822

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ON CIRCUITS

AND

SYSTEMS,

VOL.

CAS-28, NO. 8,

AUGUST

1981

Gabor C. Temes (SM66-F73) has received the the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and coeditor (with S. K. Mitra)
Dip]. Ing. from the Technical University of and coauthor of Modern Filter Theory and Design, Wiley, 1973, coauthor
Budapest in 1952, the Dipl. Phys. from Eotvos of Introduction to Circuit Synthesis and Design, McGraw-Hill, New York,
University, Budapest in 1954 and the Ph.D. in 1977, and a contributor to several other edited volumes.
electrical engineering from the University of Ottawa, Canada, in 1961.
+
He was a member of the faculty of the Technical University of Budapest from 1952 to 1956, Chieh Chang, for a photograph and biography please see page 270 of the
and was employed by Measurement Engineering April 1981 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.
Ltd., Amprior, Ont., Canada, from 1957 to 1959.
From 1959 to 1964 he was with Northern Elec+
tric R & D Laboratories, Ottawa, Ont., Canada. From 1964 to 1966 he
was a research group leader at Stanford University, Stanford, CA; from
Mir Babram Ghaderi (s80) was born in Tehran,
1966 to 1969, a Corporate Consultant at Ampex Corporation, Redwood
Iran, in November, 1951. He received the B.Sc.
City, CA. Since 1969, he has been a Professor at the University of
and M.Sc. degrees (honors) from the University
California, Los Angeles. Between 1975 and 1979, he was also Chairman of
of Tehran, Iran, in 1975, and the M.Sc. and
the Department of Electrical Sciencesand Engineering.
Engineer degrees from University of California,
Dr. Temes is an Associate Editor of the Journal of the Franklin
Los Angeles, in 1978 and 1980, all in electrical
Institute, a former Editor of the IEEE TRANSACTIONS
on Circuit Theory, a
engineering. Presently he is doing research for
former Vice-President of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and a
the Ph.D. degree in the area of MOS switchedformer Chairman of its Best Paper Awards and Nominations Committees.
capacitor filters at the University of California,
He was a co-winner (with H. J. Orchard) of the 1968 Darlington Award of
Los Angeles.

Effects of the Op Amp Finite Gain and

Bandwidth on the Pkrformance of
Switched-Capacitor Filters
KEN MARTIN, MEMBER, IEEE, AND ADEL s. SEDRA, MEMBER, IEEE

A bstruct- A pair of complementary strays-insensitive switched-capacitor

(SC) integrator circuits are analyzed to determine the errors in their
transfer functions due to the finite gain and finite bandwidth of the op amp.
The results are used to predict the transfer function deviation of biquadratic filter sections and LC ladder simulations. It is shown that while
the effect of finite op amp gain is similar to that encountered in active-RC
filters, SC filters are much more tolerant of tbe finite op amp bandwidth.
However, the relationship between transfer function error and finite op
amp bandwidth is an exponential one as contrasted to the linear relationship of active-RC filters. Experimental results are presented.

Manuscript received April 16, 1980; revised January 24, 1981. This
work was supported in part by the Natural Sciences and Engineering
Research Council of Canada under Grant A7394.
K. Martin was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada. He is now with the Electrical
Sciences and Engineering Department, University of California, Los
Angeles, CA 90024.
A. S. Sedra is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont., Canada M5S lA4.
The authors would like to acknowled e Dr. Y. P. Tsividis, who in a
.%le for convincing them of this
rivate conversation was largely response
Fact before the present analysis was carried out.

I. INTRODUCTION
HE switched-capacitor (SC) technique enables the
design of filters that can be realized in monolithic
integrated circuit form using current MOS technology. For
this reason considerable effort has been recently directed
towards finding suitable circuits and design techniques for
SC filters [l]-[8]. Although many of the methods developed for active-RC filters can be directly adapted to SC
filters, this is not true for the analysis of the effects of the
amplifier dynamics on the filter response. In the SC case
such an analysis is complicated by the fact that the amplifier dynamics are of continuous-time nature while discretetime methods have to be used in evaluating the filter
transfer function.
This paper considers the effect of the finite op amp gain
and bandwidth on the performance of SC filters. As a
result of a detailed time-domain analysis, simple formulas

0098-4094/El/0800-0822$00.75 0 1981 IEEE

MARTIN

AND

SEDRA:

EFFECTS

ON THE PERFORMANCE

OF SWITCHED-CAPACITOR

823

FILTERS

TABLE I

Fig. I.

A pair of strays-insensitivecomplementary integrators. (a) Inverting. (b) Noninverting.

are presentedfor the errors in the m a g n itude and phaseof

the transfer function of integrator circuits. These error
expressionsare then used to predict the deviations in the
transfer function of biquadratic filter sectionsand of filters
designedas simulations of LC ladder networks. The results
should be useful in the design of high-frequencySC filters
as well as in predicting the transfer function errors of
autiofrequency filters. Although the simplifying assumptions used in the analysis causethe predictions to be only
approximate they do allow the designer to obtain quick
estimates of the expected errors, reserving the more
elaborate analysis method [9] for the final stages in the
design process.
II. NONIDEAL RESPONSE OF SC INTEGRATORS
F ig. 1 shows a pair of complementary SC integrators2
which are completely insensitive to stray capacitancesbetween any node and ground [3]. Unless otherwise specified,
it will be assumedthroughout this paper that the outputs
of theseintegrator circuits are sampled at the end of clock
phase &, and that each of the clocks has 50-percentduty
cycles. For infinite a m p lifier gain and bandwidth the inverting integrator of F ig. l(a) has the ideal transfer function Hi(w):
H,(w)=

-(C,

tions, from the ideal given by (1) and (2), due to finite
gain and bandwidth. Toward that end we note that the
actual transfer function H,(o) of an integrator circuit can
be expressedin the form

JLw=

Hi(w)

[l--m(w)]e-ie(o)

where m(w) is the m a g n itude error and 19(w)is the phase

error. Furthermore for small errors; m(w), e(w)< 1, (3) is
approximately equivalent to
Hi(0)

Ha(w)E l-m(o)-je(w)

(4

As will be shortly seen this form is especially convenient

for estimating the gain and phase errors of SC integrators
and for evaluating the effects of theseerrors on the overall
filter transfer function.
Assuming that the op a m p has a finite dc gain A, it can
be shown that the actual transfer function of both integrators is given by
H,(w)=H,(w)/

1+i(

1
.

1+&)-j
2

/C2)ei(wT2)

(5)

j2 sin (@T/2)

Comparing this with (4) one can identify the gain and
phase errors due to the finite dc gain A,. Expressionsfor
where the clock period T= l/f,, and f, is the clock theseerrors m(w) and e(o) are given in Table I. Also given
frequency.The ideal transfer function for the noninverting in Table I are approximate expressionsfor the error terms
integrator of F ig; l(b) is
evaluatedat the integrator unity-gain frequency wO,which
from (1) and (2) is given by
Hi(w)=

w~/c2FT*~

j2sin(wT/2)

2
q=-sin-
T

C
--!(

2c2

(6)

Both these transfer functions show deviations from the

ideal integrator transfer function of the form (1/jo 7). This These approximate expressionsare based on the assumpdeviation, however, is not of concern to us here and its tion that the signal frequency is much smaller than the
effects have been discussedelsewhere[3], [4]. Rather, our clocking frequency; specifically that (w,T/2) < 1.
objective here is to find the changesin the transfer funcExamination of the error expressionsdue to finite A,
indicates that these errors are small and of the sameorder
*Northern Telecom Limited has a Canadian Patent for the integrator of as those encounteredin active-RC filters. The m a g n itude
Fig. l(a) in the names of K. Martin and S. Rosenbaum (No. 1088161,
error of approximately (- l/A,) is equivalent to having
Filed April 3, 1978; Issued Nov. 21, 1980).

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AND

SYSTEMS,

VOL.

CAS-28, NO. 8,

AUGUST

1981

capacitor ratio inaccuracies of the order of (l/A,).

To find the effects of the finite op amp bandwidth we
carry out a time-domain analysis of both the circuits in
Fig. 1 assuming a uniform 6 dB/octave roll-off amplifier
gain, that is

A(s)+&
This analysis is rather tedious and thus is delegated to the
Appendix.3 Assuming that the input is held constant during +z and the output is sampled at the end of +2 the
transfer function of the inverting integrator is shown in the
Appendix ((A14)) to be

Fig. 2. A second-order bandpass section.

1 -emkl +e-kl

Ha(z)=Hi(z)

$&

I
1

-e

-(k,

inverting integrator, the phase error is approximately zero.

This is a direct consequenceof the extra half-clock period
available for the integrator to settle before its output is
sampled by the inverting integrator input (at the end of +2,
when the two integrators are connected in a loop).
It should be noted that in the caseswhere more than one
input capacitor exist then using the sum of all input
capacitancesto replace C, will increase the accuracy of. the
formulas for the errors due to finite f,. Finally it should be
mentioned that the analysis presented is not applicable to
circuits containing integrators with continuous feed-ins
(i.e., an unswitched capacitor) unless these feed-ins have
input signals which are step functions only.

z-i
1

+kz)

(7)
-(k,
+W

where

For a clocking frequency f, no larger than (J/2) and for

the usual case of C, CC,, ePkl and e -kz are usually quite
small enabling us to make some approximations. Doing
this and replacing z by ejUT the magnitude and phase
errors listed in Table I are obiained. Also given in Table I
are approximate expressions for m( wo) and O(o,) assuming that w,T< 1. Note that although the magnitude of the
error terms increases as fO approaches (f,/2), their values
will always be smaller than eekl. Especially interesting is
the exponential relationship between the error terms and
the amplifier bandwidth&. This should be contrasted with
the linear relationship encountered in active-RC filters. The
implications of this will be illustrated later on.
The expressionsfor m( wO)and 6( wO)in Table I indicate
that for given values off0 and f,, the integrator errors can
be .minimized by using as low a value of f, as possible
(although this would make the prefiltering more difficult).
The transfer function of the noninverting integrator of
Fig. l(b), taking into account the finite f, of the op amp,
can be shown to be approximately given by (seeAppendix)

H,(Z)---Hi(z)
[l-e- k(G&J].

III. EFFECT 6~ THE PERFORMANCE OF BIQUADS

Biquad circuits, such as the bandpass circuit in Fig. 2,
are formed by connecting an inverting integrator and a
noninverting integrator in a feedback loop. When these
two integrators have magnitude errors m,(w) and m2( w),
then assuming large Q-factors it can be shown that the
biquad pole frequency wO undergoes a fractional change
given by

t8)

A@

-~[m,(wo)+bz2(wo)].

WO

(9)

Similarly, if the inverting and noninverting integrators

have phase errors e,(w) and O,(w), then the realized pole
Q-factor, Q,, is related to the nominal Q by

Qo"Q/(l+Q[e,(wo)+e2(wo)]>.

(10)

The change in the value of Q results in a change in the

magnitude of the biquad transfer function IT(
at resonance given by

ITaLkJl
IT(jwo)I N l+Q[e,(wi)+s,(w,)l

(11)

Substituting z = e jUT results in the magnitude and phase where T, denotes the actual transfer function obtained.
errors given in Table I. Here we note that although the
The expressions for the integrator errors in Table I can
magnitude error is approximately equal to that of the be used in (9)-( 11) to predict the frequency and gain errors
of the two-integrator-loop biquad. When theop amps have
3An inde endent derivation of the transfer function of the noninverting both finite gain and finite bandwidth then simple calculus
integrator ii as been done by G. C. Temes in the IEEE J. Solid-State
can be used to show that the total deviation is simply the
Circuits, vol. SC-15, pp. 358-361, June 1980.

MARTIN

AND

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EFFECTS

ON THE PERFORMANCE

OF SWITCHED-CAPACITOR

Fig. 3. A second-orderbandpasscircuit which has the same ideal transfer function as the circuit of Fig. 2 but which is more sensitive to the
finite f,. The analysis in this paper does not apply to this circuit.

sum of the deviations causedby the individual nonidealities (assuming small m a g n itude and phase errors in the
integrators). However, care should be exercisedin applying
these formulas. F irst, it should be noted that the formulas
of Table I have been derived assumingstep input signalsto
the integrator. W ith referenceto F ig. 2 we see that OAl
receives a step input at the beginning of $2 and OA2
receives a step input at the beginning of +, (assuming
perfect switches).Thus our formulas can be used for the
circuit of F ig. 2 (assuming K, <K,). There are biquad
circuits, however,where this is not the case.An exampleis
the circuit in F ig. 3 which for ideal op amps has a transfer
function identical to that of the circuit in F ig. 2. Nevertheless, our analysiscannot be applied to the circuit in F ig. 3.
This can be seenby noting that while OAl still receivesa
step input at the beginning of I#B~,
OA2 also receivesits
input during $2. If OAl is not ideal, its output cannot
change immediately and the input to OA2 will not be a
step but rather an exponential ramp. Thus it should be
expected that the circuit of F ig. 3 will have a greater
sensitivity to the op a m p finite bandwidth than the circuit
of F ig. 2.
A secondpoint to be observedin applying the formulas
of Table I is that for calculating the finite bandwidth
effects all the feed-in capacitancesto an integrator should
be summed to obtain an effective value for Cl. For example, if we wish to calculate the errors of the inverting
integrator in the circuit of F ig. 2, due to the finitef,, we use
the equationsin Table I with the effective value of (Cl/C,)
given by

825

FILTERS

Ratio of Resonant

Freq. to Op. Amp. Unity Gain Freq. (f,/f,)

Fig. 4. A comparison of the deviation in pole fre uency Aw /w,, due to

finite f, for: (i) Tow-Thomas active-RC biqua 1 , (u)
. SC &iquad with
fc/f,= l/32, and (iii) SC biquad withf,/f,=
l/12.

12
11 t

Ratio of Resonant

Freq. to Op. Amp. Unity Gain Freq. (f,Jf,)

Fig. 5. A comparison of the deviation in resonancegain (due to finitef,)

for second-orderbandpass sections with Q=25: (i) Tow-Thomas active-RC biquad, (ii) SC biquad with fc /f, = l/32, and (in) SC biquad
with fo/fc= l/12.

To gain some insight into the effects of Ai and f, on

biquad performance we present some numerical data. At
the outset we note that if the clocking frequencyf, is at
most (l/5) of the op a m p s bandwidth f, the integrator
phase and m a g n itude deviations, caused by the finite f,,
will be less than 0.04 percent for C, <C, (which is almost
always the case). Thus for f,/f, < l/5, the effects of the
finite op a m p bandwidth are negligible.
Cl
F ig. 4 shows curves of the predicted error ((9)) in pole
=K,
+K,
+K,.
c
effective
frequency (Awo/wo) versus ( fo/f,) for the SC biquad of
F ig. 2 at two different values of ( fo/f,). Also shown for
For the noninverting integrator of this circuit we have
comparison is the curve for the Tow-Thomas active-RC
circuit [ 131.W e note that for given values of f. and f, one
should use as low a value for f, as possible.The frequency
deviation in the SC circuit is obviously much smaller than
(Note: The d a m p ing capacitor K,C, doesnot receivea step that of the correspondingactive-RC circuit.
input which will make the results slightly incorrect, but
The predicted deviations in resonant-frequencygain
since this capacitor is usually smaller than the other input (( 11)) are depicted in F ig 5 from which conclusionssimilar
capacitors, especially for high-Q filters, this problem has to those mentioned above may be drawn. F inally, F ig. 6
been ignored in order to keep the analysis tractible.)
gives the maximum allowable value of Q for a given error

826

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CIRCUITS

AND

SYSTEMS,VOL.

CAS-28,N0.

8, AUGUST

1981

TABLE II
PREDICTEDANDMEASUREDTRANSFERFUNCTIONDEVIATIONS
FORBANDPASS

SC BIQUAD(~DEAL
Q-FAcToR=~~,~,=~
ANDfo/f, = l/12)
A.-170.

1,-m

-#
u.

Ao=m,l,=IOkHz

kHz,

A.=VO.

l,=lOkHz

uo

Ir,,l
IM

PREDICTED

-0 007

077

-0 007

1 16

-0014

0 89

MEASURED

-0008

0.76

-0 009

1.19

- 0 015

0 87

Finally, the op amps were given finite gains (A, = 170)

and
finite bandwidths ( f, = 10 kHz). The predicted values
Ratio of Resonant
Freq. to Op. Amp. Unity Gain Freq. (fdf,)
shown in Table II were calculated by simply adding the
Fig. 6. Maximum allowable biquad Q-factor for less than lo-percent
contribution due to finite A, to that due to finite f,. From
change in gain at resonance(due to finitef,).
Table II we see that in this case too the theoretical values
agree remarkably well with the measured data.
To verify our earlier remarks on the circuit in Fig. 3, this
circuit was built using the same capacitor ratios as for the
circuit of Fig. 2. While the resonance frequency shift
caused by the op amp finite bandwidth was about the
same, the Q enhancement(causedby the finite bandwidth)
was
approximately twice as much.
Fig. 7. Circuit used to simulate the finite op amp gain and bandwidth in
the experiments.
Finally, it should be mentioned that for an active-RC
realization of the same transfer function with IO-kHz op
amps, the resonance frequency shift would be -0.04 (5
in the resonance frequency gain, versus (&/A). The ex- times larger) while the Q enhancement would be large
ponential nature of the effect of finite op amp bandwidth enough to cause the circuit to be unstable!
is clearly visible from the curves of Fig. 6. This exponential
nature means that in SC filters predistortion for finite
IV. EFFECT ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LC LADDER
bandwidth effects is not practical.
SIMULATIONS
The expressions in Table I can be used in conjunction
with formulas from the passive filter literature [ lo]-[ 121to
A discrete prototype of the second-order SC biquad of evaluate the deviations in the transfer functions of SC
Fig. 2 was built using the circuit of Fig. 7 to simulate the filters designed as simulations of LC ladder prototypes.
nonideal op amp. The nominal transfer function realized Specifically, an upper bound on the change in attenuation,
had a clock frequency to resonancefrequency ratio ( f,/fO)
ha max,due to integrator magnitude errors can be obtained
of 12 and a Q-factor of 25. The gain at resonance was using the formula
chosen to be unity. Capacitor ratios K,, K,, K,, and K,
were calculated using formulas given elsewhere[3] to be
K,, =0.0210, K, =0.5204, K, =0.5204, and K, ~0.0217.
The sampling frequency used was 5 kHz. Originally, the where r(w) is the group delay, and p is the reflection
simulated op amps had an infinite dc gain and a unity-gain coefficient. In this formula the magnitude error m correbandwidth of 400 kHz (C= 66 pF, R, = 5.9 k !J, and R 2 = ca sponds to the uniform tolerance of the reactive elements of
in Fig. 7). The gain at resonanceas well as the frequency of the LC ladder. On the other hand, the phase errors of the
resonancewere measured. Next the dc gains of the two op inverting and noninverting integrators (fl,( w) and &(w))
amps were changed to 170 (R, =5.9 k!& R, = 1 Ma in Fig. are equivalent to the parasitic lossesin the elements of the
7) and the resonance gain and resonance frequency were LC ladder, and thus give rise to the attenuation deviation
remeasured.For this case the predicted and measured data
A&+4.4
[8,(o)+@&++)
are given in Table II and show considerable agreement.
1
Next the simulated op amps were given unity-gain bandwidths of 10 kHz and dc gains of infinity (R, =5.9 k& R,
= 00, and Cx2.7 nF in Fig. 7), and the gain at resonance
along with the frequency of resonance were measured. where p1 and pz are the front-end and back-end reflection
Again the predicted and measured results shown in Table coefficients of the LC ladder network, and Im denotes
imaginary part. In the filter passband the second term
II agree quite well.
Experimental

Verification

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the phase error e(w) which correspondsto parasitic dissipation in the LC ladder. This deviation can be evaluated
using (14),
Aa( 0)=0.062 dB.

I.on
Vi *

Fig. 8. LC ladder prototype for the fifth-order elliptic low-pass filter

used in the simulation.

The two componentsof the transfer function deviation can

be added to obtain an estimate of the overall attenuation
deviation as
A&,0)=0.068 dB
which is close to the value of 0.084 dB obtained from
computer simulation.

Frequency

(KHz)

Fig. 9. Attenuation versus frequency obtained from simulation of a

switched-capacitorrealization of the fifth-order filter whose LC prototype is shown in Fig. 8. Clock frequencyf, = 256 kHz. The op amp dc
gain is (i) 100 000, and (ii) 1000.

on the right-hand side of (13) is usually negligible, leading

to the approximate formula
aa(w)~4.4[e,(0)+e,(w)]w7(o)

dB.

(14

To gain some appreciation for the m a g n itude of errors

involved and to verify the theory presentedwe consider a
practical example. F ig. 8 shows LC ladder realization of a
fifth-order elliptic low-passfilter which meetsthe following
specifications.
Passband: 0 to 3.2 kHz with 0.035-dB ripple.
Stopband: f 24.6 kHz with 36.3-dB m inimum attenuation.

Analysis of this filter results in

~(3.2 kHz)=0.0896

~(3.2 kHz)=355 ps.

VI. CONCLUSIONS
W e have presentedsimple formulas for the deviations in
the transfer function of SC integrators causedby the finite
gain and bandwidth of op amps. It has been shown that
these formulas enable a reasonablyaccurateprediction of
the deviation in the response of a class of SC filters
designedusing state-variablebiquads or LC ladder simulation. A number of simplifying assumptionswere used in
the analysis, neverthelessthe resulting predictions should
still be useful in obtaining qualitative insights even in the
caseswhere not all the approximations are entirely justified.
Specifically it has been shown that while the effect of
finite dc gain is quite similar to that encounteredin activeRC filters, the effect of finite bandwidth is much smaller in
switched-capacitorfilters composedof the stray-insensitive
integrators of F ig. 1. This enablesthe designof moderately
high frequencyhigh-Q SC filters. However, the exponential
nature of the dependenceon the op a m p finite f, means
that the transfer function deviation increasesat a much
higher rate than that encounteredin active-RC filters. For
this reason, it m ight not be practical to predistort for the
finite op a m p bandwidth.
It has also been shown that to m inimize the dependence
on the op a m p finite bandwidth the clocking frequency
should be selected as low as possible. For a given filter
passbandthis implies the need to design using techniques
such as the bilinear z-transform.

Let us consider a SC realization of this filter using the

pair of complementaryintegrators of F ig. 1 and a clocking
frequency of 256 kHz. Assuming that the op amps used
APPENDIX
have a finite dc gain of 1000,computer simulation4results
DERIVATION OF THE INTEGRATOR TRANSFER
in the m o d ified transfer function shown together with the
FUNCTION WITH FINITE OP AMP BANDWIDTH
ideal responsein F ig. 9. From this plot it can be seen
that the maximum deviation in fiassband responseoccurs A. The Inverting Integrator of Fig. l(a)
at 3.2 kHz and is approximatelyequal to 0.084 dB.
Let the op a m p have the transfer function
Using the formulas of Table I the m a g n itude and phase
errors of the integrators are obtained as
A&)----(
z)=$$.
m(w)-

-0.001

e(+io.ooi.

Substituting for m(o) into (12) yields

=0.0056 dB.
IA4 max

(Al)

This relationship can be expressedin the tim e d o m a in as,

duo(t)
= -W,,(t).
dt

Thus although v,(t) can be discontinuousat the switching

instants the output signal v,(t) will be continuous. Ex4The simulation was done using the derived formulas for the integrator a m ination of the circuit in F ig. 1 revealsthat v,(t) will be
transfer functions with the op amps assumedto have finite dc gain and
discontinuousat the end of $I,, that is at t = (n - 1/2)T.
infinite bandwidth (i.e., (5)).
This value is much smaller than the deviation causedby

828

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During clock phase & we have

v,(t)-?I,
- yq[v+,( n-g+]
(n-2
l)-(

ON CIRCUITS

AND

CAS-28;NO.8, AUGUST

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1981

As the input is assumed constant during +2 we can substitute

(A31 in (A12) and (A13). Subsequently we can take the zwhere it has been assumed that ui( t) remains constant transform of both equations and solve for the transfer
during &. Differentiating (A3) gives
function V,( z)/F( z),

du,(t)=

Cl
i1-z-,- 1 l-e-kl+e-ki

(A4

dt

Y&l=-

Substituting (A4) into (A2) and solving results in the value

of v, at t=nT as

v,(n)=v,
n-i +
(

eekl

c2

vi(z)

~
( Cl

c2
+c2

z -1
i

@5)

where
[1

646)

Substituting the result in (A5) into (A3) gives

v,(n)=v,

( n- 2)-(

ez-:;

;;;2;;!(k,+k2),

1.

(A14)

Usually e -(kl+k2) < 1 and second-order error terms may

be ignored to obtain

v)(l--ei)v,(n-f)+.

W)
In a similar manner we have during clock phase $i
=v,(n-- l)ePk2

(Al5)
Substituting z =ejWT results in

(A8)

YJW -

-(C,

F(o) -

/C2)ej(wT2)

j2sin(wT/2)

where
.coswT1-/(

(Ale)

&)sinmT]}.

(A9)
Also,

B. The Noninverting Integrator of Fig. l(b)

The transfer function of the noninverting integrator of

Fig. l(b) can be derived using a procedure similar to that
At time t = (n - 1/2)T capacitor C, is connected to the in the above. It should be noted, however, that in this case
inverting input terminal of the op amp. The charge on C, is the voltage across C, is applied to the op amp inverting
instantaneously distributed between C, and C, according input during $,. Thus the discontinuity in v ,( t ) will occur
at t = (n - l)T. Assuming that the output is sampled at the
to
end of clock phase G2the transfer function can be shown to
be
=v,(~-1)-(1-e-k2)vl(n-l).

(AlO)

o*(n-;,+=(&)v,( if)-

>;z;

+(&)vr( n:;). (All)

Using (A8), (AlO), and (Al 1) into (A7) results in
vo(n)=vo(n-1)-(

2)(l-epk1)v,(

=
z

[ lez-l][l-e-kl(
A)
wc2>z-

-( &-)epck1+k2)][

,,i

q&J

n--i)

--[I--,-(k,+kd

]v,(n-

1). (A12)

Also, using (A8) and (Al 1) into (A5) obtains

-(h+wv,(n-

-(k,

l-e-(k,+k,)z-l

1)

+( $&-)ewklvI(

+WZ

( )I
-

c2

Cl

+c2

Usually e -k2 < 1, allowing the approximation

n- $).

(Al3)

(Al7)

-TIN

AND

SEDRA:

EFFECTS

ON THE

PERFORMANCE

OF SWITCHED-CAPACITOR

FILTERS

829

P. Fleischer and K. Laker. A familv of active switched canacitor

biquad building blocks, &rli Syst. kech. J., vol. 58, no. i0, pp.
2235-2269, Oct. 1979.
V,(o) - (C,/C2)e-j(T 2)
[9] M. L. Liou and Y. L. Kuo, Exact analysis of switched capacitor
.[I-e-lj
$$-)I.
circuits with arbitratv innuts, IEEE Trans. Circuirs Syst., vol.
y(w) 2jsin(wT/2)
CAS-26, pp. 213-223,;,Apr. 1979.
1101M. L. Blostein. Sensluvitv analvsisof narasitic effects in resistance
terminated Ld filters, ZEkE T&I.Y. Ckuit Theory, vol. CT- 14, pp.
REFERENCES
21-25, Mar. 1967.
G. C. Temes and H. J. Orchard, First-order sensitivity and worst[I B. J. Hosticka, R. W. Brodersen, and P. R. Gray, MOS sampled [l 1] case
analysis of doubly-terminated reactance two-ports, IEEE
data recursivefilters using switched capacitor integrators, IEEE J.
Trans. Circuit Theory, vol. CT-20, pp. 567-571, Sept. 1973.
Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-12, pp. 600-608, Dec. 1977.
S. Sedra and P. 0. Brackett. Filter Theorv and Desim: Active and
PI J. T. Caves, M. A. Copeland, C. F. Rahim and S. D. Rosenbaum, [12] A.
Passive. Portland, OR: Mat& 1978,chs: 7 and 8. Sampled analog filtering using switched capacitors as resistor
equivalents,IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-12, pp. 592-600, 131 L. C. Thomas, The biquad: Part 1-Some practical design considerations,IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory,.vol. CT-18, pp. 350-357,
Dec. 1977.
May 1971.
[31 (a) K. Martin, Switched capacitor filters, Bell Northern Res.
Internal Tech. Rep. TRlE81-78-06, Mar. 1978.
(b)-,
Improved circuits for the realization of switched-capacitor
+
filters, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. CAS-27, Apr. 1980.
141 G. M. Jacobs, D. J. Allstot, R. W. Brodersen, and P. R. Gray,
Design techniques .for MOS switched capacitor ladder filters,
I.&% Trans. Circuits @St., vol. CAS-25, PP. 1014- 1021,Dec. 1978. Ken Martin (S73-M77), for a photograph and biography pleaseseepage
[51 G. C. Temes, H. J. Orchard, and M. Jahanbegloo, Switched- 584 of the June 1981 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.
capacitor filter desi n using the bilinear z-transform, IEEE Trans.
Circuits Syst., vol. 6 AS 25, pp 1039- 1044, Dec. 1978.
+
161A. Fettweis, Basic rinciples of switched-capacitor filters using
voltage inverter switcfl es,AEU, vol. 33, pp. 13- 19?1979.
K.
Martin
and
A.
S.
Sedra,
Strays-insensitive
switched-capacitor
[71
filters based on the bilinear z-transform, Electron. Lett., vol. 15, Adel S. Sedra (M66), for a photograph and biography pleaseseepage 584
of the June 1981 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.
pp. 365-366, June 1979.

Substituting z = doT results in