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DO in surface waters
DO content is one of the most widely used
indicators of overall ecological health of a body
of water
fish need 4 to 5 mg/L to survive
under anaerobic conditions, undesirable
(smelly) microbes can take over
many factors affect the DO level
When WW is discharged
At the outfall, BOD of the river/wastewater
mixture (L0) is given by:
Streeter-Phelps Model
Streeter-Phelps Model
Streeter-Phelps Model
rate of reoxygenation = k2D
D = deficit in D.O. or difference between saturation
and current D.O.
k2 = reoxygenation constant
k2 =
3.9v
1
2
1
2
([1.025] )
(T20)
Water body
Ranges of kR at 20C,
base e
0.1-0:23
0.23-0.35
0.35-0.46
0.46-0.69
Swift streams
0.69-1.15
Streeter-Phelps Model
Where
T = temperature of water, C
H= average depth of flow, m
v = mean stream velocity, m/s
Oxygen Deficit
D = S C
Streeter-Phelps Model
Streeter-Phelps Model
Deoxygenation rate is equivalent to BOD of
waste
ro = k1 Lt
Lt = Loe-Kt
Lo or L = ultimate BOD of the wastewater and
stream water mixture
Streeter-Phelps Model
dD
= k1C k 2 D
dt
k1t
C = Lo e
Streeter-Phelps Model
k1 Lo
(e k1t e k2t ) + Do e k2t
k 2 k1
dD
= k 1 Lo e k1t k 2 D = 0
dt
k1
k1 t
Dc =
Lo e
k2
Streeter-Phelps Model
Since the BOD is decreasing as time goes on, at some point, the rate of
deoxygenation decreases to just the rate of reaearation
At this point (called the critical point) the DO reaches a minimum
dD
k1 t
= k 1 Lo e k 2 D = 0
dt
k1
Dc =
Lo e k1t
k2
Downstream of the critical point, reaeration occurs faster than
deoxygenation,, so the DO increases
deoxygenation
Streeter-Phelps Model
Example:
Wastewater mixes with a river resulting in a
Streeter-Phelps Model
Initial Deficit
Do = 9.1 7.6 = 1.5 mg/L
Estimate the reaeration constant
(2020 )
3.9v
3.9(0.3m / s ) [1.025]
k2 =
=
3/ 2
H
(3.0m) 3 / 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
= 0.41 day 1
Streeter-Phelps Model
Calculate the time at which the maximum deficit
k2 k1 k1
k1Lo
Streeter-Phelps Model
k1
k1t
Dc = Lo e
k2
0.2
(0.2day1 )(2.67days)
=
(10.9 mg/L)e
0.41
= 3.1 mg/L
Ion Exchange
Definition
Ion exchange is a reversible chemical
reaction wherein an ion (an atom or
molecule that has lost or gained an
electron and thus acquired an electrical
charge) from solution is exchanged for a
similarly charged ion attached to an
immobile solid particle.
Common Problems
Hardness
Nitrates
Uranium
Arsenic
Heavy Metals
Resins
Regeneration Process
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
About Calculations
Resin capacity is usually expressed in terms of equivalents
5.
Cation columns
Take your water TDS (total dissolved solids)
analysis.
Look at Calcium, Magnesium and Sodium
concentrations in ppm.
Add up the total ppm and divide by 17.1 (i.e., 250
ppm/17.1 = 14.6 grams/gal).
Assuming a conservative 16 kilogram/cu. ft.
capacity with an economical regeneration, now
divide 16,000 by 14.6 (16000/14.6 = 1095).
You will get over a thousand gallons of
decationized water per cubic foot of resin.
Anion columns
Next add up the anions, they should be equal to
the cations plus silica (SiO2) and dissolved CO2 .
Add up the anions plus silica and carbon dioxide in
ppm. Lets say total carbonate and silica is 20 ppm.
Take the total anion ppm and divide by 17.1 (270
(250+20)ppm /17.1 = 15.8 g/gal..).
Divide 14 kilogram/ft3 by your answer (14,000/15.8
= 886 gallons per cubic foot).
A 5 gpm system would require about 2.5 cu.ft. of
cation resin and about 3 cubic feet of anion resin,
resulting in about 2500 gallons of DI water
between regenerations.
End of presentation