Catherine Ramos

Nutrition

Basic

Assignment 5 : CHAPTER 11( 25 points)

1. What is kyphosis? (1 point)
a. Kyphosis, or curvature of the upper spine resulting from
demineralization of the vertebrae. Results in loss of height, decrease in
chest cavity, abdominal pain decreased appetite and premature
satiety.
2. What are the two types of bone marrow found in bones? What are their
functions? (2 points)
a. Hemopoietic produce red blood cells
b. Stromal cells that produce bone, cartilage and store fat
3. What are the functions of osteoclast and osteoblast? (2 points)
a. Osteoclasts or bone degrading cells- break down or degrade small
amounts of bone
b. Osteoblasts or bone building cells-bone cells that initiate synthesis of
bone.
4. What is bone resorption? (2 points)
a. Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone
and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium,
phosphorous and magnesium from bone fluid to the blood.
5. What is bone mineral density? (2 points)
a. Bone mineral density is the measure of mineral content in bones and is
an indicator of bone health.
6. What is tetany? (2 points)
a. If the calcium is less in body then muscles which contract in the body
cannot relax after contraction and the body stiffens and shows
involuntary twitching.
7. What are the functions of calcium in the body? ( 2 points)
a. Adequate calcium content in the body reduces risk of colon cancer,
kidney stones and lead absorption in the body.
8. How is the level of calcium regulated in the human body? (3 points)
a. Vitamin D regulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from small
intestine
b. Vitamin D along with PTH and calcitonin regulates calcium excretion by
the kidneys
c. Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels through bone remodeling
9. What is the form of vitamin D synthesized in the skin? How is it processed by
liver and kidney?
a. Vitamin D2
b. UV light converts 7-dehydrocholesterol (precursor of vitamin D) in the
skin cells into vitamin D forms
c. Vitamins D2 and D3 are converted to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) by
the liver
d. Calcidiol is the main form of vitamin D present in the blood that is used
to determine vitamin D levels in the body

e. Calcidiol is converted into calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D 3) by the

kidneys
f. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D in blood which is responsible
for absorption of calcium in the intestine
10.What is the name of active form of vitamin D which helps in the absorption of
calcium in the body (3 points)
a. Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D in blood which is responsible
for absorption of calcium in the intestine
11.What are the two types of osteoporosis found in humans? List major
differences between them (3 points)
a. Osteopenia
i. Bone disease caused by low mineral density
b. Osteoporosis
i. Thinning of the bones, with reduction in bone mass, due to
depletion of calcium and bone protein.
ii. Osteoporosis predisposes a person to fractures, which are often
slow to heal and heal poorly.
iii. It is most common in older adults, particularly postmenopausal
women, and in patients who take steroids or steroidal drugs.
iv. Hip and spine are most commonly affected by osteoporosis
12.What are the 3 methods available to measure the bone density? (3 points)
a. DEXA (dual energy x-ray photon absorptiometry)
b. The T-score compares the patients bone density to the peak bone
density of young adults.
c. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT): Can measure
the bone mineral density of trabecular and cortical bones. It scans
some bones like radius in arm or tibia in lower leg.