most sccurate measurements. Seo Fig. 18 for 8 typiea\ display of saturation characteristics. Fig. 15. Typicl daplay of sturtian Region characteristics, Set up the test 35 for Vee tear) and switeh the HORIZ VOLTS! DIV to BASE VOLTS, For the leakage and break. down tests that follow, lethal voltages may exist atthe test terminals, USE THE PRO- TECTION OF THE PLASTIC GUARD BOX. If the plastic box cannot be used, exercise extreme caution, ISAT)'577-177-D1 or D2 Operators Crore | Keep MAX PEAK POWER WATTS well Below the rating of the device under test, since fn the breakdown mode, the device under st cap be destroyed at power levels weil below the normal operating power Set the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY consistent with leakage specifications. Leakage and Breakdown Viemero a Collectormitior lesksge currant with base open. Set the Terminal Selector to BASE TERM OPEN (OR EXT) and the HORIZ VOLTS/ DIV and MAX PEAK VOLTS set at sired to make the measurement (consistent with breakdowm voltage specifications), Use DC mode to avoid looping. I is ‘often ackantageous to use the DIS. PLAY FILTER. For a cleanar dl, play, rn off the stops (push SINGLE). Current. measurements below 2nA/DIV may be made by Using vertical magnification (pull VERT X10 MAG), Whether using vertical magnification or not, the ‘device under test should be ce: moved from the socket £0 2 72a current reference may be estab lished. With Vertical magrifiestion, the display may go off soreen. Vertically reposition 19 establish ‘ero with the device under test out fof the socket. Collectoremitter leakage current With the base shorted to emitter. Same test 36 log exeapt that the Terminal Selector is set x0 BASE TERM SHORT, Cotlector-emitter areakdown voltage wish the base open, Set the TTerminat Selecror to BASE TERA! OPEN (OR EXT). When checking to breakdown specifications, set the HORIZ VOLTSIDIV to = setting consistant with the specification, ang turn the VARIABLE COLLEC. TOR % uncil che display indiester breakdown (sce Fig. 16), Measuring Viegiceo 24 Vioayces At Currents in Excess of lma Tests for Vionceo and Viemyces at test currents in excess of 1 mA Gan otten be mace whith the 577 Curve “Tracer systern using # 900 xs pulse, Since junetion heating at high current might damage the device under tost, the 577 test it tet up t0 use the step (generator offeer 26 hold the doviee in saturation, then wing fone 300 ps step to obtain zoro hase current for the Vinmiceo test oF zero hase volts for the Vigayces tet ‘Some oscillations may occur at some current level as most devices exhibit @ negative resistance rogion in the breakdown curve, Tho currant Jovel spacified for most Viariceo Staining tests is usually above the negative febietance rogion. Because of these oscillations, this test may not be usable forall davices. Step generator polarity must bein the INVERT made to turn off the device uncer test and offset in the OPPOSE mode to turn on the deviee under test. Step/Otfset amplitude should be no higher than neces: sary, since the open or shorted concition of the base is more closely approximated when the amplitude is low. For Viamiece tts the amplitude ig normally betwoen 7 mA and TOMA, ‘Settings above 10 mA will not turn on the deviee under ‘est any harder, since the opposing offeet current fs limited so about 15 mA, Fig. 18. Display of collector miter breakdown volDoee Viayceo: ®Select 2 value of SERIES RESISTOR {in tho collector supply) that limits the peak saturation current to 2 reasonable value {not to exceed 2.5 times the vertical screen dimension, oF the colleccor shutdown circuit will be octivate. ‘Setup For Measuring Vipgsceo (Example) 1, Obtain ® normal display (10 steps of I, vs. Veg) 2, Reduce the number of steps te 1 step shove the zero collector currant levet 3 Switch the LEFT-RIGHT snitch to Off, 4. Tum the VERTICAL SENSITIVITY to 5 mA/DIV. 5. Set MAX PEAK VOLTS to 400, SERIES RESISTOR, fo Bk, VARIABLE COLLECTOR % to 0, end COLLEC: ‘TOR SUPPLY POLARITY to #DC. 6. Set HORIZ VOLTS/DIV to 20 ViDIV, 7. Set OFFSET “out, OPPOSE “out”, OFFSET MULT. ‘to 1.00, and STEP GENERATOR POLARITY to INVERT. &, Set the STEP RATE to SLOW and PULSED to 300 us, 8. Turn the VARIABLE COLLECTOR 5: clockwise and observe the aisplay as the collector voltage is increased, Starting at zero volts, the collectoremitter voltage increases horizontally} until breakdown is reached {horizontal in ‘crease stops). As the collector supply voltage inereases, the colleezor voltage no longer increases but the current through the sevice continues to increase, resulting ina esplay similar to Fig. 17, {Be certain that the device saturates in order to keep the ower dissipation to a minimum. If any sign of oscillations ‘occur, the valtage shoutd be reduced ori is quite likely the device will be destoved. Measuring Visrices Set up the wst 26 for Veo ego. excent that OFFSET AMPLITUDE is set at | V/BIV. ® 871-477-D1 or D2 Operators Gollector-emitter leakage current and collectoremitter areakdown votiage (with @ specified resistance between the base terminal and the emitter terminal) are messured the same 8 Ieco ard Vipmiceo except that a resistance con: nected betwoen the bese terminal and the omizter terminal (F can be connected to terminals on the 177 front panel. een 2nd Visnicen Jeeo 2nd Vianieno Collector-base Isakage current and collactor-base Greskeown voltage (Emitter openl is massured the same as lee and Viunice, except that the Terminal Selector switch is set to EMITTER TERM OPEN (OR EXT), Emitterase teskage current and emitiorbase breakdown voltage {eollector open are measured the same a5 leao 89d Vianicno ‘except that the Terminal Selector Ie set to EMITTER-BASE BREAK. Down, Limit broakdown current to thet specified as the small amount of ower dissipated in the emitier-base junction ean aiter the 2 of the device. Maximum voltage eveitable jn this Selactor position i 25 volts, Unless the 177 has been modified to remove the 100 V and 400 V fram ‘the safety interlock circuit, ‘e00 6"d Vionieno Fiy. 17. Types! play of Viginjceg for cutont value in excess oti ma 22S77-177-D1 or D2 Operators Low Base-Drive Voltage Fig. 18 shows the characteristics of @ transistor driven with iow base-voltage drive. The drive voltage (250 mV to 300 mV in SmV increments) was varied using ALDing Offset end the OFFSET MULT, ig. 18. Characterisos of wansetor driven with low basedrive veltoge. Collector currant (verticall was 2 nA/DIV. The photosraph was made using the storage feature of the D1 Storage Display Unit. The collector voltage wae swept_manually with STEP FAMILY set to SINGLE, COLLECTOR SWEEP POLARITY tet to OC. and the DISPLAY FILTER button in the “out” position. 1 v5. Vig ‘The test results displayed in Fig. 19 show deviation from Tinearity at the highest current (20 mA/DIV) level, The example (@ 2N3ODS) was made with the Curve ‘Tracer controls set 2s follows: MAX PEAK VOLTS, 6.5; VARIABLE COLLECTOR ‘%, about 30; COLLECTOR, SUPPLY POLARITY, +DC; MAX PEAK POWER WATTS, 23; and HORIZ VOLTS/DIV, 1 BASE VOLTS. The curve at the left represents 200 pA/DIV and each, successive curve is one dacade higher, eu, 2A, 200A, 200 nA, etc., 10 20 mAIDIV at the ninth curve. Each curve ‘was troced manually (osing the D1 Display Unit storage ‘eature) with dase drive provided by the step generator ant OFFSET MULT (using AlDing Offset). The bose drive voltage can be measured on the horizontal axis. From 200 pA/DIV to 200 nA/DIV the Display Filter was used, ‘At 2mAIDIV and 20-mA/DIV, Twolt, 200s Pulse, and Opposing Offset were used. Fes see Jt Sig eised & ma Fig. 19, 1, Ht Ving for 249508,77-17-01 oF D2 Operators COMMON BASE CHARACTERISTICS ‘Common Gas Foriiy 1g vt Vag for COMMON MEASUREMENTS = (Small Signal) The. smaltsignal short-circuit for- ward current transfer ratio (base grounded), yy, can be measured dis plays, but is determined most easily by caleulation trom the equation: a= BG + 1). 24‘STT-A77-D1 oF D2 Operators FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS Nore ‘Some MOS FETs may 6 tested in the double transistor adapter, since tho basing configuration is the same as that of ‘polar wansistors. Howrever, the majority of FETs have different basing than bipolar transistors and can be most easy ‘ested in the FET adopter (TEKTRONIX Part Number 013-0039-01). 577-177 Control Settings Conwot ‘Settings HORIZ VOLTS/DIV COLLECTOR VOLTS ‘COLLECTOR SWEEP POLARITY + INPN} for Neehannel device and — (PNP) for P-channt device MAX PEAK POWER WATTS ‘Set t a safe level, MAX PEAK VOLTS 65 VARIABLE COLLECTOR % 100% STEP/OFFSET AMPL VOLTAGE Steps All dark gray buttons Pushed in 300 js PULSED. out” position, ‘Terminal Selector EMITTER GROUNDED, BASE TERM, STEP GEN, STEP/OFFSET POLARITY Mode? Enhancement Depletion INVERT. Posed se" position = i operated in the enhanesment or depletion ious. Mart junetion FETs can "the enhancement or depletion modes. TSTEP/OFFSET POLARITY depenls on whether th ‘operate In he depletion made and MOS FETs operste ‘To oporat in both mode simultaneously, the POLARITY may bein ether position, Set OFFSET to, Opposing, This setup gees sep in cither direction from aero, CHARACTERISTICS HORI ene rar Bisrtay ERATOR ise ‘coLuector ‘SUPPLY Lt 25 ®COMMON MEASUREMENTS Boy ny (Satie) ‘The static transconductance (source grounded) is Ip Veg. Jen (Small Sigral) The smallsignal transconductance (source grounded is Aly (Vg 5. loss Droin-source eurrent with 2070 Vos js measured from the common source family with the Terminal Selector set to BASE TERA SHORT. Ingg should be messured above the knee of tho curve, Measuring Small Signal 9, IW the FET gate-source voltage i specified st zero, the zero-wolt operating point may be set precisely, as follows: Display a normal common-source family of character ists. Adjust the MAX PEAK VOLTS and VARIABLE COLLECTOR % to set the Vg to that specified, } Vertically positon the 200 wolt curve toa reterene fine on the gratia Reduce the NUMBER OF STEPS to 1. Using the OFFSET OPPOSE end OFFSET MULT, osition the displayed waces to be equidistant from the fefesence line. Pull the VERT X10 MAG ond measure the stance berwaen the two sce. Calculate g,,/Biv from the formula: 1, Div Ves DW ‘and miltiply the g,,/Div by the number of divisions of isplay at the current of interest, See Fig. 2 for typical displays. Pinch-Off Voltage Pinchot Voltage Ny) Pinchoff voltage, Vo, can be rmeosired by inerestng the dep tion voltage with the OFFSET MULT conttoi and the STEP/ OFFSET AMPL switch until the specified pinchott current i reached, 877-1711 oF D2 Operators Exemple of the procedure for & typical FET: Observe 2 family of character: istics, Set the MAX PEAK VOLTS and VARIASLE COLLECTOR % to display horizontally) the Vog. speci Set OFFSET to AID, OFF. SET MULT to 0, and STEP FAMILY to SINGLE, Turn the OFFSET MULT contrat to reduce the doin current toward zero (STEP/OFFSET AMPL. ‘may need resetting). Ineroaso the VERTICAL SENSI TIVITY toward the specified ich-off current (STEP/ OFFSET AMPL and OFFSET MULT may need resetting 10 keep the display on-screen! Fi. 22, Display iustrating metod of mensirng salina Sox 26877-177-01 or D2 Operators Set the trace to indicate the desired currant (vertical). Calculate the pinch-off voltage from the product of the STEP/ OFFSET AMPL and the OFF- SET MULT controls. Finding Zero Temperature Costticient, T, To provide the best display of the results of this test ‘method, the storage feature should be used. Display a normal family of curves Push the STORE buctons on the O1 Disniay Unit and then push the ERASE button to prepare the target for storage. Heat (or cool) the device under test and look for the level at which the least change occurs, See Fig. 21 for a ‘typical display. The Otfset may be usec! to change the Fig. 21. Distay of changes In drain current choretrstis with temperature changes, Stored display leery show: lvat of Veet change in ron srrent Position of the steps such thot the zero temperature point ‘may be found move accurately.ST7-177-D1 oF D2 Operators UNIJUNCTION TRANSISTORS 877/177 Control Settings Control ‘Setting HORIZ VOLTS/OIV COLLECTOR VOLTS COLLECTOR SWEEP POLARITY + MAX PEAK POWER WATTS Set to ase eval STEP/GFFSET AMPL Voltage steps OFFSET “out” position, OPPOSE in position, STEP FAMILY SINGLE (dial in dasived offset Terminal Selector BASE TERM STEP GEN, CHARACTERISTICS ‘COLLECTOR SUPPLY COMMON MEASUREMENTS using the VARIABLE COLLEC- TOR w cate Vp the vlan et " Frenne sande ata a shioy the tite tion " becomes forward biased. Vep ,, the {urn on voltage of the emitter bese, junction is determinod by setting the Terminal Selector to BASE TERM OPEN. Veg, is rypically 05 Vat OHA, , where Vee, i the voltage be ‘ween bases. Va ye, ie determined by the OFFSET MULT ond the STEP/OFFSET AMPL contols. Veqoq May be measured by setting The imerbose rasistanes can be measured by placing the base, lead In the collector terminal of the test the HORIZ VOLTS/DIV to BASE socket and the bese, lead in the VOLTS. Vp is determined by emitter terminal. Leave the emitter applying voltage betwen the lead of the dovice open and apply femitier and the base, terminals voltage across the two bases with 28877-477-01 oF D2 Operators the VARIABLE COLLECTOR % ‘eantrol and measure R trom the slope of the displey y, Emitter saturation voltage. Set up this test es shown in the black sgrem, Use the step generator 10 Provide voltage to base,. Measure the voltage st seturstion las shown in Fig. 22) at the current specified. “Typical figures for this device ate: Base, 10 volts; Current at which saturation is messured, 50 mA. ea ,isarh i. 22, Tyna dota of Emitter Sawration Volos Ves, (sar lesa Emitter Reverse Current with B, 2 ‘open, Use soecifiad voltage on 8, ‘and measure at with any leakage ejanoo) Modulated Interbase Current. tp tssows 8 the current flowing in base, with the specified eurrent in the “omier circuit, using the specified Interbase voltage, Set up the teet as shown in Fig, 224, Set NUMBER OF STEPS to 1, STEP/ OFFSET AMPL to 50mAJDIV, HORIZ VOLTSIDIV to 2 VIDIV, and measure curront as in Fig. 238, Measuring Negative Resistance of the Unijunction Transistor Connect the unijunetion 10 she test fixture a for rmessuring emitter saturation charactorstics, with one ‘exception: Connect a variable resistance in series with the Uuniiunetion emitter and the Collector (C} terminal of the ‘ast adapter. 29 Fig. 23. (A) Connecting uniunetion transistor to text Fixture (6) Type displ of Modulated Hnterbese Curent. Set the resistance to zero and set up the test to observe emitter saturation voltage. Increase the value of resistance to the point st wich the splay is vertical et the current level of interest. See Fig. 24. Jured to produce the vertical istance of the device. ‘The value of resistance display is equal to the negative Since the’display has somo curvature, the moasuremert ‘should be made at the point at which to the vertical Fig. 24. Stora diptey of the atfact of resistance in saris with the snlnetion emia, @