Laminar Transitional Turbulent

flow
flow
flow

0.08

898
FLUID MECHANICS

Fully rough turbulent flow ( f levels off )

0.05
0.04

0.07
0.06

0.03

0.04

,f=

flow

0.01
0.008
0.006

64/R

0.03

0.004

0.025

0.002

0.02

0.001
0.0008
0.0006
0.0004

Roughness, e
Material

0.015

0.01
0.009

Glass, plastic
Concrete
Wood stave
Rubber, smoothed
Copper or brass tubing
Cast iron
Galvanized iron
Wrought iron
Stainless steel
Commercial steel

0.008

ft

mm

0
0.0030.03
0.0016
0.000033
0.000005
0.00085
0.0005
0.00015
0.000007
0.00015

0
0.99
0.5
0.01
0.0015
0.26
0.15
0.046
0.002
0.045

0.0002

Smooth pipes
e/D = 0

0.0001
e/D = 0.000005

0.00005

e/D = 0.000001

0.00001
3
4
5
6
7
103 2(10 ) 3 4 5 6 8 104 2(10 ) 3 4 5 6 8 105 2(10 ) 3 4 5 6 8 106 2(10 ) 3 4 5 6 8 107 2(10 ) 3 4 5 6 8 108
Reynolds number, Re

FIGURE A12
L V2
. Friction factors in the
The Moody chart for the friction factor for fully developed flow in circular pipes for use in the head loss relation h L
f
D 2g
1
e/D
2.51

2 log10 a

b.
turbulent flow are evaluated from the Colebrook equation
3.7 Re 1f
1f

Relative roughness, e/D

0.015

inar

Darcy friction factor, f

0.02

Lam

0.05

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0.1
0.09