F5MR ch1 (1 28)

Bab
Chapter
BAB
Mikroorganisma
dan Kesannya
ke atas Hidupan
Microorganisms and
Their Effects on Living
Things
Konsep
ISTILAH
Algae
Alga
Bakteria Bacteria
Proses pereputan Decaying process
makanan Food digestion
Pencernaan
Fungi
Kulat
Keimunan Immunity
Infection
Jangkitan
Mikroorganisma
Microorganisms
Kurap Ringworm
Panau Tinea
PENTING!
The
UP!
WORD
Algae Alga
Bakteria
Bacteria
Decaying
process Proses pereputan
Food digestion
Pencernaan makanan
Kulat
Fungi
Immunity Keimunan
Infection Jangkitan
Microorganisms Mikroorganisma
Kurap
Ringworm
Tinea Panau
BIG Picture!
Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM
F5MR-ch1(1-28).indd 1
Tahun
Kertas 1
2005
S2427
2006
2007
2008
S2327
2009
S2529
SPM Past-year Questions
Kertas 2
Paper 2
Year
Paper 1
S2
2005
Q2427
Q2
S2428
S3
2006
Q2428
Q3
S2527
S3
2007
Q2527
Q3
2008
Q2327
2009
Q2529
Bhg. A
Bhg. B
Bhg. C
S2
S2
Sec. A
Sec. B
Sec. C
Q2
Q2
7/23/10 11:02:34 AM
Learning Objective
Objektif Pembelajaran
1.1 Memahami pengelasan mikroorganisma
Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang pengelasan mikroorganisma berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya.

saprofit
sel hidup
elektron
fotosintesis
unisel
gelap
filamen
seni
multisel
kristal
pertunasan
mati
Pelbagai
Cara pembiakan
Pelbagai
Membiak mela-
bentuk
saiz
Mikroorganisma
lui
belahan
dedua
unisel
kokus
vibrio
Mikroorganisma
yang paling
bakteriofaj
spora
(d) Protozoa
saprophytes
living cells
electron
photosynthesis
Pelbagai
Mempunyai
pelbagai
bentuk seperti
filamen
dan
Membiak melalui pertunasan

(yis) atau
pembentukan
sfera
(a) Bacteria
unicellular
dark
filament
smallest
multicellular
crystal
budding
dead
binary fission
chlorophyll
spore formation
sunlight
spora
parasit
mana
Membiak mela-
Pelbagai
bentuk
lui
belahan
dedua
Pelbagai
saiz
Tumbuhan
akuatik
unisel
klamidomonas
Membiak mela-
Pelbagai
bentuk
lui
belahan
dedua
dan
multisel
1.1 HP Menyenaraikan ciri-ciri pelbagai jenis mikroorganisma
anywhere
damp
sphere
fresh water
binary
fission
Hanya dapat
dijumpai di
dalam
Boleh dijumpai
di tempat yang
gelap
(kulat panau)
atau saprofit
(mukor)
The
smallest
(b) Viruses
Reproduce in
living cells by
Various
shapes
microorganisms
Only can be
seen through an
(ameba dan
paramesium)
dan parasit
(Plasmodium)
Hidup sebagai
autotrof
,
iaitu boleh membuat makanan
melalui
fotosintesis
Can be found
anywhere
(Feed on
dead
sporangium
dan
spore
Various
sizes
Plants that do
not have
(d) Protozoa
Reproduce
through
Have
various
shapes such as
filament
and
sphere
budding
(yeast) or
spore
menerima
cahaya
matahari
Various
Various
sizes
Unicellular
multior
Spirogyra
Chlamydomonas
Live as
parasites
(tinea fungi) or
saprophytes
(mucor)
Can be found in
dark
and
damp
places
formation
sizes
Unicellular
animals
(e) Algae
outside the
living things
(mucor)
Reproduce
through
Various
shapes
binary
fission
Amoeba Paramecium
Boleh dijumpai
di tempat
lembap yang
Can only be
found in
living cells
living
cell
hypha
di air tawar
dan tempat
yang lembap
parasites
crystals
chlorophyll
Boleh dijumpai
Live as
virus
Reproduce
through
Various
shapes
binary
fission
cellular
Live as
saprophytes
(Amoeba and
Paramecium)
and parasites
(Plasmodium)
Live as
autotrophs ,
that is, they can
make their own
food through
photosynthesis
Can be found
in fresh water
and damp
places
Can be found in
damp
areas that
receive
sunlight
aquatic plants
1.1 LO List the characteristics of various types of
microorganisms
1.1 LO Classify microorganisms into bacteria, fungi,

protozoa, viruses and algae
6 State the type of microorganism that can be cultured and crystallised outside living cells. (Virus)
7 State two examples of protozoa. (Amoeba and Paramecium)
8 State two examples of fungi. (Mucor and yeast)
9 State two examples of algae. (Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas)
10 State the microorganism that can make its own food through photosynthesis. Explain your answer.
(Algae. Algae contains chlorophyll.)
5 State the type of microorganism that can only live in living cells. (Virus)
or
saprophytes
Habitat
Can form
microscope
(c) Fungi
lembap
1 State the tiny living things that can only be seen through a microscope. (Microorganisms)
2 State three types of microorganisms. (Viruses, bacteria and fungi/protozoa/algae)
parasites
duplicating
mucor
(mould)
saprofit
Live as
itself
electron
bacteriophage
yeast
Hidup sebagai
Nutrition
organisms)
Understanding the classification of microorganisms
4 State the microorganism that is classified as an animal cell. (Protozoa)
Reproduce
through
Various
shapes
vibrio
1.1 HP Mengelaskan mikroorganisma kepada bakteria, kulat,

protozoa, virus dan alga
3 State the smallest microorganism. (Virus)
coccus
(mukor)
Pelbagai
Various
Method of
reproduction
Shape
sizes
Unicellular
microorganisms
tuk kristal
di luar benda
hidup
Hidup sebagai
Size and brief

explanation
mana-
sel hidup
virus
paramesium
spirogira
di
Boleh memben-
unisel
Activity
parasites
various
duplicating
autotrophs
Type of microorganism
Boleh dijumpai
atau saprofit
(Memakan
organisma
mati )
dirinya
klorofil
(e) Alga
parasit
Habitat
menggandakan
saiz
Haiwan
ameba
Hidup sebagai
sel
hidup
saiz
Tumbuhan yang
tidak
mempunyai
hifa
mukor
(kulapok)
yis
DISCUSSION
Mastery
MINDRobics
sporangium
Nutrisi
Membiak dalam Hidup sebagai

sel hidup
parasit
dengan
Pelbagai
bentuk
elektron
(c) Kulat
1.1
Various types of microorganisms
(a) Bakteria
Rupa bentuk
seni
mana-mana
lembap
sfera
air tawar
1
Saiz dan
penerangan
ringkas
Jenis mikroorganisma
Hanya dapat
dilihat melalui
mikroskop
MINDRobics
belahan dedua
klorofil
pembentukan spora
cahaya matahari
Activity
Complete the table below on the classification of microorganisms based on their common characteristics.
CHAPTER
parasit
pelbagai
menggandakan
autotrof
(b) Virus
1.1
1.1
Masteri
1.1 Understanding the classification of microorganisms
Chapter 1
Microorganisms and Their

Effects on Living Things
Pelbagai jenis mikroorganisma
DISCUSSION

1.1 PERBINCANGAN
BAB
Chapter 1
Aktiviti
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
Aktiviti
1.2
Masteri
A Study the photographs of the bacteria below and answer the following questions.
Vibrio
Basilus
Spirilum
Kokus
Coccus
Vibrio
Bacillus
Spirillum
1 Apakah ciri bakteria yang boleh digunakan untuk pengelasannya?

Rupa bentuk
bakteria.
1 What is the characteristic of the bacteria that can be used for classification purpose?
shape
of the bacteria.
The
2 Nyatakan rupa bentuk bakteria di dalam foto P, Q, R dan S dengan perkataan yang berikut.
2 State the shape of the bacteria in photographs P, Q, R and S with the following words.
Vibrio
Basilus
Kokus
Spirilum
Vibrio
Bacillus
Coccus
Spirillum
B Refer to the website below for information on moulds:
B Rujuk laman web dibawah untuk maklumat mengenai kulapuk:
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/asexual.cfm
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/asexual.cfm
Y:
Spore
X:
X: Sporangium
Y: Spora
Sporangium
Z
Z
Mikroorganisma di atas boleh dijumpai di permukaan makanan seperti roti berkulat dan buah reput.
1 Apakah nama mikroorganisma yang ditunjukkan?
Kulapuk/Mukor
Secara saprofit
5 Namakan struktur Z yang membolehkan mikroorganisma tersebut menyerap nutriennya.

Hifa
1.2 HP Menerangkan ciri-ciri bagi setiap kumpulan
mikroorganisma
1 What is the name of the microorganism shown? Mould/Mucor

2 Label structures X and Y in the diagram.
3 What is the function of Y? For reproduction
2 Label struktur-struktur X dan Y dalam rajah tersebut.

3 Apakah fungsi Y? Untuk pembiakan
4 Bagaimanakah mikroorganisma ini mendapatkan nutriennya?
The above microorganism can be found on stale breads and rotting fruits.
11 State the method of reproduction for algae, protozoa and bacteria. (Binary fission)
12 State the microorganisms that live as saprophytes. (Protozoa, fungi and bacteria)
4 How does this microorganism get its nutrient? Saprophytic

5 Name structure Z that enables the microorganism to absorb its nutrient.
Hypha
1.2 LO Describe the characteristics of each group of
microorganisms
16 State the shape of the bacteria below.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
13 State the microorganisms that live as parasites. (Viruses, protozoa, fungi and bacteria)
1.2
DISCUSSION
Activity
14 How can bacteria be classified? (Based on its shape)

15 State the possible shapes of bacteria. (Coccus, bacillus, vibrio and spirillum)
(Vibrio)
(Coccus)
(Bacillus)
(Spirillum)
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Mastery
Chapter 1
Classification of bacteria
Activity

A Kaji foto bakteria di bawah dan jawab soalan yang berikut.
DISCUSSION
CHAPTER

Pengelasan bakteria
BAB
Chapter 1
1.2 PERBINCANGAN
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
Learning Objective
Kesan pH terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma

1999 Bhg. A, S2
TUJUAN
HIPOTESIS
(a) yang dimalarkan:
C1P2
VARIABLE
Nilai pH/ Keadaan agar-agar nutrien
C1P3
Agar-agar nutrien yang steril, kultur bakteria (Bacillus subtilis), air suling, asid hidroklorik
1 mol dm3, larutan natrium hidroksida 1 mol dm3
C1P4
Piring Petri dan penutup steril, picagari, penitis, pita selofan
APPARATUS
(a) that is kept constant:
neutral
C1P1
conditions but not in conditions that are very
alkaline
C1P2
Quantity of bacteria/Volume of nutrient agar

pH value/Condition of the nutrient agar
C1P3
Number of bacterial colonies/Number of white spots
Sterile nutrient agar, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), distilled water, 1 mol dm3
hydrochloric acid, 1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution
C1P4
Sterile Petri dishes and lids, syringes, dropper, cellophane tape
PROCEDURE
agar-agar nutrien
+
kultur bakteria
C1
P
A
1
2
3
4
5
S
piring
Petri
keadaan berasid
(larutan asid hidroklorik)
nutrient agar
+
bacteria culture
C1
P
piring Petri
keadaan beralkali
(larutan natrium hidroksida)
keadaan neutral
(sebagai kawalan)
(air suling)
Petri dish
acidic condition
(hydrochloric acid)
Petri dish
alkaline condition
(sodium hydroxide solution)
neutral condition
(acts as the control)
(distilled water)
C2P4
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
CARA KERJA
1 Masukkan 5 cm3 agar-agar nutrien panas ke dalam piring Petri A, B dan C.

2 Biarkan agar-agar menjadi pepejal sebelum menambah 1 cm3 larutan kultur bakteria ke
atas permukaan agar-agar tersebut.
3 Masukkan 1 cm3 asid hidroklorik dalam salah satu piring Petri, 1 cm3 larutan natrium
hidroksida dalam piring Petri kedua dan 1 cm3 air suling dalam piring Petri ketiga dengan
menggunakan picagari.
4 Tutup piring Petri dengan penutup dan lekatkan penutup itu menggunakan pita selofan.
5 Letakkan ketiga-tiga piring Petri A, B dan C secara terbalik dalam almari gelap selama
dua hingga tiga hari.
6 Catatkan pemerhatian anda ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria pada akhir eksperimen.
1 5 cm3 agar-agar nutrien panas dimasukkan ke dalam setiap piring Petri A, B dan C.
2 Agar-agar dibiarkan menjadi pepejal sebelum 1
cm3
larutan kultur bakteria
ditambahkan ke atas permukaan agar-agar tersebut.
1.3 HP Mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
Mereka cipta satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan
nilai pH terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
1.2
GUIDED
1.3
Experiment PEKA
1,4
Experiment PEKA
1,5
UNGUIDED
UNGUIDED
Experiment PEKA
Synthesising ideas on the factors that affect the growth of

microorganisms
1 State five factors that affect the growth of microorganisms. (Nutrients, humidity, light, temperature and pH
value)
2 What happens to microorganisms in conditions that are too acidic or too alkaline? (Microorganisms are
killed.)
Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Eksperimen

1.1, hlm. 11; Essential Science SPM, Experiment 9.1,
hlm. 259
C2P4
cm3
1 Put 5
of hot nutrient agar into Petri dish A, B and C.
2 Let the agar solidify before adding 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution on the surface of the
solidified agar.
3 Add 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid into one Petri dish, 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution
into the second Petri dish, and 1 cm3 of distilled water into the third Petri dish
using syringes.
4 Cover the Petri dishes with lids and seal the lids using some cellophane tape.
5 Place the three Petri dishes A, B and C inverted in a dark cupboard for two to three days.
6 Record your observation on the growth of bacteria at the end of the experiment.
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
STEPS
1 5 cm3 of hot nutrient agar was put into Petri dish A, B and C.
2 The agar was allowed to solidify before adding 1 cm3 of bacteria culture
solution onto the surface of the solidified agar.
1.3 LO Identify factors that affect the growth of microorganisms

Design an experiment to study how pH affects the
growth of microorganisms
Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Experiment 1.1,

p. 11; Essential Science SPM, Experiment 9.1,
p. 259
3 What happens to microorganisms at temperatures of below 18 oC? (Microorganisms are still alive but do
not grow or reproduce)
4 Explain why a temperature of 100 C cannot kill off all the bacteria. (Bacterial spores can still live till 120C)
5 State the conditions that are suitable for the growth of bacteria and fungi. (Dark and damp)
6 State the type of ray in sunlight that can kill microorganisms. (Ultraviolet ray)
7 Explain why Mucor cannot grow on dry bread. (Mucor needs water to grow)
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
Bacteria thrive in
acidic
or
(b) that is manipulated:
MATERIALS
2007 Sec. A, Q3
To study the effect of pH factor on the growth of microorganisms
(c) that responds:
PROSEDUR
1
2
3
4
5
S
HYPOTHESIS
Bilangan koloni bakteria/Bilangan tompok putih
(c) yang bergerak balas:
RADAS
tetapi tidak dalam keadaan yang
AIM
Kuantiti bakteria
(b) yang dimanipulasikan:
BAHAN
C1P1
Inquiry-discovery
1999 Sec. A, Q2
1
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
Effect of pH on the growth of microorganisms
Experiment PEKA
2007 Bhg. A, S3
Mengkaji kesan faktor pH terhadap aktiviti mikroorganisma

neutral
Bakteria sesuai hidup dalam keadaan
berasid
beralkali
sangat
atau
.
1.3
Inkuiri-penemuan
1.2 Synthesing ideas on the factors that affect the growth of microorganisms
GUIDED
Chapter 1
TERBIMBING
CHAPTER

Eksperimen PEKA

1.3
BAB
Chapter 1
1.2 Mensintesiskan idea tentang kesan faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
3 1 cm3 asid hidroklorik, 1 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida dan 1 cm3 air suling
3 1 cm3 of hydrochloric acid, 1 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, and 1 cm3 of distilled
masing-masing dimasukkan dengan menggunakan picagari ke atas permukaan
water were added using syringes, onto the surface of the agar in Petri dishes A, B and
agar-agar dalam piring Petri A, B dan C.
C respectively.
4 The Petri dishes were covered and the lids were sealed using some cellophane tape.
4 Piring Petri ditutup dan penutup dilekat dengan menggunakan pita selofan.
5 All Petri dishes A, B and C were inverted and kept in a dark cupboard for
selama dua hingga tiga hari.

6 Pemerhatian ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria dicatatkan pada akhir eksperimen.
1
2
3
S
Keadaan agar-agar nutrien
ANALISIS
C3
P
Tiada
Beralkali
1
2
3
S
Tiada
Banyak
Neutral
OBSERVATION
Bilangan koloni bakteria
Berasid
6 Observation on the growth of bacteria was recorded at the end of the experiment.
C3P1
C3P2
ANALYSIS
C3P3
1 Daripada pemerhatian, nyatakan keadaan dan nilai pH yang sesuai dan yang tidak sesuai
untuk pertumbuhan bakteria. Kemudian, berikan inferens bagi jawapan anda.
Petri dish
Condition of the nutrient agar
Acidic
None
Alkaline
None
Neutral
Many
Sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan
bakteria
C4
P
1
2
3
S
Tidak sesuai
untuk pertumbuhan bakteria
Neutral
Berasid
Beralkali
Nilai pH
pH
pH kurang daripada 7
pH lebih daripada 7
Inferens
Bakteria
dalam keadaan yang
berasid
terlalu
atau terlalu
beralkali
C4
P
1
2
3
S
2 (a) Ramalkan keadaan nutrien agar jika eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan
cuka. Berikan satu sebab.
KBSB
Tiada
asid
Meramal
koloni bakteria. Cuka bersifat
.
KESIMPULAN
Apakah kesimpulan yang dapat dibuat daripada eksperimen ini?

neutral
Bakteria sesuai hidup dalam keadaan
tetapi tidak dalam keadaan
berasid
beralkali
C4P3
yang sangat
atau
.
C4P2
C3P3
pH value
Not suitable for

bacterial growth
Neutral
pH
Acidic
pH
less than 7
Alkaline
pH
more than 7
Inference
Bacteria are
destroyed
in conditions that are
acidic
too
or too
alkaline
.
C4P1
2 (a) Predict the condition of the nutrient agar if the experiment

is repeated using vinegar. Give one reason.
No
acidic
bacterial colony. Vinegar is
.
TSTS
Predicting
(b) Tick in the box for the use of vinegar based on its property.
To strengthen
To add colour
To preserve food
such as fruit
natural rubber
to canned food
(b) Tandakan dalam petak bagi kegunaan cuka berdasarkan sifatnya.

Untuk menguatkan
Untuk menambahkan
Untuk mengawet
makanan seperti
getah asli
warna kepada
buah-buahan
makanan dalam tin
KBSB
3 Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi
Mendefinisi secara operasi
(a) keadaan neutral
Keadaan neutral adalah suatu keadaan yang mempunyai banyak koloni bakteria .
(b) pertumbuhan bakteria
pertumbuhan
Pertumbuhan bakteria adalah satu proses yang menyebabkan
koloni bakteria yang paling banyak dalam keadaan neutral (atau pada pH 7 ) .
4 Bolehkah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya
C3P2
1 From the observations, state the conditions and pH values that are suitable and not
suitable for bacterial growth. Then, give an inference for your answer.
Suitable for
bacterial growth
terbunuh
Number of bacterial colonies
C3P1
Condition
Keadaan
C1P5
C3
P
Piring Petri
two to three days.
C1P5
PEMERHATIAN
CHAPTER
BAB
5 Semua piring Petri A, B dan C diterbalikkan dan disimpan dalam almari gelap
TSTS
3 Based on the experiment, state the operational definition of
Defining operationally
(a) neutral condition
has many bacterial colonies
Neutral condition is the condition that
.
(b) bacterial growth

growth of the most
Bacterial growth is a process which causes the
bacteria colonies at neutral condition (or at pH 7).
4 Can the hypothesis that you formed earlier be accepted? Yes
CONCLUSION
.
C4P2
What conclusion can be made from this experiment?

neutral
Bacteria thrive in
conditions but will not survive in conditions that
acidic
alkaline
C4P3
are too
or
.
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
APLIKASI IDEA
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
asid lemah
Larutan iodin ialah
yang
bertindak sebagai antiseptik untuk menghalang
pertumbuhan bakteria pada bahagian luka.
Makanan seperti buah-buahan dan sayur-sayuran boleh diawet dalam larutan

gula
garam
dan
pekat.
Kesan suhu terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
1.4 TAK TERBIMBING
2000 Bhg. A, S3
TUJUAN
HIPOTESIS
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
suhu
Mengkaji kesan
mikroorganisma
1.4
yang dimalarkan:
Kuantiti bakteria/Jenis Bakteria
(b) yang dimanipulasikan:

Suhu
UNGUIDED
yang bergerak balas:

Bilangan koloni bakteria/Bilangan tompok putih
VARIABLE
Agar-agar nutrien steril, kultur bakteria (Bacillus subtilis), kertas label
RADAS
Piring Petri dan penutup steril, picagari, pita selofan, peti sejuk, ketuhar
C1P4
To study the effect of

of microorganisms
temperature
2003 Sec. A, Q4
on the growth
C1P1
room temperature
Bacteria grow and reproduce quickly at
very low or high temperatures.
not at
but
C1P2
(a) that is kept constant:

Quantity of bacteria/Type of bacteria
(b) that is manipulated:
Temperature
The growth and cultivation

of microorganisms are
influenced by
temperature. Food that is
kept in the fridge lasts
longer because of the low
temperature. Dishes that
are left overnight without
being reheated will
normally turn bad on the
following day.
(c) that responds:

Number of bacterial colonies/Number of white spots
C1P3
BAHAN
Inquiry-discovery
2000 Sec. A, Q3
HYPOTHESIS
sugar
Effect of temperature on the growth of microorganisms
Experiment PEKA
AIM
Pertumbuhan dan
pembiakan
mikroorganisma
dipengaruhi oleh suhu.
Makanan yang disimpan
dalam peti sejuk tahan
dengan lebih lama
kerana suhunya rendah.
Lauk-pauk yang
dibiarkan semalaman
tanpa dididihkan lagi
biasanya akan menjadi
basi pada keesokan hari.
pH 5.5 and below are not

suitable for the growth of
bacteria but encourage
the growth and
reproduction of fungi.
Food such as fruits and vegetables can be preserved in concentrated

salt
and
solutions.
2003 Bhg. A, S4
C1P1
C1P2
(c)
Inkuiri-penemuan
REFLECTION
terhadap pertumbuhan
suhu bilik
Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak dengan pesat pada
suhu yang sangat rendah atau sangat tinggi
tetapi tidak pada
(a)
Eksperimen PEKA
CHAPTER
BAB
REFLEKSI
weak acid
Iodine solution is a
that acts
as an antiseptic to prevent the growth of
bacteria in body wounds.
pH 5.5 dan ke bawah

tidak menggalakkan
pertumbuhan bakteria
tetapi menggalakkan
pertumbuhan dan
pembiakan kulat.
C1P3
MATERIALS
Sterile nutrient agar, bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), labels
APPARATUS
Sterile Petri dish and lid, syringes, cellophane tape, refrigerator, oven
C1P4
Sebelum Anda Mulakan

Before You Begin
MERANCANG EKSPERIMEN
PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT
1 Pelajar-pelajar dibahagikan kepada beberapa kumpulan.

2 Setiap kumpulan dikehendaki merancang prosedur eksperimen bagi menunjukkan
kesan suhu terhadap pertumbuhan bakteria dengan berpandukan rajah yang berikut.
1 Students are divided into several groups.

2 Each group is required to plan the procedures of the experiment to show the effect
C2P4
of temperature on bacterial growth based on the following diagram.
C2P4
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
moist nutrient agar

agar nutrien lembap
A
C1
P
C
D
piring
Petri
5 C
piring
Petri
suhu bilik
(30 C)
37 C
70 C
1
2
3
4
5
S

hlm. 259
Petri
dish
5 C
Petri
dish
room
temperature
(30 C)
37 C
70 C
C2P4
C2P4
suhu terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
1.4 LO Identify the factors that affect the growth of

microorganisms
Design an experiment to study how temperature affects
the growth of microorganisms

p. 11; Essential Science SPM, Experiment 9.1,
p. 259
7/23/10 11:02:35 AM
MEMERIKSA RANCANGAN EKSPERIMEN
CHECKING THROUGH THE PLAN
1 Pelajar-pelajar dalam kumpulan dikehendaki mengkaji semula sama ada rancangan

yang dibuat boleh dijalankan untuk menguji hipotesis.
2 Tunjukkan rancangan eksperimen kepada guru anda untuk mendapat persetujuan
sebelum memulakan eksperimen.
1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang dirancang.

2 Catat pemerhatian dalam jadual yang disediakan.
1 Carry out the experiment as planned.

2 Record and tabulate your observation.
STEPS
1 Empat piring Petri steril yang mengandungi agar-agar nutrien steril dilabel sebagai
2 Using a syringe, 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution was added onto the agar surface
2 Dengan menggunakan picagari, 1 cm3 larutan kultur bakteria ditambah ke atas
in each Petri dish.
permukaan agar-agar pada setiap piring Petri.
3 The Petri dishes were covered with lids and sealed using cellophane tape.
3 Piring Petri ditutup dengan penutup dan penutup dilekatkan kepada piring Petri
4 The Petri dishes were inverted and placed in various places as stated below:
dengan pita selofan.
(a) Petri dish A in a refrigerator set at 5 C.
4 Piring Petri diterbalikkan dan diletakkan pada tempat yang berlainan seperti yang
C2
P
dinyatakan di bawah:
1
2
3
4
S
1
2
3
4
S
(a) Piring Petri A dalam peti sejuk pada suhu 5 C.

(b) Piring Petri B dalam makmal pada suhu bilik kira-kira 30 C.
(c) Piring Petri C dalam ketuhar dengan suhu yang ditetapkan pada 37 C.
(d) Piring Petri D dalam ketuhar dengan suhu yang ditetapkan pada 70 C.
C3
P
1
2
3
S
ANALISIS
Piring Petri
Suhu (C)
Bilangan koloni bakteria
Tiada
30
Banyak
37
Paling banyak
70
1
2
3
S
1 Daripada pemerhatian, nyatakan suhu yang sesuai dan yang tidak sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan bakteria. Kemudian, berikan inferens kepada jawapan anda.
Suhu
Paling sesuai untuk
pertumbuhan bakteria
Sesuai untuk pertumbuhan
bakteria
Tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhan
bakteria
Petri dish
Temperature (C)
Number of bacterial colonies
None
30
Many
37
The most
70
None
C3P1
ANALYSIS
Tiada
C3P1
C3P2
1 From the observations, state the temperatures that are suitable and not
suitable for bacterial growth. Then, give inferences for your answer.
C3P2
C3P3
TSTS
Making inference
C3P3
Temperature
KBSB
Inference
Membuat inferens
Inferens
Most suitable for bacterial growth
37 C
30 C
37 C
Bakteria menjadi
tidak aktif dalam
Suitable for bacterial growth
30 C
keadaan sejuk.
Bakteria terbunuh
Not suitable for bacterial growth
5 C dan 70 C
C1P5
6 The number of bacterial colonies were observed and recorded.
C3
P
C1P5
(c) Petri dish C in an oven set at 37 C.
5 The Petri dishes were left for two days.
OBSERVATION
6 Bilangan koloni bakteria diperhatikan dan dicatat.
(b) Petri dish B in the laboratory at room temperature which was approximately 30 C.
(d) Petri dish D in an oven set at 70 C.
5 Kesemua piring Petri dibiarkan selama dua hari.
PEMERHATIAN
1 Four sterile Petri dishes containing sterile nutrient agar were labelled as A, B, C and D
respectively.
A, B, C and D masing-masing.
C2
P
CARA KERJA
CHAPTER
CARRYING OUT THE EXPERIMENT
BAB
MENJALANKAN EKSPERIMEN
1 Students in the group are required to check through their planning to determine
whether the experiment can be used to test the hypothesis.
2 Show the plan to your teacher for approval before carrying out the experiment.
dalam keadaan panas.
5 C and 70 C
Bacteria become
inactive under
cool conditions.
Bacteria are killed
under hot conditions.
C4P1
C4P1
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
2 (a) Ramalkan suhu optimum bagi bakteria parasitik yang hidup dalam
badan manusia.
37 C
(b) Berikan inferens kepada jawapan anda.
37 C
suhu badan
merupakan
Meramalkan
KBSB
KBSB
Membuat keputusan
KBSB
4 Tandakan bagi suhu yang bakteria masih hidup tetapi tidak membiak.
Di atas 40 C
0 5 C
Meramalkan
1
2
3
S
autoklaf/
Dengan memanaskan agar-agar nutrien dalam
periuk tekanan
pada suhu 120 C selama 20 minit.
CHAPTER
BAB
1
2
3
S
C4
P
Membuat inferens
manusia.
3 Bagaimanakah agar-agar nutrien disterilkan?
C4
P
2 (a) Predict the optimum temperature for parasitic bacteria that live
inside the human body.
37 C
KBSB
(b) Give an inference to your answer.

37 C
is the human
TSTS
an autoclave/
at 120 C for 20 minutes.
Below 18 C
05 C
colonies at 37 C/the least bacteria colonies at 5 C (or 70 C)
koloni bakteria yang paling banyak pada 37 C/ paling kurang koloni bakteria
6 State two precautionary steps taken in this experiment.
before
(a) Washing hands
and
KBSB
6 Nyatakan dua langkah berhati-hati dalam eksperimen ini.

sebelum
(a) Membasuh tangan
dan
selepas
(b) Do not
menjalankan
touch
carrying out the
the nutrient agar in the Petri dish.
7 Can the hypothesis made be accepted?
sentuh
agar-agar nutrien di dalam piring Petri.

7 Bolehkah hipotesis yang dibuat dapat diterima? Ya
Yes
C4P2
C4P2
CONCLUSION
KESIMPULAN
after
TSTS
experiment.
eksperimen.
(b) Jangan
Making decision
5 Based on the experiment, state the operational definition for the bacterial growth.
growth of the most bacteria
5 Berdasarkan eksperimen, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi pertumbuhan bakteria.

pertumbuhan
pada 5 C (atau 70 C).
Making inference
4 Tick the temperature in which the bacteria are still alive but do not reproduce.
Above 40 C
Di bawah 18 C
TSTS
body temperature
3 How should the nutrient agar be sterilised?

By heating the nutrient agar in
a pressure cooker
TSTS
Predicting

Bacteria grow and reproduce quickly at room temperature but become inactive at a
Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak dengan pesat pada suhu bilik tetapi menjadi tidak aktif
very low or high temperature.
pada suhu yang sangat rendah atau sangat tinggi.
APLIKASI IDEA
Makanan
yang
disimpan
di
dalam
bahagian
pendingin beku
peti sejuk tahan lebih lama
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
REFLECTION
dapat membunuh semua mikroorganisma termasuk

sporanya
120 C
(dapat hidup sehingga
).
can last longer
in the food.
daripada peti sejuk. Ini adalah kerana makanan itu masih

mikroorganisma hidup
mengandungi
.
Autoklaf digunakan untuk mensteril bahan dengan stim

tinggi
di bawah tekanan
pada 130 C. Cara ini
freezer
compared with food that is taken out from the fridge. This is
microorganisms alive
because there are still
jika dibandingkan dengan apabila makanan ini dikeluarkan
REFLEKSI
Food that is kept in the
Autoclave is used to sterilise materials using steam under

high
pressure at 130 C. Autoclaving can kill all
spores
microorganisms including their
(can still live
till
120 C
).
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Eksperimen PEKA
1.5 TAK TERBIMBING

TUJUAN
Mengkaji
Kesan cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
kesan cahaya
terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
(b) yang dimanipulasikan: Cahaya

(c) yang bergerak balas:
effect of light
HYPOTHESIS
VARIABLE
Bacteria grow quickly in the

bright light
inactive under the
C1P3
BAHAN
Kultur bakteria (Bacillus subtilis), kertas label, kapas steril, bubur nutrien steril
RADAS
Tabung uji steril, silinder penyukat 10 ml,
lampu elektrik
dark
but become
C1P2
(a) that is kept constant: Quantity of bacteria

(b) that is manipulated: Light
(b) that responds:
Keadaan bubur nutrien
on the growth of microorganisms

The intensity of light
affects the growth of
microorganisms.
Microorganisms such as
bacteria and fungi have a
high growth rate in dim
light. The ultraviolet rays
from sunlight can kill
these microorganisms.
Kuantiti bakteria
To study the
Inquiry-discovery
CHAPTER
Effect of light on the growth of microorganisms
Experiment PEKA
C1P1
Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak dengan pesat dalam keadaan

gelap
tetapi menjadi tidak aktif dalam keadaan
cahaya terang
C1P2
.
Cahaya mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan dan
pembiakan
mikroorganisma.
Mikroorganisma seperti
bakteria dan kulat
membiak dengan cepat
dalam keadaan malap.
Sinaran ultraungu dalam
cahaya terang dapat
membunuh
mikroorganisma.
BAB
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
UNGUIDED
AIM
C1P1
HIPOTESIS
1.5
Inkuiri-penemuan
C1P3
Condition of nutrient broth
MATERIALS
Bacteria culture (Bacillus subtilis), label, sterile cotton wool, sterile nutrient broth
APPARATUS
Sterile test tubes, 10 ml measuring cylinder,
electric lamp
C1P4
C1P4
Before You Begin

Sebelum Anda Mulakan
PLANNING THE EXPERIMENT
MERANCANG EKSPERIMEN
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
1 Berdasarkan bahan dan radas yang

dibekalkan oleh guru anda dan
susunan radas bagi eksperimen ini,
anda dikehendaki berbincang
secara kumpulan untuk merancang
eksperimen.
2 Senaraikan langkah-langkah untuk
menguji hipotesis anda.
MENJALANKAN EKSPERIMEN
A
B
di dalam
di dalam makmal
almari gelap
kapas steril
C
di bawah
cahaya matahari
kapas
steril
5 cm3 bubur nutrien

+
1 cm3 kultur bakteria
C2P4
1 Jalankan eksperimen seperti yang dirancang.
2 Catat pemerhatian anda dalam jadual yang disediakan. (Guru hanya memainkan
peranan sebagai fasilitator.)
CARA KERJA
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
(a) Tabung uji A diletakkan di dalam almari gelap.

(b) Tabung uji B diletakkan di dalam makmal.
(c) Tabung uji C diletakkan di bawah cahaya terang (di luar makmal pada waktu
1 5 cm3 of sterile nutrient broth and 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution were added into
2 The mouth of all the test tubes were stuffed with some sterile cotton wool.
3 Each test tube was incubated differently as shown below:
(a) Test tube A was placed inside a closed cupboard.
(b) Test tube B was left in the laboratory.
(c) Test tube C was left under the bright light (outside the laboratory during the daytime
4 The condition of the nutrient broth was observed after two or three days.
4 Keadaan bubur nutrien diperhatikan selepas dua atau tiga hari.

C1P5
C2P4
and under the light of an electric lamp at night).
siang dan di bawah lampu terang pada waktu malam).
5 cm3 nutrient broth

+
1 cm3 bacteria culture
three sterile test tubes labelled A, B and C respectively as shown in the diagram.
3 Tiga tabung uji itu dieram dalam keadaan yang berlainan seperti yang berikut:

cahaya terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
C
under the
sunlight
sterile
cotton
1 Carry out the experiment as planned.

2 Record your observations in the table prepared. (Your teacher only acts as a facilitator.)
1 5 cm3 bubur nutrien steril dan 1 cm3 larutan kultur bakteria dimasukkan ke dalam
2 Setiap mulut tabung uji disumbat dengan kapas steril.
1
2
3
4
S
A
B
inside a closed
in the laboratory
cupboard
sterile cotton
CARRYING OUT THE EXPERIMENT
STEPS
tiga tabung uji steril yang berlabel A, B, dan C seperti yang ditunjukkan pada rajah.
C2
P
1 Based on the materials and

apparatus supplied by your
teacher and the arrangement of
apparatus for the experiment, you
are required to discuss in groups
on how to plan the experiment.
2 List the steps to test your
hypothesis.

hlm. 259
C1P5
1.5 LO Identify factors that affect the growth of
microorganisms
Design an experiment to study how light affects the
growth of microorganisms

p. 11; Essential Science SPM, Experiment 9.1, p. 259
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
PEMERHATIAN
Keadaan
Tabung uji
C3
P
Gelap
Sangat keruh
Sedikit cahaya
Keruh sedikit
Terang
Tidak keruh
C3P1
BAB
ANALISIS
C3P2
C3P3
1
2
3
S
ANALYSIS
KBSB
2 Mengapakah alga hidup dengan subur di tempat yang bercahaya?

fotosintesis
Boleh melakukan proses
Sinar ultraungu
C4
P
1
2
3
S
(b)
C4
P
KBSB
KBSB
Kelembapan
. Semua mikroorganisma memerlukan

air
lembap
dan hidup dalam keadaan yang
.
Nutrien
nutrien
. Kekurangan
1
2
3
S
Menjanakan idea
Membuat inferens
Ya
REFLEKSI
Cendawan gemar tumbuh pada celah-celah

kayu mati yang tidak terdedah kepada
cahaya matahari
.
10
Bright light
Clear
Ultraviolet ray
Humidity
C3P2
C3P3
C4P1
bright
TSTS
Generating idea
X-ray
humid
Nutrients
water
. All microorganisms need
TSTS
TSTS
and live
Generating idea
Making inference
conditions.
nutrients
. The lack of
whereas excessive nutrients cause the
stops the growth of microorganisms

rapid growth
of microorganisms.
6 Can your hypothesis be accepted? Yes
C4P2
C4P2
What can you conclude from this experiment?

Bacteria grow and reproduce quickly in the dark but become inactive under the bright
C4P3
light.
C4P3
APLIKASI IDEA
Selimut kadangkala dijemur di bawah cahaya
matahari yang terik untuk membunuh
mikroorganisma
padanya.
5 What are the other factors that influence the activities of microorganisms besides pH
value, temperature and light? Explain briefly.
(b)

Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak dengan pesat dalam keadaan gelap tetapi menjadi
tidak aktif dalam keadaan cahaya terang.
Slightly cloudy
very cloudy in dark condition
in
CONCLUSION
KESIMPULAN
Dim light
4 Based on the experiment, state the operational definition for the bacterial growth.
nutrient broth to become
(a)
menyebabkan
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma terganggu manakala nutrien yang berlebihan
memesatkan pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma.
6 Bolehkan hipotesis anda diterima?
Infrared ray
5 Apakah faktor-faktor lain yang mempengaruhi aktiviti mikroorganisma selain nilai pH,
suhu dan cahaya? Terangkan secara ringkas.
(a)
Very cloudy
1 Give an inference to your observation in this experiment.

dark
Bacteria thrive in
conditions and become inactive in
conditions.
Sinar X
4 Berdasarkan eksperimen, nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi pertumbuhan bakteria.

bubur nutrien
menjadi sangat keruh dalam keadaan gelap
Dark
3 Tick the type of ray in sunlight that causes the bacteria to become inactive and may
even die.
3 Tandakan bagi jenis sinar dalam cahaya matahari yang menyebabkan bakteria menjadi
tidak aktif dan mungkin terbunuh.
Sinar inframerah
2 Why do algae thrive well in a bright condition?

photosynthesis
They are able to carry out
Menjanakan idea
Condition of nutrient broth
C3P1
C4P1
1 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian anda dalam eksperimen ini.
gelap
Bakteria gemar hidup di dalam keadaan
dan menjadi tidak aktif dalam
cahaya
terang
keadaan
.
Condition
Test tube
C3
P
CHAPTER
1
2
3
S
OBSERVATION
Keadaan bubur nutrien
CABARAN SPS!
Rancang eksperimen
untuk mengkaji kesan
kelembapan dan nutrien
terhadap pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma.
Sediakan satu laporan
yang lengkap untuk
eksperimen yang
dijalankan.
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
Blankets are sometimes exposed to

microorganisms
.
sunlight to kill
REFLECTION
Mushrooms thrive on dead woods
that are not too exposed to
sunlight
.
SPS CHALLENGE!
Plan an experiment to
study the effect of
humidity and nutrients
on the activities of
microorganisms. Prepare
a complete report for
the experiment.
10
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Learning Objective
Dapatkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber atau layar laman web tentang jenis, kegunaan dan peranan
mikroorganisma dalam bidang-bidang di bawah dan lengkapkan pernyataan berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi.
1 Pencernaan makanan
selulosa
selulase
herbivor
selulase
yang hidup dalam sistem pencernaan

merembeskan enzim yang dipanggil
1 Food digestion
selulosa
cellulose
. Enzim ini membantu mencernakan

.
protozoa
Sama seperti bakteria,
, iaitu
sejenis mikroorganisma yang hidup dalam sistem pencernaan
anai-anai membantu anai-anai untuk mencernakan selulosa kayu.
STS
cellulase
bacteria
haiwan
protozoa
Uses and roles of beneficial microorganisms in daily life
Get information on the types, uses and roles of microorganisms in these fields from the resource centre or
by accessing relevant websites, and complete the statements based on the given information.
Bakteria
bakteria
Activity LIBRARY
CHAPTER

1.6
STM
1.3 Applying knowledge about useful microorganisms
protozoa
Bacteria
living in a herbivorous animals digestive

cellulase
system secrete an enzyme called
. This
cellulose
enzyme helps to digest
.
protozoa
Similar to the bacteria,
, a type of
microorganism that lives in the digestive system of termites
helps to digest wood cellulose.
Chapter 1
PENYELIDIKAN
RESEARCH

1.6
Kegunaan dan peranan mikroorganisma berfaedah

dalam kehidupan
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
BAB
Chapter 1
1.3 Menggunakan pengetahuan mengenai mikroorganisma berfaedah
2 Proses pereputan
2 Decaying process
bakteria kulat menyuburkan menyingkirkan penguraian
bacteria
Organisma mati seperti tumbuhan dan haiwan mengalami proses
penguraian
yang dipanggil
. Proses ini disebabkan
fertilises
eliminates
decomposition
Dead organisms such as plants and animals undergo a process

decomposition
called
. This process is caused by
bacteria
fungi
microorganisms such as
and
.
bakteria
kulat
oleh mikroorganisma seperti
dan
.
Proses ini penting kerana ia:
menyuburkan
(a)
tanah dengan menambah nutrien
kepada tanah.
menyingkirkan
(b)
bahan organik yang tidak
This process is important as it:

fertilises
(a)
the soil by replenishing it with nutrients.
(b)
dikehendaki supaya tidak mencemarkan bumi.
eliminates
unwanted organic matter, therefore

preventing it from polluting the Earth.
3 Perubatan
penyakit
protein
virus
kanser
bakteria
vaksin
Mikroorganisma seperti
penisillin
vitamin B
bakteria
3 Medicine
beta-karotin
asid lemak
dan
memainkan peranan yang penting dalam penyediaan
diseases
protein
virus
vaksin .
viruses
cancer
bacteria
vaccines
Microorganisms such as
penicillin
vitamin B
bacteria
beta-carotene
fatty acids
Vaksin membantu melindungi manusia daripada

tertentu.
Penisilin
yang dihasilkan daripada sejenis kulat tertentu membantu untuk

menghasilkan antibiotik.
Beberapa mikroorganisma membekalkan nutrien untuk membantu manusia hidup dengan sihat.
Sebagai contoh:
vitamin B
protein
(a) Yis (sejenis kulat) adalah kaya dengan
dan
.
beta-karotin
kanser
(b) Sesetengah alga menghasilkan
untuk mencegah
dan
menghalang serangan sakit jantung dengan menghapuskan
1.6 HP Menyatakan contoh-contoh kegunaan
mikroorganisma
Menerangkan dengan contoh peranan
mikroorganisma yang berfaedah
1.3
1.6
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
11
dalam badan.
1.6 HP Mencadangkan kegunaan berpotensi mikroorganisma

dalam pelbagai bidang
Applying knowledge about useful microorganisms
1 State the enzyme secreted by bacteria in the digestive tract of herbivores that helps to digest cellulose.
(Cellulase)
2 State two microorganisms that decompose dead organic substances to simpler substances that can be
absorbed by plants for growth. (Bacteria and fungi)
3 State two microorganisms that are used to prepare vaccines. (Bacteria and viruses)
4 State one microorganism that is used to produce antibiotics such as penicillin. (Fungi)
5 State the microorganism that contains chemicals such as beta-carotene and fatty acid. (Algae)
11
asid lemak
viruses
and
penyakit
vaccines
play an important role in the preparation of
diseases
Vaccines help to protect humans from certain

.
Penicillin
, which is produced from a certain type of fungus helps us to produce antibiotics.

Some microorganisms provide nutrients to help humans stay healthy. For example:
vitamin B
protein
(a) Yeast (a type of fungus) is rich with
and
(b) Certain algae produce
beta-carotene
to prevent heart attacks by eliminating

1.6 LO State examples of the uses of microorganisms
Explain with examples the roles of useful
microorganisms
11
to prevent
fatty acids
cancer
and help
from the body.
1.6 LO Suggest potential uses of microorganisms in various

fields
6 State one microorganism that lives in the root nodules of leguminous plants and in soil, fixes nitrogen gas
in the atmosphere and converts it into nitrate. (Nitrogen-fixing bacteria)
7 State the microorganism that is used to make bread and cake dough rise. (Fungi/Yeast)
8 State the gas released when yeast reacts with carbohydrate; that causes bread dough to rise. (Carbon
dioxide)
9 State the microorganism that is used to make alcoholic drinks. (Fungi/Yeast)
10 State the microorganism that is used to make food such as vinegar, yogurt and cheese. (Bacteria)
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
fungi
11
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
4 Pertanian
4 Agriculture
nitrogen
bacteria decompose dead organic matter
humus
bacteria
Dompet dan tali pinggang kulit adalah diperbuat daripada

kulit
Bakteria
haiwan.
digunakan untuk
merawat kulit itu untuk menyingkirkan tisu dan lemak.
Yis (Kulat)
bertindak ke atas karbohidrat untuk
in the soil.
Roti dan kek
Breads and cakes
Yeast (Fungi)
Butter and cheese
Bakteria
Bacteria
Beer and wine
Yis (Kulat)
Yeast (Fungi)
Learning Objective
1.4 Menganalisis kesan berbahaya mikroorganisma
PENYELIDIKAN
Kesan berbahaya mikroorganisma ke atas manusia
1.7
Konstruktivisme
3 Patogen hidup sebagai
parasit
patogen
dalam badan manusia.
4 Bakteria berbahaya dalam sistem pencernaan boleh menyebabkan

keracunan makanan
.
5 Seseorang yang sakit kerana keracunan makanan menunjukkan simptom-simptom
muntah
sakit perut
cirit-birit
seperti
,
, dan
.
1.7 HP Menyatakan kesan mikroorganisma yang berbahaya
kepada manusia
1.4
1.7
1.8
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
DISCUSSION
Activity
2 State four diseases caused by bacteria. (Tuberculosis, cholera, syphilis and gonorrhoea)
4 State two diseases caused by fungi. (Tinea and ringworm)
Vector
3 Pathogens live as
pathogens
Constructivism
parasites
1.7 LO State the harmful effects of microorganisms on

human beings
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
diarrhoea
parasites
vomiting
vector
food poisoning
stomach ache
pathogens
in the human body.

food poisoning
5 A person suffering from food poisoning shows symptoms such as

vomiting
stomach ache
diarrhoea
,
and
1.9
is an agent that carries diseases.
4 Harmful bacteria in the digestive system can cause
12
3 State five diseases caused by viruses. (Common cold, dengue fever, hepatitis B, AIDS and measles)
12
6 State the disease where a patient suffers from itchy red spots that spread on the body. (Ringworm)
7 State the disease where a patient suffers from high fever, yellowish white eye, jaundice and severe pain
below the rib cage. (Hepatitis B)
8 State the disease where a patient suffers from fever, headache, sore throat and runny nose. (Common cold)
9 State the disease where a patient suffers from diarrhoea, dehydration and vomiting without nausea.
(Cholera)
5 State two diseases caused by protozoa. (Malaria and dysentery)
12
cirit-birit
parasit
muntah
vektor
keracunan makanan
sakit perut
patogen
1 Name the harmful microorganisms that can cause diseases. (Pathogens)
The harmful effects of microorganisms on humans
1 Microorganisms that are harmful to humans are called
Analysing the harmful effects of microorganisms
Activity LIBRARY
1.4 Analysing the harmful effects of microorganisms
Discuss the harmful effects of microorganisms. Use the following points as your discussion guidelines.
Based on your discussion, proceed to fill in the blanks.
Bincangkan tentang kesan berbahaya mikroorganisma. Gunakan kata kunci berikut sebagai garis panduan
perbincangan anda. Berdasarkan pada perbincangan, isikan tempat kosong.
1 Mikroorganisma yang berbahaya kepada manusia dipanggil
Vektor
2
ialah agen yang membawa penyakit.
RESEARCH
MINDRobics
Bir dan wain
fermentation
Type of
microorganism used
Food/Drink
Yis (Kulat)
Mentega dan keju
yeast (fungi)
dioxide. This gas causes breads and cakes to rise. Through the
yeast (fungi)
same process,
acts on glucose solution to
fermentation
produce alcohol. This process is called
.
Jenis mikroorganisma
yang digunakan
Makanan/Minuman
skins
skins
Leather wallets and belts are made from the
of
Bacteria
animals.
are used to treat these skins to
eliminate tissues and fat.
Yeast (Fungi)
acts on carbohydrate to produce carbon
ke atas larutan glukosa untuk menghasilkan alkohol. Proses ini

penapaian
dipanggil
.
1.7
nitrogen-fixing
5 Industry
bakteria kulit yis (kulat) penapaian
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
saprophitic
of plants.
Saprophitic
into
menghasilkan karbon dioksida. Gas ini menyebabkan roti dan

yis (kulat)
kek naik. Melalui proses yang sama,
bertindak
MINDRobics
roots
5 Industri
humus
Nitrogen-fixing
bacteria are microorganisms that
live in the nodules of legumes. These bacteria help to bind
nitrogen
from the atmosphere and convert it to
nitrate
in the soil, which is then absorbed by
the
kemudian diserap oleh

tumbuhan.
saprofit
Bakteria
menguraikan jirim organik kepada
humus
dalam tanah.
nitrate
Chapter 1
dalam tanah dan
akar
roots

nitrat
dan menukarkannya kepada
CHAPTER

pengikat nitrogen
pengikat nitrogen
Bakteria
ialah mikroorganisma
yang hidup di dalam nodul akar tumbuhan kekacang. Bakteria
nitrogen
ini membantu untuk mengikat
dari atmosfera
BAB
Chapter 1
nitrogen akar nitrat humus saprofit
12
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Aktiviti
1.8
Masteri

Selesema, demam denggi,

hepatitis A dan B, demam
campak, poliomielitis, beguk, AIDS
Kulat
Kurap, panau
Protozoa
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
PENYELIDIKAN
Malaria, disenteri
Gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh

mikroorganisma
Kontekstual
Bakteria
Protozoa
1.9
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY
Ringworm, tinea
Malaria, dysentery
Symptoms of diseases caused by microorganisms
Contextual
Gather information on the types and symptoms of diseases caused by pathogens from the resource centre. Then,
state the relevant diseases.
Bacteria
Symptoms of disease
Disease
(a) Diarrhoea, vomiting without feeling nauseous, muscle cramp and dehydration
Cholera
Tibi
(b) Cough, phlegm with traces of blood, losing weight drastically
Tuberculosis
(c) Peringkat pertama: Kawasan kemaluan mula berasa sakit

Peringkat kedua: Keletihan, hilang selera makan, demam, otot dan
sendi sakit dan sakit kepala
Sifilis
(c) First stage:

Genital area starts to feel sore
Second stage: Tired, loss of appetite, fever, muscle and joint pain and
headache
Syphilis
Berasa sakit apabila membuang air kecil,

zakar mengeluarkan nanah, demam dan sakit kepala
Testis atau tiub Fallopio membengkak
(d) Early stage:

Gonorea
Late stage:
Protozoa
Feeling pain when urinating, penis secreting pus, fever and

headache
Swollen testis or Fallopian tube
Gonorrhoea
Protozoa
Penyakit
Symptoms of disease
Disease
(a) Demam panas berulang, sakit kepala, sakit otot dan menggigil
Malaria
(a) Recurring high fever, headache, muscle pain and shivering
Malaria
(b) Demam, rasa letih, muntah, rasa loya, cirit-birit dan najis berdarah
Disenteri
(b) Fever, feeling tired, vomiting, nauseous, diarrhoea and blood in faeces
Dysentery
Kulat
Fungi
Penyakit
Symptoms of disease
Disease
(a) Tompok-tompok merah yang gatal
Kurap
(a) Itchy red spots
Ringworm
(b) Tompok-tompok putih yang gatal
Panau
(b) Itchy white spots
Tinea
1.8 HP Menghubungkaitkan jenis mikroorganisma dengan

penyakit yang disebabkan olehnya
13
1.9 HP Menerangkan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh

mikroorganisma
1.8 LO Relate each group of microorganisms to the diseases

they cause
13
1.9 LO Describe the major symptoms of diseases caused by

microorganisms
10 What is the organism that transfers pathogens to humans? (Vector)
15 State two diseases that can spread through contaminated food. (Cholera and dysentery/hepatitis A)
11 State two diseases that can spread through air (water droplets). (Common cold and tuberculosis/mumps/
measles)
16 State two diseases that can spread through sexual contact or blood transfusion. (AIDS and hepatitis B)
12 State two diseases that can spread through mosquitoes. (Malaria and dengue fever)
18 State two diseases that can spread through contact such as sharing of clothes and towels. (Tinea and
ringworm)
13 State two diseases that can spread through houseflies. (Cholera and dysentery)
14 State two diseases that can spread through contaminated water. (Cholera and dysentery/hepatitis A/
poliomyelitis)
13
17 State two diseases that can spread through sharing of contaminated needles. (AIDS and hepatitis B)
19 Name the mosquito that spreads malaria. (Anopheles mosquito)

20 Name the mosquito that spreads dengue fever. (Aedes mosquito)
MINDRobics
Taun
Gejala penyakit
Activity
Fungi
Penyakit
Gejala penyakit
DISCUSSION
Common cold, dengue fever,

hepatitis A and B, measles,
poliomyelitis, mumps, AIDS
(b) Batuk, kahak berdarah, kehilangan berat secara mendadak
Peringkat akhir:
Viruses
(a) Cirit-birit, muntah tanpa rasa meloyakan, otot kejang dan penyahhidratan
(d) Peringkat awal:
Type of
pathogens
1
Gejala penyakit
Tuberculosis, cholera, gonorrhoea,

syphilis
Cholera
Common cold
Dysentery
Tuberculosis
Poliomyelitis
Hepatitis A and B
Measles
Dengue fever
Tinea
Mumps
Malaria
Ringworm
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
AIDS
Virus
Bacteria
Jenis
patogen
Tibi, taun, gonorea, sifilis
Diseases caused
Chapter 1
Bakteria
Taun
Selesema
Disenteri
Tibi
Poliomielitis
Hepatitis A dan B
Demam campak
Demam denggi
Panau
Beguk
Malaria
Kurap
Gonorea
Sifilis
AIDS
2001 Sec. B, Q3(a)
CHAPTER
Menyebabkan penyakit
Mastery

Bincang dan kenal pasti penyakit yang disebabkan oleh setiap jenis patogen.
MINDRobics
Types of microorganisms and the diseases caused by it
Discuss and identify the diseases caused by each type of pathogens.
Dapatkan maklumat tentang jenis dan gejala penyakit yang disebabkan oleh patogen dari pusat sumber.
Kemudian, nyatakan penyakit yang berkaitan.
Activity
2001 Bhg. B, S3(a)
1.9
1.10
DISCUSSION
BAB
Chapter 1
1.8 PERBINCANGAN
Jenis mikroorganisma dan penyakit yang

disebabkan olehnya
13
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Virus
Gejala penyakit
Viruses
Penyakit
Symptoms of disease
Disease
(a) Fever, headache, sore throat and runny nose
Common cold
(b) Bintik merah pada kulit, sakit di belakang mata, sakit otot dan sendi yang teruk
Demam denggi
(b) Red spots on skin, pain at the back of the eyes, intense muscle and joint pain
Dengue fever
(c) Letih, bahagian putih mata kelihatan kuning, hati bengkak, sakit teruk
di bawah sangkar rusuk
Hepatitis B
(c) Feeling tired, the white tissue of the eye turns yellowish, swollen liver,
intense pain below the ribcage
Hepatitis B
(d) Ruam seluruh badan, demam, batuk dan mata merah
Demam campak
(d) Body rash, fever, cough and red eye
Measles
(e) Deman panas, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong dan anggota menjadi lumpuh
Poliomielitis
(e) High fever, headache, sore throat and crippled limb
Poliomyelitis
(f) Pipi, rahang bawah, dan kelenjar air liur membengkak
Beguk
(f) Swollen cheeks, lower jaw and salivary gland
Mumps
(g) Lumpuh sistem keimunan badan tanpa sebab, kehilangan berat secara
mendadak, cirit-birit kronik dan demam
AIDS
(g) Failing of the immue system without reason, drastic weight loss,
serious diarrhoea and fever
AIDS
Aktiviti
1.10 PERBINCANGAN
Cara-cara jangkitan penyakit
Selesema
STM
2001 Bhg. C, S3(b)
CHAPTER
BAB
(a) Demam, sakit kepala, sakit kerongkong dan hidung berhingus
1.10
DISCUSSION
Activity
Ways of disease infection
STS
2002 Bhg. C, S2(a)
2001 Sec. C, Q3(b)
FAIL TUGASAN
(b) Demam denggi

(c) Taun
(d) Disenteri
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Tibi
U D AR A /
I S A N AIR
IT
T
CE
N
HA
BA CAI R
U
T
DAN
SEN
(b) Dengue fever

(c) Cholera
(d) Dysentery
(b) Disenteri
(c) Hepatitis A
(d) Poliomielitis
Types of diseases:
(a) Tuberculosis
(b) Common cold
(c) Measles
VEC
Types of diseases:
(a) Cholera
TORS
Ways of
disease
infection
BO
FL DY
UID
TOU
(b) Dysentery
(c) Hepatitis A
(d) Poliomyelitis
CH
Jenis penyakit:
(a) AIDS
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Panau
Types of diseases:
(a) AIDS
Types of diseases:
(a) Tinea
(b) Hepatitis B
(b) Kurap
(b) Hepatitis B
(b) Ringworm
1.10 HP Menghuraikan cara jangkitan penyakit yang

disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma
Discuss the various

ways diseases can
spread. Identify the
diseases that can
spread through the
ways that you have
mentioned.
Types of diseases:
(a) Malaria
FOOD OR
WAT E R
Cara-cara
jangkitan
penyakit
K A N AN ATA
MA INU MA N U
M
(b) Selesema
(c) Demam campak
Bincangkan bagaimana
penyakit boleh merebak
melalui pelbagai cara.
Kenal pasti penyakit yang
boleh merebak melalui
cara-cara yang telah anda
bincangkan tadi.
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Taun
VEKTOR
TASK FILE
/ WAT
A IR L ER
O P E TS
DR
Jenis penyakit:
(a) Malaria
14
2002 Sec. C, Q2(a)
1.10 LO Describe the various ways that microorganisms can

cause an infection
14
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Learning Objective
1.5 Menganalisis cara-cara mencegah jangkitan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma
tiruk
bertakung
Aedes
pupa
2008 Bhg. C, S11(b)
ikan
minyak
dewasa
patogen
Aedes
pupa
fish
oil
Anopheles
stagnant
The diagram below shows the life cycle of a mosquito.

Answer all the questions.
adult
pathogens
4 Complete the table below to show the mosquito

control method at stages P, R and S.
Stage P
Peringkat P
(a) Menyembur
S
R
Peringkat R dan S
Telur
(a) Memelihara
kolam
Pupa
S:
ikan
di dalam
air longkang atau kolam (untuk

menghalang larva dan pupa daripada
naik ke permukaan air untuk bernafas)
3 Bagaimanakah nyamuk dapat menyebarkan penyakit?

patogen
Nyamuk memindahkan
ke badan
badan
mencemarkan
Pengawalan vektor: Lalat rumah
taun
tong sampah
kaki
tutup
Masteri
kebersihan
1996 Bhg. B, S3
2 Mengapakah lalat rumah dianggap sebagai vektor?

badan
Lalat rumah membawa patogen pada
mencemarkan
(c)
Lalat rumah
dewasa
dan
mereka. Patogen ini akan
Pupa
Telur
Larva
makanan yang dihinggapi oleh lalat rumah.
rumah dan di sekelilingnya

tong sampah
Buang sisa makanan ke dalam
1.5
DISCUSSION
Activity
DISCUSSION
Activity
15
2 Name the types of mosquitoes which cause

Anopheles
(a) malaria:
(b) dengue fever:
oil
(c) Spray
on the surface of
water in drains or ponds (to prevent the
larva and pupa from rising to the surface
of the water to breathe)
Aedes
3 How do mosquitoes spread diseases?

pathogens
Mosquitoes transfer
in ponds
(b) Clear out stagnant water by burying

empty containers to prevent the
breeding of mosquitoes.
Pupa
to humans
1.12
DISCUSSION
Activity
body
contaminate
Vector control: Houseflies

cholera
garbage bin
A housefly carries pathogens on its

legs
. These pathogens will
bertutup
Mastery
legs
cover
clean
1996 Sec. B, Q3
body
Adult
housefly
and
contaminate
the
Pupa
Larva
Eggs
food that the housefly lands upon.

3 State three ways in which the disease in 1 can be controlled.
Cover
(a)
the food.
(b) Keep the house and its surroundings
kebersihan
1.11 HP Menyenaraikan cara-cara mencegah jangkitan melalui

vektor
Menghubungkaitkan pengawalan vektor dengan tabiat dan
kitar hidupnya
S:
Larva
2 Why is a housefly considered a vector?
3 Nyatakan tiga cara bagaimana penyakit di 1 dapat dikawal.

Tutup
(a)
makanan
(b) Jaga
Eggs
Q:
fish
(a) Rear
Study the life cycle of a housefly and answer the following questions.
1 Name one type of disease spread by houseflies.
Cholera
Kaji kitar hidup lalat rumah dan kemudian jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.
1 Namakan satu jenis penyakit yang disebarkan oleh lalat rumah.
Taun
kaki
Stage R and S
Seekor lalat rumah betina

berupaya mengeluarkan
1 000 telur dalam kitar
hidupnya.
1.12 HP Menyenaraikan cara-cara mencegah jangkitan

melalui vektor
Menghubungkaitkan pengawalan vektor dengan
tabiat dan kitar hidupnya
Analysing the ways to prevent infection caused by microorganisms
(c) Throw food residue in a covered

1.11 LO List ways to prevent infection by vectors
Relate the control of vectors to their habits and life
cycles
RESEARCH
1.13 Activity LIBRARY
clean
garbage bin
15
.
.
A female housefly is able

to produce 1 000 eggs in
their life cycle.
1.12 LO List ways to prevent infection by vectors

Relate the control of vectors to their habits and life
cycles
4 Name the process used to kill microorganisms including their spores. (Sterilisation)
1 State two methods to control mosquito larvae or pupae. (Spray oil on the surface of water in drains and
rear fish such as guppies in ponds to eat the larvae or pupae)
5 State a device that can be used to sterilise materials using steam under high pressure. (Autoclave)
2 State two methods to control adult mosquitoes. (Spray insecticide and use mosquito coils/Fix door and
window netting)
7 State a chemical that is used to kill microorganisms at home. (Disinfectant)
3 State two methods to control houseflies. (Cover food and keep the house and its surroundings clean/
Throw food residue in a covered garbage bin)
15
6 State a chemical that is commonly used to prevent bacterial growth. (Antiseptic)

8 State one ray that can be used to destroy all bacteria and viruses including bacterial spores. (Gamma ray/
Ultraviolet ray)
MINDRobics
1.12 PERBINCANGAN
at doors or
through bites.
manusia melalui gigitan.
Aktiviti
fine nettings
(b) Install
windows
1 Name stages P, Q, R and S.

Adult
P:
R:
bertakung
(b) Hapuskan air
dengan
menanam bekas-bekas kosong untuk
mencegah pembiakan nyamuk
(c) Menyembur minyak di permukaan
Aedes
insecticide
(a) Spray
racun serangga
(b) Memasang jaring halus pada pintu

atau tingkap
(b) demam denggi:
MINDRobics
larva
eggs
2 Namakan jenis nyamuk yang menyebabkan

Tiruk
(a) malaria:
fine nettings
insecticide
2008 Sec. C, Q11(b)
Control method
Q:
1.12
2001 Sec. C, Q3(b) & Q3(c)
Kaedah kawalan
1 Namakan peringkat P, Q, R dan S.

Dewasa
Larva
P:
R:
1.11
Mastery
4 Lengkapkan jadual di bawah untuk menunjukkan

kaedah kawalan nyamuk pada peringkat P, R,
dan S.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kitar hidup bagi

nyamuk. Jawab semua soalan.
Vector control: Mosquitoes
CHAPTER
larva
telur
Activity
1.5 Analysing the ways to prevent infection caused by microorganisms
Chapter 1
2001 Bhg. C, S3(b) & S3(c)
jaring halus
racun serangga
1.11
Masteri

Pengawalan vektor: Nyamuk
DISCUSSION

1.11 PERBINCANGAN
BAB
Chapter 1
Aktiviti
15
7/23/10 11:02:36 AM
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
alat pembedahan
tisu badan
tekanan tinggi
Penggunaan haba
(a) Pendidihan
sudu
Mensteril
MINDRobics
Contoh: Larutan
kita.
iodin
luka
Mensteril
(a) Sinaran
gama
Mensteril
dan
alat pembedahan
barangan plastik
1.13 HP Menerangkan dengan contoh pelbagai kaedah

pensterilan
RESEARCH
1.14 Activity LIBRARY
Using heat
Sterilises
Sterilising substances with steam

under high pressure (temperature
reaching 130 C) can kill all
microorganisms
including
spoon
their
and
Sterilises
and
Using chemicals
(a) Antiseptic
(a) Gamma
rays
floor
(b) Ultraviolet
rays
viruses
Can destroy all
and
bacteria including their spores.
Dapat memusnahkan semua

mikroorganisma
dalam
9 What is the biochemical reaction that enables the body to build immunity against diseases? (Immunisation)
10 State the most common practice used in the process of immunisation. (Vaccination)
11 Name the substance that contains weakened or dead pathogens. (Vaccine)
12 What is produced by white blood cells to kill the pathogens that invade the body? (Antibody/Antitoxin)
Sterilises
and
1.13 LO Explain with examples the various methods of
sterilisation
nutrient agar
microorganisms
Can kill
but
also destroys our body tissue
Formalin
Example:
and lysol
bed sheet
Sterilises
and
without
body
tissue
destroying our
.
Iodine
Example:
solution
wounds
Sterilises
Using radiation
spores
surgical tools
(b) Disinfectant
Prevent the growth of

microorganisms
tetapi boleh
merosakkan tisu badan kita
Formalin
Contoh:
dan lisol
cadar
lantai
Mensteril
dan
spoon
iodine
air
(b) Autoclave
milk bottle
alat pembedahan
16
16
(a) Boiling
agar nutrien
udara
Mensteril
bilik pembedahan
nutrient agar
bed sheet
formalin
Brief explanation
spores
Dapat memusnahkan
mikroorganisma
13 State two types of immunity. (Active immunity and passive immunity)
surgical tools
body tissue
high pressure
Boiling substances in water for 20

minutes can kill all
microorganisms except their
sporanya
termasuk
(b) Sinaran
ultraungu
Dapat memusnahkan semua virus

dan bakteria termasuk sporanya
steam
floor
bacteria
Can kill all
microorganisms
air
Sterilises the
operating theatres
surgical tools
in
plastic items
16
14 State the type of immunity obtained when someone has been cured from chickenpox. (Natural active
immunity)
15 State the type of immunity obtained when the body produces antibodies after vaccination. (Artificial active
immunity)
16 State the type of immunity obtained by a baby through mothers milk. (Natural passive immunity)
17 State the type of immunity obtained when somebody receives an antiserum that contains antibodies.
(Artificial passive immunity)
MINDRobics
memusnahkan
tanpa
tisu badan
microorganisms
milk bottle
plastic items
Method of
sterilisation
(b) Disinfektan
Mencegah pertumbuhan
mikroorganisma
spores
wounds
viruses
mencapai 130 C) dapat membunuh

mikroorganisma
semua
Mensteril
dan
(a) Antiseptik
Gather information on sterilisation methods from the resource centre. Then, fill in the following spaces using
suitable words.
stim
Mensteril bahan dengan
di bawah tekanan tinggi (suhu
dan
botol susu
Penggunaan
sinaran
sudu
iodin
udara
(b) Autoklaf
sporanya
Penggunaan
bahan kimia
agar nutrien
cadar
formalin
Penerangan ringkas
Kaedah pensterilan
STS
Chapter 1
stim
lantai
bakteria
mikroorganisma
botol susu
barangan plastik
CHAPTER
sporanya
luka
virus
Sterilisation methods
Activity LIBRARY
Sterilisation is a process of killing microorganisms.
Kumpulkan maklumat tentang kaedah pensterilan daripada pusat sumber. Isi maklumat ke dalam ruang
dengan perkataan yang sesuai.
Pendidihan bahan dalam air selama

20 minit dapat membunuh semua
mikroorganisma
kecuali
RESEARCH
1.13
STM


Kaedah pensterilan
Pensterilan ialah satu proses memusnahkan mikroorganisma.

BAB
Chapter 1
1.13 PENYELIDIKAN
16
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Aktiviti PUSTAKA
Keimunan
Immunity
Mastery
2000 Sec. B, Q3
A Graf di bawah menunjukkan perubahan kepekatan antibodi dalam badan seorang pelajar selepas
diberikan suntikan vaksin untuk memperoleh keimunan aktif buatan.
A The graph below shows the changes to the antibody concentration in the body of a student after a
vaccine injection to obtain artificial active immunity.
CHAPTER
kepekatan antibodi
dalam badan
2002 Sec. C, Q2(c)
antibody concentration
in the body
aras keimunan
immunity level
suntikan
pertama
first
injection
suntikan kedua
second injection
masa/ hari
10
20
30
40
50
time/day
10
20
30
40
50
Chapter 1
2002 Bhg. C, S2(c)

2000 Bhg. B, S3
RESEARCH
Activity LIBRARY

1.14
Masteri
BAB
Chapter 1
1.14 PENYELIDIKAN
1 Nyatakan maksud bagi yang berikut

Keimunan Kemampuan badan untuk
melawan
Vaksin
Bahan yang mengandungi patogen yang
Antibodi
Bahan yang dihasilkan oleh
penyakit yang disebabkan oleh

mati
badan
atau
untuk melawan
patogen
1 State the meaning for the following.

.
lemah
patogen
pasif semula jadi

tetanus
Antibody
A substance produced by the
Keimunan aktif
Aktif semula jadi
pasif buatan
tibi
artificial active
chicken pox
Diperoleh apabila seseorang sembuh daripada

penyakit tertentu seperti
cacar air
Pasif semula jadi
Diperoleh apabila badan

menghasilkan antibodi
setelah menerima suntikan vaksin seperti BCG
untuk mencegah tibi
1.14 HP Menyatakan maksud keimunan

Menyatakan dengan contoh jenis keimunan
Menyatakan kepentingan keimunan
Bayi memperoleh
keimunan melalui
susu ibu
weakened
or
body
pathogens
pathogens
to fight the
in the blood.
natural passive
tetanus
natural active
rabies
artificial passive
tuberculosis
Types of immunity
Keimunan pasif
Aktif buatan
dead
Based on the given information, match correctly the types of immunity.
Jenis keimunan
Active immunity
Pasif buatan
Natural active
Seseorang disuntik dengan

antiserum untuk merawat
penyakit seperti tetanus
Obtained when someone

has been cured from a
certain disease such as
chicken pox
dan anjing gila
18 State one example of a disease that requires more than one injection to obtain immunity. (Hepatitis B)
19 Explain why more than one injection is needed to obtain immunity for certain diseases. (To increase the
concentration of antibodies in the blood)
1.15
DISCUSSION
Activity
Passive immunity
Artificial active
Natural passive
Obtained when the body

produces antibodies after
an injection of a vaccine
such as BCG to prevent
tuberculosis
1.14 LO State what immunity is

State with examples the various types of immunity
State the importance of immunity
17
A baby obtains
immunity through
its mothers milk
Artificial passive
A person is injected with
antiserum to cure diseases
such as tetanus
and rabies
17
20 Between active immunity and passive immunity, which one lasts longer? (Active immunity)
21 Between active immunity and passive immunity, which one is given to people who are suffering from a
disease? (Passive immunity)
22 State two methods to prevent cholera. (Drink boiled water and control the population of houseflies/
Consume cooked or clean food)
17
aktif semula jadi

anjing gila
A substance that contains
pathogens
diseases caused by
3 Give one example of a disease that requires more than one injection to obtain immunity.
Hepatitis B/Typhoid
Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, padankan dengan betul jenis-jenis keimunan.

aktif buatan
cacar air
Vaccine
resist
2 Why is a second injection given to the student?

antibody concentration
To increase the
3 Berikan satu contoh penyakit yang memerlukan lebih daripada satu suntikan untuk
memperolehi keimunan.
Hepatitis B/Tifoid
B
The ability of the body to
MINDRobics
MINDRobics
2 Mengapakah suntikan kedua diberikan kepada pelajar tersebut?

kepekatan antibodi
Untuk meningkatkan
di dalam darah.
Immunity
17
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Aktiviti
Perbandingan jenis keimunan yang berbeza
Activity
2008 Sec. C, Q11(a)

dijangkiti
belum dijangkiti
merawat
Keimunan pasif
buatan (dengan
antiserum)
Persamaan
Menentang
Tetanus
Hepatitis B
panjang
patogen
Keimunan aktif
buatan (dengan
vaksin)
haiwan
serum
antibodi
bacteria
viruses
antigens
antibody
longer
prevent
pathogens
does not
immediate
animal
serum
antibodies
has been infected

has not been infected
treat
Similarity
Artificial active
immunity (with
vaccine)
Fight
Tetanus
Hepatitis B
longer
Artificial passive
immunity (with
antiserum)
pathogens
Difference
Perbezaan
Bakteria
atau
yang
mati atau dilemahkan
Antibodi
Fungsi bahan
dalam badan
daripada haiwan melawan

patogen
dalam
that are
killed or weakened
Stimulate the body to

antibody
produce
to fight the
pathogens
Masa yang
panjang
Masa yang diambil untuk

memperoleh keimunan
lebih lama
Ketahanan keimunan
Seseorang yang
dijangkiti penyakit
(rawatan)
by
the disease (prevention)
Tidak
has been
One who
infected
by
the disease (treatment)
Immediate
Longer
lasting
Duration of immunity
Hepatitis B
Tetanus
Does not
Example of disease that

can be prevented or cured
last long
Tetanus
Learning Objective
Cara mencegah atau cara merawat penyakit yang

disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma
Konstruktivisme
Kumpulkan maklumat dari pusat sumber atau internet tentang cara mencegah atau merawat penyakit yang
disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma. Kemudian, isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai
18
1.16 HP Menyatakan cara merawat penyakit yang disebabkan

oleh mikroorganisma
Menyatakan kesan antibiotik terhadap
mikroorganisma
Understanding how diseases caused by microorganisms are treated
1 Name the substance produced by fungi that can be consumed to kill bacteria but not viruses. (Antibiotic)
1.16
DISCUSSION
Activity
1.6 Understanding how diseases caused by microorganisms are treated
Ways to prevent or treat diseases caused by

microorganisms
Constructivism
2002 Sec. C, Q2(c)(ii)
Collect information from the resource centre or the internet on ways to prevent or treat diseases caused by
microorganisms. Then, fill in the blanks with suitable words.
1.15 LO Compare and contrast the various types of immunity
18
1.16 LO State the ways to treat diseases caused by

microorganisms
State the effects of antibiotics on microorganisms
4 State two diseases that do not have specific treatments yet. (Dengue fever and hepatitis B/other diseases
caused by viruses)
5 State the treatment that uses herbs to treat diseases. (Traditional treatment)
2 Name the substance extracted from animal blood and injected into the patients body to treat diseases like
tetanus. (Antiserum)
3 State the method in which gamma ray is used to kill cancerous cells. (Radiotherapy)
18
diseases
tahan lama
2002 Bhg. C, S2(c)(ii)
Activity
Treat
The person who is given

the immunity
Time taken to acquire

immunity
1.6 Memahami cara merawat penyakit yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisma
DISCUSSION
Antibodies
Objective of immunity
time
1.15 HP Membandingkan dan membezakan pelbagai jenis

keimunan
antibody
pathogens
fights the
in the body
Type of substance
received by the body
Longer
Serta-merta
Contoh penyakit yang

boleh dicegah atau
dirawat
Hepatitis B
1.6
Function of substance in
the body
diseases
has not
One who
been infected
a specific
that is extracted from an
animal
MINDRobics
Jenis orang yang diberi

keimunan
Prevent
penyakit
containing
antibody
The animals
Antibodi
Merawat
Tujuan keimunan
penyakit (pencegahan)
1.16 PERBINCANGAN
Contents of substance
injected
viruses
Antigens
Jenis bahan yang diterima

oleh badan
penyakit
Aktiviti
Serum
or
badan
Seseorang yang
belum dijangkiti
Tahan
yang
antibodi
mengandungi
khusus yang diekstrak
daripada haiwan
Kandungan bahan
yang disuntik
virus
Mencegah
Bacteria
Serum
Chapter 1
patogen
tidak
serta-merta
Antigen
Constructivism

antibodi
lebih lama
mencegah
CHAPTER
bakteria
virus
antigen
untuk melawan
patogen
1.16
Comparison of the different types of immunity
2008 Bhg. C, S11(a)
Bandingkan dan bezakan keimunan buatan aktif dengan keimunan pasif buatan.
Merangsang badan
menghasilkan antibodi
MINDRobics
DISCUSSION
1.15
Konstruktivisme
Compare and contrast artificial active immunity with artificial passive immunity.
BAB
Chapter 1
1.15 PERBINCANGAN
18
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
BCG
virus
dikeluarkan
antibodi
merawat
streptomisin
merangsang
darah
digantikan
bawang putih
kunyit hidup
Penicillium notatum
patogen
penisilin
herba
BCG
viruses
removed
bakteria
tibi
kulapuk
antibody
treat
streptomycin
Cara mencegah penyakit
pathogen
penicillin
herbs
bacteria
tuberculosis
mould
Ways to prevent diseases
BCG
antibodi
BAB
merangsang
(a) Vaksin
badan menghasilkan
untuk menentang penyakit tertentu.
stimulates
(a) Vaccine
the body to produce
fight against a certain disease
(b) As an example,
tuberculosis
BCG
antibody
to
mencegah penyakit
Use of vaccine
(b) Sebagai contoh, vaksin

tibi
.
garlic
raw turmeric
Penicillium notatum
CHAPTER
Penggunaan vaksin
stimulates
blood
replaced
vaccine prevents
Cara-cara merawat penyakit

Ways to treat diseases
2 Penggunaan antibiotik
1 Penggunaan antiserum
2 Use of antibiotics
1 Use of antiserums
(a) Haiwan seperti kuda diberi suntikan

patogen
tertentu menyebabkan
badannya menghasilkan
antibodi
(a) Antibiotik ialah bahan kimia yang diekstrak

daripada organisma hidup yang dapat
bakteria
membunuh
tetapi tidak
dapat membunuh
(b) Antiserum yang mengandungi antibodi

darah
kemudian diekstrak daripada
(b) Sebagai contoh,
kuda dan disuntik ke dalam badan pesakit

merawat
untuk
penyakit tertentu
sifilis dan
streptomisin
.
mengubati
mengubati tibi.
kulapuk
yang
(a) Rawatan tradisional biasa dijalankan

herba
dengan menggunakan
(b) Sebagai contoh,
19
antibody
kunyit hidup
(a) An antibiotic is a chemical extracted from a

bacteria
living organism to kill
but not
(b) The antiserum that contains the antibodies is

blood
then extracted from the
of
(b) As examples,
syphilis and
tuberculosis.
the horse and injected into the body of a

treat
patient to
certain
.
penicillin
streptomycin
cures
cures
4 Traditional treatment
The tissues or organ that is damaged or infected

removed
by disease is
or
replaced
viruses
mould
(c) Penicillin is produced by a
called Penicillium notatum .
diseases (example: tetanus and rabies).

3 Surgery
bawang putih
merawat kurap dan
merawat tekanan darah tinggi.
body to produce an
4 Rawatan tradisional
Tisu atau organ yang rosak atau dijangkit

dikeluarkan
penyakit
atau
digantikan
penisilin
(c) Penisilin dihasilkan oleh

dikenali sebagai Penicillium notatum .
(contoh: tetanus dan penyakit anjing gila).
3 Pembedahan
virus
(a) An animal, such as a horse, is injected with

pathogen
a certain
that causes its
(a) Traditional treatment is commonly carried

herbs
out using
.
(b) As examples,
raw turmeric
ringworm and
high blood pressure.
garlic
treats
treats
19
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
Eksperimen PEKA
1.17 TERBIMBING
GUIDED
Tindakan antibiotik terhadap bakteria

2004 Bhg. A, S2
TUJUAN
PEMBOLEH
UBAH
Mengkaji tindakan antibiotik terhadap bakteria

Antibiotik
menghasilkan
pada permukaan agar-agar.

C1P2
(b) yang dimanipulasi:
Kuantiti agar-agar nutrien/Jenis bakteria/Suhu
RADAS
PROSEDUR
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
CARA KERJA
C2
P
1
2
3
4
S
HYPOTHESIS
VARIABLE
Kehadiran antibiotik
(c) yang bergerak balas: Kawasan jernih pada permukaan agar-agar
BAHAN
AIM
Inquiry-discovery
2004 Sec. A, Q2
C1P1
kawasan jernih
Action of antibiotic on bacteria
2005 Bhg. A, S2
CHAPTER
BAB
HIPOTESIS
1.17 Experiment PEKA
Inkuiri-penemuan
C1P3
Agar-agar nutrien steril, ceper penisilin, pita selofan, kertas label, larutan kultur bakteria
(Bacillus subtilis)
Piring Petri dan penutup steril, forsep steril, picagari steril
C1P4
1 Sediakan dua piring Petri steril yang

ceper penisilin
berlabel A dan B.
agar-agar
nutrien
2 Isi piring Petri A dan B dengan agar+
agar nutrien yang lembap.
bakteria
3
3 Masukkan 1 cm larutan kultur
bakteria ke dalam setiap piring Petri.
4 Letakkan ceper penisilin di atas
permukaan agar-agar nutrien dalam
A
B
piring Petri B dengan menggunakan (sebagai kawalan)
forsep steril.
C2P4
5 Tutup piring Petri A dan B dengan penutup dan lekat dengan pita selofan.
6 Telangkupkan kedua-dua piring Petri dan dibiarkan pada suhu bilik.
7 Catat dan lukis pemerhatian tentang keadaan agar-agar nutrien selepas dua atau tiga hari.
MATERIALS
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
C1
P
1
2
3
4
5
S
STEPS
1 Dua piring Petri steril yang berlabel A dan B disediakan.

2 Piring Petri A dan B diisikan dengan agar-agar nutrien yang lembap.
C2
P
3 1 cm3 larutan kultur bakteria dimasukkan ke dalam setiap piring Petri.

4 Ceper penisilin diletakkan di atas permukaan agar-agar nutrien dalam piring Petri B
dengan menggunakan forsep steril.
5 Piring Petri A dan B ditutup dengan penutup dan dilekat dengan pita selofan.
1
2
3
4
S
2005 Sec. A, Q2
To study the action of an antibiotic on bacteria

Antibiotic
C1P1
clear area
produces a
on the surface of the agar.
C1P2
(a) that is kept constant: Quantity of nutrient agar/Type of bacteria/Temperature

(b)that is manipulated:
The presence of an antibiotic
(c) that responds:
Clear area on the surface of the agar
C1P3
Sterile nutrient agar, penicillin discs, cellophane tape, label, bacteria culture solution
(Bacillus subtilis)
Sterile Petri dish and cover, sterile forceps, sterile syringe
C1P4
1 Prepare two sterile Petri dishes

penicillin disc
nutrient
labelled A and B respectively.
agar
2 Fill both Petri dishes, A and B, with
+
damp nutrient agar.
bacteria
3 Put 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution
into each Petri dish.
4 Place the penicillin disc on the
surface of the nutrient agar in Petri
A
B
(acts as a control)
dish B using sterile forceps.
5 Cover Petri dishes A and B and seal
C2P4
them with cellophane tape.
6 Keep the two Petri dishes inverted and leave them at room temperature.
7 Record your observation on the condition of the nutrient agar after two or three days in
the form of a drawing.
1 Two sterile Petri dishes labelled A and B respectively are prepared.
2 Petri dishes A and B are filled with damp nutrient agar.
3 1 cm3 of bacteria culture solution is added to each Petri dish.
4 Two penicillin discs are placed on the surface of the nutrient agar in Petri dish B using
sterile forceps.
5 Petri dishes A and B are covered and sealed with cellophane tape.
6 Kedua-dua piring Petri ditelangkupkan dan dibiarkan pada suhu bilik.

6 Both Petri dishes are inverted and left at room temperature.
7 Pemerhatian tentang keadaan agar-agar nutrien dicatat selepas dua atau tiga hari
7 The observation on the condition of the nutrient agar is recorded after two or three days
dalam bentuk lakaran.
in the form of a drawing.
C1P5
C1P5
1.17 HP Menyatakan kesan antibiotik terhadap
mikroorganisma
20

hlm. 279
1.17 LO State the effects of an antibiotic on microorganisms
20

p. 31; Essential Science SPM, Experiment 9.2, p. 279
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
KEPUTUSAN
RESULTS
Pemerhatian
Piring Petri
(Tiada antibiotik)
(Without antibiotic)
C3P2
C4P1
2 Berikan definisi secara operasi bagi antibiotik.

menghasilkan kawasan jernih
Antibiotik adalah bahan yang
Clear area is found surrounding the penicillin discs
C3P3
C3P1
ANALYSIS
KBSB
di permukaan agar-agar
Membuat inferens
Mendefinisi
secara operasi
KBSB
Meramal
4 Ramalkan hubungan antara kepekatan antibiotik dan kawasan jernih yang terbentuk.
pekat
besar
KBSB
Semakin
antibiotik, semakin
kawasan jernih yang terbentuk.
C4
P
1
2
3
S
Meramal
AIDS
Taun
21
TSTS
C4P1
Making inference
TSTS
3 Predict the observation if the concentration of the penicillin used is higher.

bigger
A
clear area is formed.
TSTS
Predicting
TSTS
4 Predict the relationship between the concentration of the antibiotic and
Predicting
the clear area formed.
higher
bigger
The
the concentration of the antibiotic, the
Tuberculosis
Hepatitis B
AIDS
Reason: Antibiotics can only treat diseases caused by

viruses
.
6 Can the hypothesis be accepted or rejected?
CONCLUSION
Antibiotik dapat membunuh bakteria.
C3P3
5 Tick in the boxes for the type of diseases that can be treated with antibiotics.
Give one reason.
Sebab: Antibiotik hanya boleh merawat penyakit yang disebabkan oleh

bakteria
virus
tetapi bukan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh
.
Diterima
C4P2
6 Adakah hipotesis yang dibuat diterima atau ditolak?
KESIMPULAN
the surface of the agar
C3P2
the clear area formed.
5 Tandakan dalam petak bagi jenis penyakit yang dapat dirawat dengan antibiotik.
Berikan satu sebab.
Hepatitis B
1 Give an inference to the observation on Petri dish B.

killed
The bacteria is
in the clear area.
2 Give an operational definition for antibiotic.
produces a clear area on
An antibiotic is a substance which
KBSB
3 Ramalkan pemerhatian jika ceper penisilin yang lebih pekat diguna.

lebih besar
Kawasan jernih yang
terhasil.
Tibi
1 Berikan inferens kepada pemerhatian pada piring petri B.

terbunuh
Bakteria
pada kawasan jernih.
clear
areas
1
2
3
S
C3P1
1
2
3
S
bacterial
spots
C3
P
kawasan
jernih
CHAPTER
B
(With antibiotic)
Kawasan jernih kelihatan di sekeliling ceper penisilin
C4
P
Many bacterial spots are formed
tompok
bakteria
C3
P
1
2
3
S
bacterial
spots
Banyak tompok bakteria terbentuk

B
(Ada antibiotik)
Observation
BAB
tompok
bakteria
ANALISIS
Petri dish

Antibiotics can kill bacteria.
Accepted
Cholera
bacteria
and not
C4P2
C4P3
C4P3
21
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
APLIKASI IDEA
Contoh-contoh penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan dengan mengambil

tibi
sifilis
antibiotik termasuk
,
, dan
gonorea
REFLEKSI
BAB
Antibiotik tidak dapat digunakan untuk menyembuhkan penyakit

virus
yang disebabkan oleh
.
Aktiviti ICT
Bahaya rawatan tanpa pengawasan dan preskripsi
STM
1.18 PENYELIDIKAN
REFLECTION
1.18
Kaji gambar foto di bawah.
Example of diseases that can be cured with antibiotics include

tuberculosis
syphilis
gonorrhoea
,
, and
.
Antibiotics cannot be used to cure diseases that are caused by
viruses
.
CHAPTER
Selain kulat, bakteria dalam

kumpulan Streptomyces dan
Bacillus juga dapat
digunakan untuk
menghasilkan antibiotik
seperti streptomisin untuk
mengubati penyakit tibi dan
tetrasiklina untuk mengubati
penyakit taun.
APPLICATION
oF IDEA
RESEARCH
Activity ICT
Other than fungi, bacteria

from groups Streptomyces
and Bacillus can also be
used to produce antibiotics
such as streptomycin to
cure tuberculosis and
tetracycline to cure
cholera.
Dangers of using unauthorised prescriptions and

unsupervised treatments
STS
Study the photo below.
doktor
penisilin
dibunuh
patogen
antibiotik
alergi
maut
hati
ubat sintetik
ginjal
dadah
doctor
penicillin
killed
pathogen
antibiotic
allergies
death
liver
synthetic medicine
kidneys
drugs
Layari laman web atau kumpulkan maklumat daripada pusat sumber untuk melengkapkan rencana pendek
tentang bahaya rawatan tanpa pengawasan dan preskripsi doktor.
1 Pengambilan antibiotik
penisilin
Antibiotik seperti
Seseorang
yang mempunyai
maut
Visit relevant websites or gather information from the resource centre to complete the short article below,
on the dangers of unsupervised treatment and unauthorised prescriptions.
doktor
hanya boleh diambil atas pengawasan dan preskripsi
.
alergi
kepada antibiotik tertentu mungkin membawa
2 Kepentingan memakan antibiotik dalam jumlah yang ditentukan oleh doktor

Antibiotik yang diberikan oleh doktor perlu dimakan dalam masa dan jumlah yang ditetapkan. Ini adalah
dibunuh
untuk memastikan semua patogen penyakit itu telah
oleh antibiotik itu. Jika tidak,
patogen
yang masih hidup di dalam badan akan membina ketahanan terhadap antibiotik tersebut.
Maka
antibiotik
yang sama tidak dapat menyembuhkan penyakit yang sama pada masa akan datang.
1 Use of antibiotics
Antibiotics such as
can only be taken when prescribed and supervised by

allergies
A person who is allergic to a certain antibiotic may suffer from
death
lead to
.
boleh memudaratkan kesihatan badan jika diambil dalam kuantiti berlebihan. Sebagai contohnya,
ginjal
pengambilan aspirin yang terlalu banyak dalam tempoh yang lama akan merosakkan
dan
hati
1.18 HP Menerangkan bahaya menggunakan dadah tanpa

pengawasan dan preskripsi doktor
22
doctors
that could
2 Importance of consuming the prescribed amount of antibiotics

Antibiotics given by a doctor must be consumed based on the allocated time and quantity. This is to
killed
ensure that all the pathogens causing the disease are
by the antibiotic. Otherwise, the
pathogens
surviving
will develop a resistance towards the antibiotic. Hence, the same
antibiotic
3 Pengambilan ubat sintetik

Ubat sintetik
seperti parasetamol yang digunakan untuk demam dan sakit kepala perlu diambil
dadah
berdasarkan preskripsi doktor sahaja. Ubat sintetik merupakan sejenis
yang
penicillin
will not be able to cure the same disease in the future.
3 Use of synthetic medicine

Synthetic medicine
such as paracetamol, which is taken to relieve fever and headaches,

drugs
must only be consumed based on a doctors prescription. These
are harmful to the body if
taken in excess amounts. For example, over-consumption of aspirin in the long run can damage the
kidneys
liver
and
.
1.18 LO Describe the dangers of using drugs without medical

advise and through unauthorised prescriptions
22
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
SPM
Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang

kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan SPM. Pastikan anda
boleh menjawab semua soalan berikut.
Kunci Kejayaan
SPM
Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that

are frequently tested in the SPM exam. Make sure you can
answer all the questions correctly.
Key To Success
1 Name the following microorganisms and label its structure if required.
1 Namakan mikroorganisma berikut dan labelkan struktur pada mikroorganisma jika diperlukan.
Kulat
Fungi
sporangium
sporangium
hifa
Bakteria
Yis
Virus
hypha
Bacteria
Mukor
Protozoa
Virus
Ameba
(c)
Kelembapan
(b)
Suhu
(d)
Cahaya
Nutrien
(e)
Amoeba
Spirogyra
2 State five factors that affect the growth of microorganisms.

pH value
Humidity
(a)
(c)
2 Nyatakan lima faktor yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan mikroorganisma.
Nilai pH
Algae
Paramecium
Spirogira
(a)
(b)
Temperature
Light
(d)
(a) Pencernaan makanan dalam usus haiwan herbivor
Bakteria
(b) Menaikkan adunan roti atau kek
Kulat (yis)
(c) Mengikat nitrogen dalam nodul akar tumbuhan kekacang
Bakteria
(b) Raising the dough when making bread or baking a cake Fungus (yeast)
(c) Binding nitrogen in the nodules of leguminous plants Bacteria
(d) Menyediakan vaksin
Bakteria/Virus
(d) Preparation of vaccines
4 Nyatakan patogen yang menyebabkan penyakit yang berikut:

(a) Tibi
(b) Malaria
Virus
(d) Selesema
(h) Kurap
Tibi
(b)
Kulat
Kurus
Kahak berdarah
Selesema
(e)
Taun
Muntah
Cirit-birit
(f)
Sakit kerongkong
Hidung berhingus
Hepatitis B
(c)
Panau
Kurap
(g)
Tompok putih
yang gatal
Demam denggi
(d)
Hati bengkak
Letih
Demam campak
(h)
Demam
Ruam badan
6 Nyatakan cara jangkitan penyakit.

(a) Taun
Makanan tercemar
(d) Panau
Sentuhan
(b) Hepatitis B
Pemindahan darah
(e) Tibi
Udara
(c) Selesema
Udara
(f) Demam campak Udara
(d) Common cold
Virus
Bacteria
(f) Hepatitis B Virus
(g) Tinea
Fungus
(h) Ringworm Fungus
(e) Cholera
Determine the types of diseases based on the given symptoms:

(a)
Sakit sendi
Tompok merah pada kulit
Tompok merah
yang gatal
23
(c) Dengue fever
Protozoa
Virus
(b) Malaria
5 Tentukan jenis penyakit berdasarkan simtom yang diberi:

(a)
Bacteria/Virus
4 State the pathogens that cause the following diseases:

(a) Tuberculosis
Bacteria
(e) Taun
Bakteria
(f) Hepatitis B Virus
(g) Panau
Kulat
(c) Demam denggi Virus
Nutrients
(e)
3 State the beneficial microorganisms in the following situations.

(a) Digestion of food in a herbivores intestine
Bacteria
3 Nyatakan mikroorganisma yang berfaedah dalam situasi berikut.
Bakteria
Protozoa
Mucor
Protozoa
Alga
Paramesium
Yeast
Tuberculosis
(b)
Weight loss
Phlegm with blood
(e)
Common cold
Sore throat
Runny nose
Cholera
(c)
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
(g)
Itchy white spots
(c) Common cold
Dengue fever
Joint pain
Red spots on skin
Ringworm
Itchy red spots
6 State the method of disease infection.

(a) Cholera
Contaminated food
(b) Hepatitis B
(d)
Swollen liver
Feeling tired
Tinea
(f)
Hepatitis B
(h)
Measles
Fever
Body rash
Touch
(e) Tuberculosis Air
(d) Tinea
Blood transfusion
Air
(f) Measles
Air
23
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
7 State the vectors that cause the following diseases:
7 Nyatakan vektor yang menyebabkan penyakit-penyakit yang berikut:
(a) Dengue fever Aedes mosquito

(b) Cholera
Housefly
(a) Demam denggi Nyamuk Aedes

(b) Taun
Lalat rumah
(c) Malaria
Nyamuk tiruk
(c) Malaria
8 State two methods to control the population of houseflies (to prevent cholera).
8 Nyatakan dua kaedah untuk mengawal populasi lalat rumah (untuk mencegah penyakit taun).
(a) Dispose of garbage in covered garbage bins

(b) Cover the food/Keep the house area clean
(a) Membuang sampah ke dalam tong sampah bertutup

(b) Tutupkan makanan/Menjaga kebersihan di sekeliling rumah
9 State two methods to control the population of mosquitoes (to prevent dengue fever).
9 Nyatakan dua kaedah untuk mengawal populasi nyamuk (untuk mencegah demam denggi).
(a) Rear guppy fish in ponds

(b) Cover the surface of ponds with oil/Spray insecticide/Clear out stagnant water
(a) Membela ikan gapi di kolam

(b) Selaputi permukaan kolam dengan minyak/Menyembur racun serangga/Hapuskan air bertakung
10 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words regarding immunisation.

(a)
10 Isikan tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang pengimunan.

(a)
pengimunan
Proses suntikan BCG disebut
vaksin
BCG ialah sejenis
Anopheles mosquito
tibi
untuk mencegah
BCG merangsang badan menghasilkan
The BCG injection process is called
antibodi
vaccine
BCG is a
used to prevent
BCG stimulates the body to produce
vaccination
tuberculosis
antibodies
Healthy person
Orang sihat
(b)
(b)
(c)
Antiserum
(c)
air
yang
mengandungi
antibodi
Antiserum
Pesakit perlu
mengambil
diambil daripada haiwan

seperti kuda.
Pesakit tetanus
in order to get better.

Tetanus patient
Tuberculosis patient
11 Complete the following table with the suitable terms.
Vektor Pensterilan Pemvaksinan Patogen Vaksin Antigen Antiserum Antibiotik

Istilah
Pensterilan
Vektor
(b) Agen yang membawa penyakit
Patient needs to
consume antibiotics
untuk memulihkan
kesihatannya.
11 Lengkapkan jadual yang berikut dengan istilah yang sesuai.
(a) Proses untuk membunuh mikroorganisma
contains
is derived from
animals such as horses.
antibiotik
Pesakit tibi
Pernyataan
water
that
antibodies
Vector
Sterilisation
Vaccination
Pathogen
Statement
Vaccine
Antigen
Antiserum
Antibiotic
Term
(a) A process to kill microorganisms
Sterilisation
(b) An agent that carries diseases
Vector
(c) Mikroorganisma berbahaya yang menyebabkan penyakit
Patogen
(c) Harmful microorganisms that cause diseases
(d) Bahan yang mengandungi patogen yang dilemahkan
Vaksin
(d) Substance containing weakened pathogens
Vaccine
(e) Patogen atau mikrob dalam darah
Antigen
(e) Pathogens or microbes in blood
Antigen
Pemvaksinan
(f) Proses suntikan vaksin
Pathogen
(f) Process of injecting vaccine
Vaccination
(g) Bahan yang digunakan untuk membunuh bakteria
Antibiotik
(g) Substance which is used to kill bacteria
Antibiotic
(h) Bahan yang mengandungi antibodi haiwan
Antiserum
(h) Substance containing an animals antibodies
Antiserum
24
24
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
SPM
KERTAS
SPM
Sudut Pengukuhan
PAPER
Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.
1 Apakah suhu optimum
pertumbuhan
patogen
menyebabkan penyakit?
A 5 C
2006
B 30 C
C 37 C
D 60 C
untuk
yang
A
B
C
D
2008
2 Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji pertumbuhan

bakteria.
almari gelap
Mikroorganisma
X
Gas Y
Yis
Karbon dioksida
Bakteria
Karbon monoksida
Yis
Oksigen
Mukor
Karbon dioksida
2002
2007
2008
Apakah faktor yang dikaji dalam

eksperimen ini?
2003
A Suhu
C pH
B Cahaya
D Nutrien
B
2006
7 Apakah cara yang paling sesuai

untuk mengawal populasi lalat
rumah (mencegah penyakit taun)?
A Kebersihan kawasan
2003
B Suntikan vaksin
C Pensterilan
2008
D Kawalan vektor
A
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Rajah 2
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah
suhu optima bagi pertumbuhan
bakteria?
A 10 C
B 37 C
2007
C 40 C
D 75 C
B
12 Seorang pelajar mempunyai gejalagejala yang berikut.

Demam panas berulang
Menggigil
Seorang individu boleh memperoleh

keimunan aktif buatan setelah
A sembuh daripada suatu penyakit
B disuntik dengan antiserum
C disuntik dengan vaksin
2006
D meminum susu ibunya
Antara yang berikut, yang manakah

boleh menyebarkan penyakit ini?
A Melalui pemindahan darah
B Melalui gigitan nyamuk
C Minum air yang tercemar
D Melalui titisan air dalam udara
C
4 Antara berikut yang manakah
menerangkan sebab buah-buahan
disimpan dalam peti sejuk?
A Untuk memusnahkan enzim
B Untuk membunuh mikroorganisma
C Untuk meneutralkan asid dalam
buah
D Untuk melambatkan kadar
D
9 Mikroorganisma yang membantu

mengikat nitrogen daripada atmosfera
dan menukarkannya kepada nitrat
dalam tanah ialah
A bakteria
2006
B alga
C virus
D kulat
A
2008
13 Mikroorganisma yang
adalah protozoa?
A
C
manakah
10 Antara penyakit berikut, yang

manakah disebarkan oleh nyamuk?
A Taun
2009
B Malaria
C Panau
B
D AIDS
25
1 What is the optimum temperature

for the growth of pathogens that
cause diseases?
A 5 C
2006
2008
B 30 C
C 37 C
C
D 60 C
dark cupboard
A
B
C
D
Microorganism
X
Gas Y
Yeast
Carbon dioxide
Bacteria
Carbon monoxide
Yeast
Oxygen
Mucor
Carbon dioxide
2002
2007
2008
11 Diagram 2 shows the relationship

between the number of bacterial
colonies and temperature.
number of bacterial
colonies
2009
6 Which of the following diseases is

caused by bacteria?
A Mumps
C Malaria
B Ringworm D Tuberculosis
2004
cotton
wool
nutrient broth
+
bacteria culture
Diagram 1
What factor is being studied in
this experiment?
2003
A Temperature C pH
B Light
D nutrient
B
3 Which of the following microorganisms

only
grows
and
reproduces in living cells?
2008
A Fungi
C Virus
B Bacteria
D Algae
C
4 Which of the following explains

why fruits are kept in the fridge?
A To destroy the enzyme
B To kill microorganisms
C To neutralise the acid in the
fruits
D To slow down the growth rate of
microorganisms
D
2009
2009
5 Satu mikroorganisma X membebaskan gas Y yang menaikkan

adunan roti. Apakah mikroorganisma X dan gas Y?
Each question is followed by four options A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.
2 Diagram 1 shows an experiment

that was carried out to study
bacterial growth.
suhu
2009
8
3 Antara mikroorganisma yang berikut,
yang manakah hanya tumbuh dan
membiak di dalam sel hidup?
2008
A Kulat
C Virus
B Bakteria
D Alga
C
6 Antara penyakit yang berikut, yang

manakah disebabkan oleh bakteria?
A Beguk
C Malaria
D
B Kurap
D Tibi
2004
Rajah 1
bilangan koloni bakteria
temperature
kapas
bubur
nutrien
+
kultur bakteria
11 Rajah 2 menunjukkan hubungan

antara bilangan koloni bakteria dan
suhu.
Enhancement Corner
5 Microorganism X releases gas

Y that makes bread dough rise.
What is microorganism X and gas Y?
2006
7 Which method is the most suitable

way to control the population of
houseflies (to prevent cholera)?
A Keeping the surroundings clean
B Vaccine injection
C Sterilisation
A
D Vector control
2003
2008
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Diagram 2
Which of the following is the
optimum temperature for the
growth of the bacteria?
A 10 C
B 37 C
2007
C 40 C
D 75 C
B
12 A student has been suffering from

the following symptoms:
2009
8 An individual can acquire artificial

active immunity after
A recovering from a disease
B being injected with antiserum
C being injected with vaccine
C
D drinking mothers milk
2006
9 The microorganism which helps to

bind nitrogen from the atmosphere
and convert it to nitrate in soil is
A bacteria
2006
B alga
C virus
D fungi
A
Recurring high fever

Shivering
Which of the following can spread
this disease?
A Through blood transfusion
B Through mosquito bites
C Drinking contaminated water
D Through water droplets in the
air
2008
B
13 Which microorganism is a protozoa?
A
C
B
10 Which of the following diseases is
spread by the mosquito?
A Cholera
2009
B Malaria
C Tinea
B
D AIDS
2009
25
7/23/10 11:02:37 AM
KERTAS
PAPER
Bahagian A
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
1
Section A
Answer all the questions in this section.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan dua piring Petri, X dan Y, yang mengandungi agar-agar
nutrien dan bakteria dibiarkan selama tiga hari di dalam makmal.
BAB
(a) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian daripada eksperimen ini.

Terdapat kawasan jernih di sekeliling
tompok
bakteria
cakera antibiotik
KLON
2004
KLON
2005
Bhg. A, S2
pada permukaan agar-agar.
1
Bhg. A, S2
(iii) responds:
Clear area on the surface of the agar
(e) State the operational definition for an antibiotic.

An antibiotic is a substance which produces a clear area on the surface of the nutrient agar.
(f) Diagram 1.2 shows microorganisms P, Q, R and S.
(i) Classify microorganisms P, Q, R and S into bacteria
and virus.
Bacteria: P and Q
(i) Kelaskan mikroorganisma P, Q, R dan S

kepada bakteria dan virus.
Bakteria: P dan Q
Virus:
P
Rajah 2 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan suhu ke atas proses penapaian. Isi padu karbon dioksida yang
terhasil selepas 10 minit pada suhu yang berbeza dicatat dalam Jadual 2.
KLON
KLON
2008
Bhg. A, S4
2009
R and S
(ii) State the microorganisms that can be killed by antibiotics.

P and Q
Rajah 1.2
(ii) Nyatakan mikroorganisma yang dapat dibunuh oleh antibiotik.

P dan Q
2008
Bhg. A, S2
gas collected after

10 minutes
Suhu
(C)
Isi padu gas

(cm3)
30
35
15
40
25
45
35
Jadual 2
Q
Diagram 1.2
Diagram 2 shows an experiment to study the effect of temperature on the fermentation process. The volume of carbon
dioxide produced after 10 minutes for different temperatures are recorded in Table 2. CLONE
CLONE
gas yang dikumpul

selepas 10 minit
burette
conical
flask
glucose
solution
+
yeast
water
Sec. A, Q4
2009
Sec. A, Q2
Temperature
(C)
Volume of gas
(cm3)
30
35
15
40
25
45
35
Table 2
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
(a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 2, nyatakan satu inferens.
Yis adalah lebih aktif pada suhu yang lebih tinggi.
26
(d) State an inference for the observation in Petri dish Y.

Penicillin/Antibiotic prevents the growth of bacteria.
(f) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan mikroorganisma P, Q, R, dan S.
air
nutrient
agar
+
bacteria
(i) is kept constant: Quantity of bacteria culture solution

(ii) is manipulated: The presence of antibiotic
(e) Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi antibiotik.

Antibiotik ialah bahan yang menghasilkan kawasan jernih pada permukaan agar-agar.
kelalang
kon
clear area
containing
penicillin
antibiotic
disc
Diagram 1.1
(d) Nyatakan inferens bagi pemerhatian pada piring Petri Y.

Penisilin/Antibiotik menghalang pertumbuhan bakteria.
buret
Sec. A, Q2
(c) State the variable that
(ii) dimanipulasikan: Kehadiran antibiotik

(iii) bergerak balas: Kawasan jernih pada permukaan agar-agar
laurutan
glukosa
+
yis
surface of the agar.
(c) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang

Kuantiti larutan kultur bakteria
(i) dimalarkan:
CLONE
2005
Sec. A, Q2
Petri dish
(b) State the hypothesis of this experiment.

Antibiotic forms clear areas on the
Rajah 1.1
R dan S
bacteria
spot
antibiotic discs.
cakera
antibiotik
agar-agar
nutrien
+
bakteria
CLONE
2004
Diagram 1.1 shows two Petri dishes, X and Y, containing nutrient agar and
bacteria that are left for three days in the laboratory.
(a) State one observation from this experiment.
There are clear areas surrounding the
kawasan
jernih
piring Petri
(b) Nyatakan hipotesis bagi eksperimen ini.

Antibiotik menghasilkan kawasan jernih
Virus:
(a) Based on the results in Table 2, state one inference.
The yeast is more active at higher temperatures.
26
7/23/10 11:02:38 AM
(b) Based on the results in Table 2, draw a graph of the volume of gas
against temperature.
40
Apabila masa bertambah, isi padu karbon dioksida

yang terhasil bertambah.
(d) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah bagi eksperimen ini.
(i) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan:
Suhu
(c) What is the relationship between the volume of carbon dioxide

produced and temperature (hypothesis)?
30
As time increases, the volume of carbon dioxide

produced increases.
20
BAB
Isi padu gas (cm3)
(c) Apakah hubungan antara isi padu karbon dioksida yang terhasil dengan
suhu (hipotesis)?
10
(i) Manipulated variable:

Temperature
30
35
40
Suhu (C)
45
50
(ii) Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:
(d) State the variables for this experiment.
30
20
10
0
30
(ii) Responding variable:
Isi padu gas
35
40
45
Temperature (C)
50
Volume of gas
(e) Nyatakan definisi secara operasi bagi penapaian.
(e) State the operational definition for fermentation.
Penapaian adalah proses pembebasan gas karbon dioksida.
Fermentation is the process of releasing carbon dioxide gas.
(f) Ramalkan isi padu gas yang terhasil pada suhu 25 C.
(f) Predict the volume of gas produced at 25 C.
Kurang daripada 5 cm3
Less than 5 cm3

KLON
2006
Bahagian B
Jawab semua soalan dalam bahagian ini.
3
40
Volume of gas (cm3)
(b) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam Jadual 2, lukis satu graf isi padu gas
melawan suhu.
Bhg. A, S3
Suatu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengkaji kesan suhu terhadap pertumbuhan bakteria. Jadual 3 menunjukkan
keputusan eksperimen.
(a) Dengan menggunakan data dalam Jadual 3, lukiskan graf diameter koloni bakteria melawan suhu dalam kertas graf di
bawah.
Suhu/C
Diameter koloni
bakteria/mm
10
diameter 18
koloni
16
bakteria/mm
14
Diameter of bacterial
colonies/mm
diameter 18
of
16
bacterial
colonies/mm 14
12
10
10
20
30
12
40
16
30
12
16
2
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 suhu/C
Sec. A, Q3
An experiment is carried out to study the effect of temperature on bacterial growth. Table 3 shows the results
of the experiment.
(a) Using the data given in Table 3, draw a graph to show the diameter of the bacterial colonies against temperature using
the graph paper below.
20
Jadual 3
CLONE
2006
10
8
40
Temperature/C
12
Section B
Answer all the questions in this section.
8
6
Table 3
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 temperature/C
(b) Nyatakan hubungan antara bilangan koloni bakteria dengan suhu.

Apabila suhu bertambah, bilangan koloni bakteria bertambah.
(b) State the relationship between the number of bacterial colonies and temperature.
As the temperature increases, the number of bacterial colonies increases.
(c) Diameter koloni bakteria adalah paling besar pada 40 C. Berikan satu inferens.
40 C adalah suhu optimum bagi pertumbuhan bakteria
(c) The diameter of bacterial colonies is the biggest at 40 C. Give one inference.
40 C is the optimum temperature for bacterial growth.
(d) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah bagi eksperimen ini.

(d) State the variables for this experiment.
(i) Manipulated variable: Temperature
(i) Pemboleh ubah dimanipulasikan:

Suhu
(ii) Responding variable:
(ii) Pemboleh ubah bergerak balas:
Diameter of bacterial colonies
Diameter koloni bakteria
27
27
7/23/10 11:02:38 AM
(v)
Bahagian C
Jawab soalan yang berikut.
4
Penjadualan data:
Tabung uji
Kaji pernyataan yang berikut.
Cahaya
Kekeruhan campuran
Faktor cahaya mempengaruhi pertumbuhan

mikroorganisma.
BAB
Jawapan:
4 (a) Hipotesis: Mikroorganisma
seperti
bakteria
tumbuh dengan pesat dalam keadaan
gelap tetapi menjadi tidak aktif dalam
keadaan cahaya terang.
(b) (i) Tujuan: Mengkaji kesan faktor cahaya
terhadap pertumbuhan bakteria
(ii) Pemboleh ubah
yang dimalarkan: Isi padu bubur
nutrien/Kuantiti bakteria
yang dimanipulasikan: Cahaya
yang
bergerak
balas:
Pertumbuhan
bakteria/Kekeruhan campuran
(iii) Senarai radas dan bahan: Tabung uji steril,
lampu elektrik, silinder penyukat 10 ml,
bubur nutrien, larutan kultur bakteria
(iv) Kaedah:
Y
X
5 cm3 bubur
nutrien
+
1 cm3 kultur
bakteria
kapas
steril
(vi)
KLON
2008
Bhg. C, S11
Keimunan pasif buatan
Menggunakan bakteria atau Menggunakan serum

virus yang mati atau
(plasma darah) haiwan yang
dilemahkan
mengandungi antibodi
cm3
bubur
nutrien +
1 cm3 kultur
bakteria
Merangsang badan menghasilkan antibodi untuk

melawan patogen
Antibodi haiwan melawan

patogen dalam badan
Pengimunan yang tahan

lama
Pengimunan yang tidak

tahan lama
Untuk mencegah hepatitis

B/Poliomielitis/Tibi
Untuk merawat tetanus/

penyakit anjing gila
(b) Kenal pasti masalah

Jangkitan demam denggi
Penjelasan masalah
Demam denggi merebak melalui gigitan nyamuk
Aedes
Kaedah-kaedah penyelesaian
Jangan membiarkan air bertakung di sekeliling
rumah/Menanam bekas-bekas kosong
Sembur racun serangga
Sembur minyak di permukaan air di longkang
atau kolam
Membela ikan gapi di kolam
Pasang jaring halus pada pintu dan tingkap
(Mana-mana tiga)
Pilihan kaedah terbaik
Jangan biarkan air bertakung di sekeliling
rumah untuk mencegah pembiakan nyamuk
5 cm3 bubur nutrien steril dan 1 cm3

larutan kultur bakteria dimasukkan ke
dalam tiga tabung uji steril X, Y dan Z.
Setiap mulut tabung uji disumbat dengan
kapas steril.
Tabung uji X diletakkan di dalam almari
gelap.
Tabung uji Y diletakkan di dalam makmal.
Tabung uji Z diletakkan di bawah cahaya
terang.
Pemerhatian tentang keadaan bubur
nutrien dicatat selepas tiga hari.
28
(a) Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara keimunan aktif

buatan dengan keimunan pasif buatan. Sertakan satu
contoh penyakit yang dapat dicegah atau dirawat
oleh setiap jenis pengimunan ini.
[4 markah]
(b) Satu wabak demam denggi telah dikesan di sebuah
kampung. Terangkan bagaimana penduduk kampung
itu dapat mengatasi masalah merebaknya wabak itu.
Jawapan anda hendaklah mengandungi perkaraperkara berikut:
Kenal pasti masalah
[1 markah]
Penjelasan masalah
[1 markah]
Kaedah-kaedah penyelesaian
[3 markah]
Pilih kaedah terbaik dan jelaskan pilihan anda
[1 markah]
Keimunan aktif buatan
kapas
steril
5
Kesimpulan: Bakteria tumbuh dan membiak

dengan pesat dalam keadaan gelap tetapi
menjadi tidak aktif dalam keadaan cahaya
terang.
Jawapan:
5 (a)
Study the following statement.
You are given two substances, nutrient broth and bacteria

culture solution.
(a) Suggest one suitable hypothesis to investigate the
statement.
[1 mark]
(b) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in
4(a) based on the following criteria:
(i) Aim of the experiment
[1 mark]
(ii) Identification of variables
[2 marks]
(iii) List of apparatus and materials
[1 mark]
(iv) Procedure or method
[3 marks]
(v) Tabulation of data
[1 mark]
(vi) Conclusion
[1 mark]
Answer:
4 (a) Hypothesis: Microorganisms such as bacteria
thrive in the dark but become inactive
under bright light.
(b) (i) Aim: To study the effect of the light on
bacterial growth
(ii) Variable
that is kept constant: The volume of
nutrient broth/Quantity of bacteria
that is manipulated: Light
that responds: Bacterial growth/Cloudiness
of mixture
(iii) List of apparatus and materials: Sterile test
tubes, electric lamp, 10 ml measuring
cylinder, nutrient agar, bacteria culture
solution
(iv) Method:
Y
X
sterile
cotton
5 cm3 nutrient
broth
+
1 cm3 bacteria
culture
Cloudiness of mixture
Y
Z
(vi) Conclusion: Bacteria grow and reproduce quickly
in the dark but become inactive under bright light.
5
(a) State two differences between artificial active

immunity and artificial passive immunity. Include
one example of a disease which can be prevented or
treated by the mentioned immunisation. [4 marks]
(b) An outbreak of the dengue fever was detected in a
village. Explain how the villagers can overcome the
problem of the disease outbreak. Your answer should
include the following:
Identify the problem
[1 mark]
Clarification of the problem
[1 mark]
Solving methods
[3 marks]
Choose the best method and explain your choice
[1 mark]
CLONE
2008
Answer:
5 (a)
Sec. C, Q11
Artificial active
immunity
Artificial passive
immunity
Using bacteria or viruses

that are dead or weakened
Using serum (blood plasma)

of animals that contain
antibodies
Stimulates the body to

produce antibodies to fight
pathogens
Antibodies of animals fight

pathogens in the body
Immunity lasts long
Immunity does not last long
To prevent hepatitis B/
Poliomyelitis/tTuberculosis
To treat tetanus/rabies
sterile
cotton
(b) Identify the problem

The outbreak of dengue fever
5 cm3 nutrient
broth +
1 cm3 bacteria
culture
cm3
Light
Light is a factor that influences the growth of

microorganisms.
Z
Anda diberi dua bahan, iaitu bubur nutrien dan larutan
kultur bakteria.
(a) Cadangkan satu hipotesis yang sesuai untuk
menyiasat pernyataan itu.
[1 markah]
(b) Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk menguji hipotesis
anda di 4(a) berdasarkan kriteria berikut:
(i) Tujuan eksperimen
[1 markah]
(ii) Pengenalpastian pemboleh ubah
[2 markah]
(iii) Senarai radas dan bahan
[1 markah]
(iv) Prosedur atau kaedah
[3 markah]
(v) Penjadualan data
[1 markah]
(vi) Kesimpulan
[1 markah]
Test tube
4
(v) Tabulation of data:
Section C
Answer the following questions.
Clarification of the problem

Dengue fever spreads through Aedes mosquito bites
Solving methods
Do not allow stagnant water to collect around the
house/Bury the empty containers
Spray insecticide
Cover the surface of drains or ponds with oil
Rear guppy fish in ponds
Fix nettings on the doors and windows
(Any three)
cm3
5
of sterile nutrient broth and 1
of
bacteria culture solution are added into all
three sterile test tubes X, Y and Z.
The mouth of each test tube is stuffed with
sterile cotton wool.
Test tube X is kept in a dark cupboard.
Test tube Y is left in the laboratory.
Test tube Z is left under bright light.
The condition of the nutrient broth is recorded
after three days.
Best method and explanation

Do not allow stagnant water to collect around the
house to prevent mosquitoes from breeding
28
7/23/10 11:02:38 AM

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Bab

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas SPM

SPM Past-year Questions

1.1 Memahami pengelasan mikroorganisma

Lengkapkan jadual di bawah tentang pengelasan mikroorganisma berdasarkan ciri-ciri sepunya.

Membiak melalui pertunasan

1.1 LO Classify microorganisms into bacteria, fungi,

Understanding the classification of microorganisms

4 State the microorganism that is classified as an animal cell. (Protozoa)

1.1 HP Mengelaskan mikroorganisma kepada bakteria, kulat,

3 State the smallest microorganism. (Virus)

Size and brief

Membiak dalam Hidup sebagai

Various types of microorganisms

1.1 Understanding the classification of microorganisms

Microorganisms and Their

Pelbagai jenis mikroorganisma

Microorganisms and Their

1 Apakah ciri bakteria yang boleh digunakan untuk pengelasannya?

B Refer to the website below for information on moulds:

B Rujuk laman web dibawah untuk maklumat mengenai kulapuk:

5 Namakan struktur Z yang membolehkan mikroorganisma tersebut menyerap nutriennya.

1 What is the name of the microorganism shown? Mould/Mucor

2 Label struktur-struktur X dan Y dalam rajah tersebut.

4 How does this microorganism get its nutrient? Saprophytic

16 State the shape of the bacteria below.

14 How can bacteria be classified? (Based on its shape)

Microorganisms and Their

A Kaji foto bakteria di bawah dan jawab soalan yang berikut.

Microorganisms and Their

Kesan pH terhadap pertumbuhan mikroorganisma

(a) yang dimalarkan:

Nilai pH/ Keadaan agar-agar nutrien

Piring Petri dan penutup steril, picagari, penitis, pita selofan

(a) that is kept constant:

conditions but not in conditions that are very

Quantity of bacteria/Volume of nutrient agar

Number of bacterial colonies/Number of white spots

1 Masukkan 5 cm3 agar-agar nutrien panas ke dalam piring Petri A, B dan C.

larutan kultur bakteria

ditambahkan ke atas permukaan agar-agar tersebut.

1.3 HP Mengenal pasti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi

Synthesising ideas on the factors that affect the growth of

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 5, Eksperimen

1.3 LO Identify factors that affect the growth of microorganisms

Refer to Essential Science Form 5, Experiment 1.1,

(b) that is manipulated:

To study the effect of pH factor on the growth of microorganisms

(c) that responds:

Bilangan koloni bakteria/Bilangan tompok putih

(c) yang bergerak balas:

tetapi tidak dalam keadaan yang

(b) yang dimanipulasikan:

Effect of pH on the growth of microorganisms

Mengkaji kesan faktor pH terhadap aktiviti mikroorganisma

Microorganisms and Their

Microorganisms and Their

masing-masing dimasukkan dengan menggunakan picagari ke atas permukaan

agar-agar dalam piring Petri A, B dan C.

selama dua hingga tiga hari.

Keadaan agar-agar nutrien

Bilangan koloni bakteria

Condition of the nutrient agar