CHAPTER I

BACKGROUND
A. Backgoround of Problem
Residents of most of the developing countries, live in rural areas. Generally
they live from farming within the fauna and flora nand climate that influence the
occurrence of disease. The needs of the rural population will live comfortably,
always threatened by circumstances that endanger their health. Most of them do
not know / realize the danger, for example, just the threat of parasitic insects of
animals and so on.
The same thing is also experienced by people living in the region industry,
their comfortable lives threatened by a polluted environment industrial pollutants.
The existence of such health threats they do not know / realize.
Overall it can be argued that the environment and human beings with all the
factors are part of the human life cycle. The circle of life between humans and the
environment is a system called ecology. The man in the ecosystem on the one hand
trying to create a comfortable environment for life by influencing the environment,
while the man on the other hand senantriasa threatened by its own environment, so
that the situation threatens human health is concerned. Even man's own role as
well as the environment against other human beings, such as human potential as a
career particular disease, would constitute a threat to human health environment.
Likewise, the heavy smokers, if they are in the environment is not a smoker, then
the latter will be in danger of malignancy (cancer) caused by cigarette smoke.
Daily livestock farmers to get along with their livestock. If the parasitic
disease of livestock, the farmer in question shall also by the parasite, the farmer
concerned would be threatened also by the cattle parasite itself. While farmers are
always associated with irrigation systems / irrigation, in which water flowing in
the wild is always the threat of pollution of various disease agents, generally do
not realize that every moment of being in a health threat that comes from the
irrigation water. Threats can be either parasitic disease schistosomiasis, cholera
and gastrointestinal diseases laonnya, as well as diseases related to air pollution by
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industry and others. Since a lot of pollution-pollution of the environment,

especially a lot of disturbance in the balance against pollution contained in the air
that affect layers that are diatmosfer.
The atmosphere is air environment, the air covering the planet. the atmosphere
is a source of oxygen for breathing and a source of carbon dioxide for
photosynthesis reaction. As a basic component of the hydrologic cycle, the
atmosphere became a media transport water from the oceans kedaratan.
The atmosphere has a function as the main protector of life on Earth because
it can absorb a lot of cosmic rays from outer space, but it can be electromagnetic
radiation from the sun. Only radiation in the 300-2500 nm region gelomban length
and 0.01 to 40 m into the circumstances fit the atmosphere.
Besides the functions are pretty much out of the atmosphere, on the other
hand the atmosphere accomodating pollutants generated mainly by human
activities. It can menyebab decreasing atmospheric quality that will ultimately
negatively impact the overall living creatures and possibly cause changes in
atmospheric nature itself.
B. Formulation of Problem
The formulation of the problem of this paper is how photochemical applications in
everyday life.
C. Objective
The objective of this paper is to know how photochemical applications in everyday
life.

D. Advantage of Writing
The advantage of writing this paper is:
1. As the material knowledge of the intricacies of the atmosphere as well as the
role of the environment and environmental health.
2. As the information of the dangers of destruction / contamination in the layers
of atmosphere.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. The nature and composition of the atmosphere
The study of the atmosphere is meteorology. The atmosphere is a media
receiver and trip the exhaust gases / pollutants, especially in the troposphere.
Tropospheric covering the room began to surface of the earth to a height of 10
km or 33.00 ft with a volume of approximately 5.1 X 109 km3. This layer contains
about 75% of the mass of the atmosphere.

The atmosphere is a layer of air that surrounds the Earth. The atmosphere
consists of several gases that are retained by the earth's gravity and are used to
protect the earth. Dry air at atmospheric nitrogen gas mengandun 78%, 21%
oxygen, 0.03% carbon dioxide, 0.9% argon, methane, potassium, and others
0.07%.
Investigations atmosphere allows you to:

1. Hold a short-term weather forecasts or long-term future for the benefit of

agriculture, aviation, shipping, and farms.
2. Knowing the conditions of living layer of the upper air.
3. Inspect possibilities hold artificial rain.
4. Knowing the causes interference radio wave transmission, tv and how to
improve relations through the air.
Characteristics of the atmosphere is very broad, particularly those caused
ketinggianya. Other factors that lead to differences in the characteristics is the
climate, time, latitude or latitude, and even solar activity. The atmospheric
temperature varies greatly ranging from a low of -138oC - 1700oC. the pressure
dropped sharply from 1 atm at sea level. With the difference in the temperature of
the pressure, the chemical properties of the atmosphere is very different due to
differences in altitude.
The atmosphere is a gas sheath surrounding the earth that have the properties as
follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Colorless, odorless, and is not felt except in the form of a wind.

Dynamic and elastic so it can expand and contract and can move or migrate.
Transparent in some form of radiation.
Have the masses, causing pressure.
The element - element of gas contained in the atmosphere.

No.

Unsur

Simbol

Volume %

Berat molekul

1.

Nitrogen

N2

78,08

28,02

2.

Oksigen

O2

20,94

32,00

3.

Argon

Ar

0,93

39,88

4.

Karbondioksida

CO2

0,03

44,00

5.

Neon

Ne

0,0018

20,13

6.

Helium

He

0,0005

4,00

7,

Ozon

O3

0,00006

48,00

8.

Hidrogen

0,00005

2,02

9.

Kripton

Kr

Very small

10.

Xenon

Xe

Very small

11.

Metan

CH4

Very small

B. Balance Geothermal
Incoming solar radiation the Earth's atmosphere, about 20-30% is reflected back
chamber space, refracted by the atmosphere and solid particles contained
diatmosfer or by the earth's surface. In general, the average reflection or albedo of
the surface and atmosphere by 35%. The amount is determined by the local albedo
and its properties in the area snow-covered polar regions have a high albedo, but
the area of the ocean is low, because most of the energy is absorbed.
Approximately 20% of the radiation energy absorbed after entering through the
atmosphere. Ozone absorbs about 1-3%, especially in the short section of ultra
violet. In the troposphere, approximately 17-19% of the incoming radiation is
absorbed mainly by water vapor and CO2. The total atmospheric absorption of the
radiation by atmospheric absorption wave panjan total to radiation with a

wavelength of 0.3-0.7 lm. Not very large and generally enter tarnsparan effectively
through the hole from the atmosphere.
Overall about 50% of solar radiation to the Earth's surface radiates back
sebahagian energy through a broad wavelength range, but mostly in the 10-20 m
wavelength is infra red.
The average radiation reflected chamber space should be equal to that absorbed
from the sun. Therefore the amount of energy must flow from tropic regions
stricken area in the polar atmosphere. The flow of this energy is a system of hot air
flow towards the poles and the flow of cold air from the poles towards the tropic
and this will be expressed with the flow of the sea.

C. Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the atmosphere

Chemical reactions require energy and radiation of sunlight can provide it. In a
chemical reaction, the light particles called photons whose energy tergantun on the
length gelombangbnya expressed in the equation,
E = 1.196 x 105 kJ / Einstein
E = 2,859 x 104 kcal / mol
Where Einstein is Avogadro's number (6.023 x 1023) of a photon. Such as
ultraviolet radiation (UV) has sufficient energy to break / break chemical bonds,
the absorption of a photon provide immediate energy electrons in at a high-energy
state then excited quickly. The energy released appears as fenoresence, or activate
chemical bonds to be ready to react. Therefore, absorption of light by chemical
substances can cause reactions that would not occur in the media without light.
1. Photochemical reactions
Photochemical reactions although in the absence of a catalyst can take place
at a lower temperature than the other reactions. Some of the photochemical
reactions are influenced by solar radiation, plays an important role in
determining the nature and limits travel of chemicals in the atmosphere.
Nitrogen dioxide, NO2 is a chemical compound that jens photochemical
most effective in the polluted atmosphere, and is a major component in the
formation of fog. A species such as NO2 can be rapidly absorbs the light of

energy hv in a reaction that produces a molecule with an electron terksitasi

represented by an *.
NO2 + hv NO 2 *
Molecules with the excited electrons dalah one of itga types of species that
are relatively unstable vast quantities in the atmosphere and a greater role in
atmospheric chemistry processes. The other two types are atoms or molecular
fragments with unpaired electrons, the so-called "free radicals, and the ionized
atoms or molecular fragments.
A molecule that obtain energy from light absorption or loss of energy by a
number of processes. Type excited as O2 * provide light energy to the
molecules or atoms represented by Mg, by a process known as yanf physical
burnout.
O2 * + O2 + Mg Mg
As a result of this process is happening, there was a rise in heat around it.
Species in the excited state can undergo dissociation, a process that
predominantly occurs in the oxygen atoms in the atmosphere at a higher
altitude.
O2 * O + O
Excited oxygen species can also be through a direct reaction such as:
O2 * + O3 2 O 2 + O
Special energy of luminisensi called fenoresensi or phosphorus. When the
excited species comes from a chemical reaction, light emission is called
"chemilunercence".
The phenomenon of luminescence and chemilumionescence used in
chemical analysis. Chemiluminescence is particularly effective for the analysis
of some air pollutants such as ozone. Both of the above phenomenon was
common in celestial phenomena. For example, the light energy the atmosphere
is called a sky light (airglow) caused by chemiluminescence of hydroxyl
radicals excited.
O3 + H OH * + O2
OH * N2 + + eA process called photochemical. Photochemical often classified into subcategories where disoasi generate an electron.

2.

Ions and radicals in the atmosphere

A characteristic of the upper layer atymosfer that can not happen in the lab is
the presence of electrons and positive ions significantly. Therefore condition
with very rare mnedia higher atmospheric section, then these ions will be
present in quite a long period before the incorporated back into the neutral
species.
At the altitude of approximately 50 km and above, the ions are very common
in the area so that is called the ionosphere (a layer of ions). The existence of
such coatings has been known since 1901, after it was discovered that radio
waves can be transmitted over long distances. Ultra violet light is a major
shaper of ions in the ionosphere. In the dark, the positive ions slowly
incorporated with free electrons. This process is rapid, especially in the lower
regions of the ionosphere.
Earth's magnetic field are influential to give the ions in the upper atmosphere
is higher. The manifestation of this phenomenon is known as the Van Allen
Belts (Van Allen Belts), which was discovered in 1958. This area consists of
two belts of particles in the form of ions that surround the Earth. On the inside,
the area of high nergik ionizing radiation consists of protons and the outer part
consists of electrons.
At the more above atmospheric, electromagnetic radiation produces free
radicals as one of the other forms of the formation of ions with fotonisasi.
O

H2O - C - H + hv H3C * + HC * O
Free radicals are very important species in the atmosphere because it looks
significantly in the atmospheric chemical phenomena. The species can be in the
form of atoms, stsu groups of atoms with unpaired electrons and highly
reactive. In the upper atmosphere, free radicals having a half life of only a few

minutes away although there longer. These free radicals may be involved in a
chain reaction in which the free radicals formed from the reaction of the other,
for example:
O3 + HO. O2 + HOO.
HOO. + O HO. + O2
From the above reaction tanpak hiodroksil free radicals. HO .. highly
reactive in reactions with ozone, O3, generating another radical, radical HOO ..
and this in further reactions produce free radicals HO back. The reaction in
free radical is the radical destruction by free radicals sau another so that the
chain reaction that occurs can be stopped.
O

H3C - C - H + hv H3C * + HC * O
H3C. + H3C. C2H6
This reaction is called chain termination reaction (Chain-terminating
reacting "). Reactions involving free radicals responsible for the formation of
smog (smog). Free radicals are very reactive because it generally has a short
half-life time / short. It is important to distinguish between the liveliness with
stability. Bebsas addition to highly reactive radicals are also very stable.
Therefore, free radicals and atoms are "single" from the gas molecules with
two atoms tend to remain in the area on electronics having a half life which is
generally very short because the energy lost through radiation.
3. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide
Components of carbon dioxide, CO2, is only 0.034% as the volume of gas
atmospheric constituent. Almost the same as water vapor, carbon dioxide is a
component that has a major fuingsi to absorb infrared energy emitted back by
bumi.Para scientists are concerned that the level of carbon dioxide
concentrations increased sharply change will lead to changes in the climate of
the earth as a result of the effect greenhouse.
An increase in carbon dioxide is mainly due to of increasing the burning of
fossil fuels are increasingly growing measurements ever made to CO2 in the
atmosphere continuously mulain 1960 to 1985 in some regions of the

atmosphere such as Antarctica turns out there was an increase of approximately

1 ppm per year (Manahan, 1994). It is estimated that the increase in global
temperature to the temperature rise on average between 1.5 to 4,5oC. As a result
of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations also provide the potential effects
of the environmental damage is irreversible even exceed the effects posed by
nuclear weapons.
Increased atmospheric CO2 concentration besat partly caused by burning
fossil fuels, are also caused by the destruction of forests such as the burning of
forests releases significant CO2 gas into the atmosphere. Therefore, the
concentration of CO2 in the atmofer naturally very small and not sufficiently
active in the chemical reactions in the study of atmospheric chemical reactions
of these species are relatively less significant. However, based on the level /
concentration of CO2 and the intensity of ultraviolet radiation show that there
fotodisosiasi of CO2 by the sun's ultra violet light in the upper atmosphere.
CO2 + hv CO + O
This reaction is a major source of CO gas at a higher altitude. Although CO2
mengabsorbsikan strong enough infrared radiation but radiation is not energetic
enough to cause chemical reactions.
4. Water in the atmosphere
Water vapor in the atmosphere present in sufficient concentrations widely,
especially in the lower atmosphere. In normal atmospheric moisture content
ranging between 1-3% volume, although there is only air containing 0.1% but
also can reach 5%. The percentage of moisture content decreases rapidly with
increasing altitude in the atmosphere.
Water absorbs infrared radiation is even more powerful than CO2. Clouds
are made of water vapor that reflect light from the sun and gives effect to the
decrease in temperature. Conversely in the evening serves as a blanket of steam
due to withstand the heat of the earth's surface by absorbing infrared radiation.
At higher atmospheric water in the form of gas seen in the formation of
hydroxyl radicals, HO. And hidroperoksil radical, HOO. One of the harmful

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effects of air pollution are some of the ingredients perkaratan process of metal
tools due to the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere. The presence of
water vapor in the atmosphere are causing pollution in the form of fog (smog)
under certain conditions.
When the ice particles in the atmosphere turns into water droplets, or when
the water droplets evaporate, the heat is taken around. The opposite of these
processes cause the heat released into the atmosphere as latent heat. This can
happen at a distance of a few miles from the place where the heat is absorbed
and it is a model of the atmosphere or energy transfer to the atmosphere. This is
the main model of the transition energy contained in wind event ributn
hurricanes and tornadoes.
As previously noted, the chill in the tropopause layer is a career to the
movement of water to enter the stratosphere. The main source of water in the
stratosphere is the photochemical oxidation of methane:
CH2 + O3 CO2 + 2H2O
Formed water that is the source of hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere by
reaction:
H2O + hv HO. + H
Where the hydroxyl radical is a phenomenon that increased atmospheric
chemistry lately.

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CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclussion
From the results above explanation it can be concluded that the atmosphere has
a function as protective as well as guard the heat balance of the earth, because
kamampuannya absorb cosmic rays and infrared radiation, but in addition to its
functionality, on the other hand the atmosphere to accommodate a wide range of
pollutants produced by human activity. This can cause the quality of the
atmosphere and would negatively impact the overall living beings and the
environment.
B. Suggestion
Of our paper, we hope that readers are able to use it as a learning resource to
add insight and knowledge. And do not forget the criticism, feedback, suggestions,
of any kind is appreciated that paper writing our future for the better.

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