Cambridge International AS Level Biology

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

Answers to EOCQs
Chapter 2

1 D;[1]

The mark schemes, suggested answers and

comments that appear in this CD-ROM were written
by the author(s). In examinations, the way marks
would be awarded to answers like these may be
different.

2 C;[1]
3 B;[1]

R = reject. This indicates a possible answer that

should be rejected.

Macromolecule

Polysaccharide

; The bold semi-colon indicates the award of 1 mark.

/ This indicates an alternative answer for the same
mark. The alternatives may be separated from the
rest of the answer by commas.
( ) Text in brackets is not required for the mark.
Underlining This is used to indicate essential
word(s) that must be used to get the mark.
AW means alternative wording. It is used to
indicate that a different wording is acceptable
provided the essential meaning is the same, and is
used where students responses are likely to vary
more than usual.
AVP means additional valid point. This means
accept any additional points given by the student
that are not in the mark scheme, provided they are
relevant. But accept only as many additional points
as indicated by the bold semi-colons, e.g. AVP;;
means award a maximum of 2 extra marks.
ORA means or reverse argument and is used when
the same idea could be expressed in the reverse
way. For example: activity increases between pH
2 and pH 5 ORA means accept activity decreases
between pH 5 and pH 2.
max. This indicates the maximum number of marks
that can be given.

Lipid

Cellulose

Starch

A or accept indicates an alternative acceptable

answer.

Glycogen

Monosaccharide

Monomer
Polymer

Notes about mark schemes

Disaccharide

Fibrous protein,
e.g. collagen

Globular protein,
e.g. haemoglobin

Contains subunits that form

branched chains

Contains amino acids

Made from organic acids and

glycerol

Contains glycosidic bonds

Contains peptide bonds

One of its main functions is to act

as an energy store

accept
or

Usually insoluble in water

Usually has a structural function

Can form helical or partly helical

structures

(see
amylose)

Contains the elements carbon,

hydrogen and oxygen only

[8]
5
Category

Example

structural

collagen; keratin; AVP

e.g.elastin, viral coat
protein; [max. 2]

enzyme

AVP e.g. amylase;

hormone;

insulin

respiratory pigment / AW;

haemoglobin and
myoglobin

defensive

antibodies / fibrinogen /
AVP;

contractile / AW;

actin and myosin

storage

casein / ovalbumin / AVP;

[8]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014

Cambridge International AS Level Biology

6 dissolve easily in water;

sweet;
general formula (CH2O)n / contain the
elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen /
hydrogen and oxygen are present in ratio of
2:1;[3]
7 a
lactose could be a source of energy;
it could be digested to, monosaccharides /
glucose and galactose, which could then be
used as building blocks for larger molecules;
[2]
b
condensation;[1]
c
glycosidic bond;[1]
d
OH on C atom 1 above

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

in the diagram above. The form used to make

the disaccharide is the beta form of galactose,
but students will not need to know this, other
than for interest.
e
alpha glucose / -glucose;
the OH group on carbon atom 1 is below the
ring;[2]
f
carry out a Benedicts test on both solutions;
lactose would give a brick-red / brown
precipitate, sucrose would not;
accept positive result for lactose, negative
result for sucrose[2]
[Total: 10]
vi alternative answers

8 a i

ring (-galactose)

6CH OH
2

5
OH

DH
3

H
2

OH

4
H

H
H
4

OH

H
1
OH

5
6CH OH
2

galactose
(molecule rotated 180 in order
to line up with -glucose)
6CH OH
2

5
H

OH

OH
3

1
OH

OH
-glucose

CH2

iv
O
C
OH

v peptide bonds

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH3 O

galactose
(drawn according to convention)

OH on C atom 1
below ring

glucose correctly drawn;

galactose correctly drawn;[2]
Carbon atoms need not be numbered. Note
that galactose will probably be drawn
upside down as in the disaccharide the
conventional way of drawing it is also shown

C of COOH joined to N of NH2 for both peptide

bonds;
peptide bonds shown as C=O joined to NH
(i.e. water has been eliminated);
all three amino acids joined and in correct
sequence; accept even if errors in bonding[3]
ii
primary structure;[1]
iii
water;[1]
iv
ring drawn around OH or whole R group
(CH2OH) of serine;[1]
v
rings drawn around two peptide bonds
and bonds labelled appropriately;[1]
vi
ring drawn around NH group one side of a
peptide bond and group labelled A;[1]
b
held in place by hydrogen bonding;
secondary structures;
all the NH and C=O groups of, peptide
bonds / polypeptide backbone, are involved;
[3]
c
molecule made from repeating subunits;
subunits similar or identical to each other;
giant molecule / macromolecule;
[max. 2]
d i XXX, XXY, XYY, XYX, YYY, YYX, YXX, YXY;[1]
ii
23;[1]
[Total: 15]

Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014

Cambridge International AS Level Biology

9 a
A identified as lipid,
B identified as phospholipid;[1]
b i junction between head and tail for all
three tails is indicated on diagram;;
Allow 1 mark if only one or two junctions
indicated[2]
ii
fatty acids;
glycerol;[2]
c
head of phospholipid is labelled phosphate;
[1]
d i phospholipid / B;[1]
ii
phosphate is, charged / polar / hydrophilic;
[1]
e
lipid:
energy store / insulator / buoyancy / source
of metabolic water / any other suitable
example;
phospholipid:
any reference to the importance of
phospholipids in structure of membranes;[2]
[Total: 10]
10

Collagen

Haemoglobin

Globular or
fibrous?

fibrous

globular

Entirely
or partly
helical?

entirely

partly

Type of helix

triple helix/
extended helix/
three-stranded

alpha

Prosthetic
group
present?

no

yes

Soluble in
water?

no/insoluble

yes/soluble

Answers to end-of-chapter questions

d
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron;;
2 marks for all five correct, 1 mark for four
correct, 0 marks for 3 or fewer correct[2]
[Total: 10]

1 mark for each correct row. No half marks.[5]

b
1 mark for structural feature, 1 mark
for linking this feature to its function,
e.g.haemoglobin contains iron.
iron combines with oxygen;[2]
c
molecule has more than one polypeptide
chain;[1]
R molecule has four polypeptide chains
Cambridge International AS and A Level Biology Cambridge University Press 2014