Tutorial Part1

CALCULUS I
Solutions to Practice Problems

Integrals
Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................................ 1
Integrals.......................................................................................................................................... 1
Indefinite Integrals ................................................................................................................................... 1

Computing Indefinite Integrals ............................................................................................................... 6
Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals ..............................................................................................20
More Substitution Rule ...........................................................................................................................37
Area Problem ...........................................................................................................................................50
The Definition of the Definite Integral ...................................................................................................57
Computing Definite Integrals .................................................................................................................65
Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals .................................................................................................79
Preface
Here are the solutions to the practice problems for my Calculus I notes. Some solutions will have
more or less detail than other solutions. The level of detail in each solution will depend up on
several issues. If the section is a review section, this mostly applies to problems in the first
chapter, there will probably not be as much detail to the solutions given that the problems really
should be review. As the difficulty level of the problems increases less detail will go into the
basics of the solution under the assumption that if youve reached the level of working the harder
problems then you will probably already understand the basics fairly well and wont need all the
explanation.
This document was written with presentation on the web in mind. On the web most solutions are
broken down into steps and many of the steps have hints. Each hint on the web is given as a
popup however in this document they are listed prior to each step. Also, on the web each step can
be viewed individually by clicking on links while in this document they are all showing. Also,
there are liable to be some formatting parts in this document intended for help in generating the
web pages that havent been removed here. These issues may make the solutions a little difficult
to follow at times, but they should still be readable.
Integrals
Indefinite Integrals
1. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.
(a)
6x
18 x 2 + 7 dx
2007 Paul Dawkins
http://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/terms.aspx
Calculus I
(b)
6x
dx 18 x 2 + 7
Hint : As long as you recall your derivative rules and the fact that all this problem is really asking
is the for us to determine the function that we differentiated to get the integrand (i.e. the function
inside the integral.) this problem shouldnt be too difficult.
(a)
6x
18 x 2 + 7 dx
All we are being asked to do here is undo a differentiation and if you recall the basic
differentiation rules for polynomials this shouldnt be too difficult. As we saw in the notes for
this section all we really need to do is increase the exponent by one (so upon differentiation we
get the correct exponent) and then fix up the coefficient to make sure that we will get the correct
coefficient upon differentiation.
Here is the answer for this part.
6x
18 x 2 + 7 dx = x 6 6 x 3 + 7 x + c
Dont forget the +c! Remember that the original function may have had a constant on it and
the +c is there to remind us of that.
Also dont forget that you can easily check your answer by differentiating your answer and
making sure that the result is the same as the integrand.
(b)
6x
dx 18 x 2 + 7
This part is not really all that different from the first part. The only difference is the placement of
the dx. Recall that one of the things that the dx tells us where to end the integration. So, in the
part we are only going to integrate the first term.
6x
dx 18 x 2 + 7 =x 6 + c 18 x 2 + 7
2. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.
40 x
(b) 40 x
(c) 40 x
(a)
+ 12 x 2 9 x + 14 dx
+ 12 x 2 9 x dx + 14
+ 12 x 2 dx 9 x + 14
2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
(a)
40 x
+ 12 x 2 9 x + 14 dx
Here is that answer for this part.
40 x
+ 12 x 2 9 x + 14 dx= 10 x 4 + 4 x 3 92 x 2 + 14 x + c
(b)
40 x
+ 12 x 2 9 x dx + 14
This part is not really all that different from the first part. The only difference is the placement of
the dx. Recall that one of the things that the dx tells us where to end the integration. So, in the
part we are only going to integrate the first term.
40 x
(c)
40 x
+ 12 x 2 9 x dx + 14
= 10 x 4 + 4 x 3 92 x 2 + c + 14
+ 12 x 2 dx 9 x + 14
The only difference between this part and the previous part is that the location of the dx moved.
40 x
2007 Paul Dawkins
+ 12 x 2 dx 9 x + 14= 10 x 4 + 4 x 3 + c 9 x + 14
Calculus I
3. Evaluate 12t 7 t 2 t + 3 dt .
Solution
Here is the answer.
12t
t 2 t + 3 dt=
t 13 t 3 12 t 2 + 3 t + c
3 8
2
4. Evaluate 10 w4 + 9 w3 + 7 w dw .
Solution
Here is the answer.
2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
10w
+ 9 w3 + 7 w dw = 2 w5 + 94 w4 + 72 w2 + c
5. Evaluate
+ 4 z 4 z 2 dz .
Solution
Here is the answer.
+ 4 z 4 z 2 dz =
1
7
z 7 + 54 z 5 13 z 3 + c
8
4
2
6. Determine f ( x ) given that f ( x ) = 6 x 20 x + x + 9 .
Hint : Remember that all indefinite integrals are asking us to do is undo a differentiation.
Solution
2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
We know that indefinite integrals are asking us to undo a differentiation to so all we are really
being asked to do here is evaluate the following indefinite integral.
f ( x )=
f ( x ) dx= 6 x
20 x 4 + x 2 + 9 dx=
2
3
x 9 4 x 5 + 13 x 3 + 9 x + c
4
3
2
7. Determine h ( t ) given that h ( t ) = t t + t + t 1 .
Hint : Remember that all indefinite integrals are asking us to do is undo a differentiation.
Solution
We know that indefinite integrals are asking us to undo a differentiation to so all we are really
being asked to do here is evaluate the following indefinite integral.
h ( t )=
h ( t ) dt= t
t 3 + t 2 + t 1 dt=
t 14 t 4 + 13 t 3 + 12 t 2 t + c
1 5
5
Computing Indefinite Integrals

1. Evaluate
4x
2 x 3 + 7 x 4 dx .
Solution
There really isnt too much to do other than to evaluate the integral.
4x
2 x 3 + 7 x 4 dx =
4
7
x 7 24 x 4 + 72 x 2 4 x + c =
4
7
x 7 12 x 4 + 72 x 2 4 x + c
Dont forget to add on the +c since we know that we are asking what function did we
differentiate to get the integrand and the derivative of a constant is zero and so we do need to add
that onto the answer.
2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
2. Evaluate
48 z11 5 z16 dz .
Solution
48 12
48 z11 5 z16 dz =18 z 8 12
z 175 z17 + c = 18 z 8 4 z12 175 z17 + c
3. Evaluate 10t 3 + 12t 9 + 4t 3 dt .
Solution
10t
2
8
+ 12t 9 + 4t 3 dt =10
+ 12
+ 44 t 4 + c =5t 2 32 t 8 + t 4 + c
2 t
8 t
4. Evaluate
+ 10 w5 8 dw .
Solution
1
4
10
1
+ 10 w5 8 dw =
8w + c =
w1 52 w4 8w + c
1 w + 4 w
2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
5. Evaluate 12 dy .
Solution
dy
12=
12 y + c
6. Evaluate
w + 10
w3 dw .
Hint : Dont forget to convert the roots to fractional exponents.

Step 1
We first need to convert the roots to fractional exponents.
3 5
w + 10 5 w3 dw =
w 3 + 10 ( w ) dw =
w 3 + 10w 5 dw
1
Step 2
Once weve gotten the roots converted to fractional exponents there really isnt too much to do
other than to evaluate the integral.
w + 10
w3 dw
=
1
3
+ 10 w 5 dw
=
3
4
w 3 + 10 ( 85 ) w 5 + =
c
4
3
4
w 3 + 254 w 5 + c
7. Evaluate
x 7 7 6 x 5 + 17
x10 dx .
Hint : Dont forget to convert the roots to fractional exponents.

2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
Step 1
We first need to convert the roots to fractional exponents.
x 7 7 6 x 5 + 17
x10 dx = x 2 7 ( x 5 ) 6 + 17 ( x10 ) 3 dx = x 2 7 x 6 + 17 x 3 dx
1
10
Step 2
Once weve gotten the roots converted to fractional exponents there really isnt too much to do
other than to evaluate the integral.
x 7 7 6 x 5 + 17
x10 dx =
=
x
2
9
7
2
10
7 x 6 + 17 x 3 dx
x 2 7 ( 116 ) x 6 + 17 ( 133 ) x 3 + c=
9
11
13
2
9
11
13
51 3
42
x 2 11
x 6 + 13
x +c
4
1
8. Evaluate
2 + 2 3 dx .
8x
Hint : Dont forget to move the xs in the denominator to the numerator with negative exponents.
Step 1
We first need to move the xs in the denominator to the numerator with negative exponents.
1 3
2
4 +2 1=
dx
2
4 x + 2 x dx
3
x
8x
8
Remember that the 8 in the denominator of the third term stays in the denominator and does not
move up with the x.
Step 2
Once weve gotten the xs out of the denominator there really isnt too much to do other than to
evaluate the integral.
1 3
2
4 +2 1=
dx
2
4 x + 2 x dx
3
x
8x
8
1 1
1
1
=
4 x 1 + 2 x x 2 + c =4 x 1 + 2 x + x 2 + c
8 2
16
1
2007 Paul Dawkins
Calculus I
9. Evaluate 6 + 10
y
3y
2
3
y4
dy .
Hint : Dont forget to convert the root to a fractional exponents and move the ys in the
denominator to the numerator with negative exponents.
Step 1
We first need to convert the root to a fractional exponent and move the ys in the denominator to
the numerator with negative exponents.
7
1
2
1
2
7
7 y 6 + y 10 2 y 43 dy
3 y 6 + y10 3 4 dy= 3 y 6 + y10 43 dy=

3
y
y
Remember that the 3 in the denominator of the first term stays in the denominator and does not
move up with the y.
Step 2
Once weve gotten the root converted to a fractional exponent and the ys out of the denominator
there really isnt too much to do other than to evaluate the integral.
7
1
2
7 6
4
10
=
y + y 2 y 3 dy
3 y 6 + y10 3 4 dy
3
y
7 1 5 1 9
3 13
2
y
y
+

y +c
3 5
9
1
7
1
1
=
y 5 y 9 + 6 y 3 + c
15
9
2007 Paul Dawkins
10
Calculus I
10. Evaluate
(t
1) ( 4 + 3t ) dt .
Hint : Remember that there is no Product Rule for integrals and so well need to eliminate the
product before integrating.
Step 1
Since there is no Product Rule for integrals well need to multiply the terms out prior to
integration.
(t
1) ( 4 + 3t ) dt=
3t
+ 4t 2 3t 4 dt
Step 2
At this point there really isnt too much to do other than to evaluate the integral.
(t
1) ( 4 + 3t ) dt=
3t
+ 4t 2 3t 4 dt=
t + 34 t 3 23 t 2 4t + c
3 4
4
z z 2 dz .
4z
11. Evaluate
Hint : Remember that there is no Product Rule for integrals and so well need to eliminate the
product before integrating.
Step 1
Since there is no Product Rule for integrals well need to multiply the terms out prior to
integration.
5
52
1
1 12
2
2 1
dz
=
z
z dz
1
z z dz =
4z
4
4z
Dont forget to convert the root to a fractional exponent and move the zs out of the denominator.
Step 2
2007 Paul Dawkins
11
Calculus I
5
7
1
1
2 1
z 2 1 z 2 dz = 2 z 2 1 z 2 + c
z
z
dz
4z
4
7
2
8
5
3
z 6 z + 4 z 2 dz .
z4
12. Evaluate
Hint : Remember that there is no Quotient Rule for integrals and so well need to eliminate the
quotient before integrating.
Step 1
Since there is no Quotient Rule for integrals well need to break up the integrand and simplify a
little prior to integration.
8
5
3
8
5
3
z 6 z + 4 z 2 dz= z 6 z + 4 z 2 dz= z 4 6 z + 4 2 z 4 dz
z4
z4
z4 z4
z
Step 2
8
5
3
z 6 z + 4 z 2 dz= z 4 6 z + 4 2 z 4 dz=
z4
z
1 5
2
z 3 z 2 + 4 ln z + z 3 + c
5
3
x4 3 x
dx .
6 x
13. Evaluate
Hint : Remember that there is no Quotient Rule for integrals and so well need to eliminate the
quotient before integrating.
Step 1
2007 Paul Dawkins
12
Calculus I
Since there is no Quotient Rule for integrals well need to break up the integrand and simplify a
little prior to integration.
1
x4
x3
x4 3 x
1 x 72 1 x 16 dx
=
dx
1 dx =
12
6
6
6 x
6x 6x 2
Dont forget to convert the roots to fractional exponents!
Step 2
1 7 1 1
x4 3 x
dx =
x 2 x 6 dx =
6
6
6 x
1 92 1 65
x x +c
27
5
14. Evaluate
sin ( x ) + 10 csc ( x ) dx .
2
Solution
cos ( x ) 10 cot ( x ) + c
sin ( x ) + 10 csc ( x ) dx =
2
15. Evaluate
2 cos ( w) sec ( w) tan ( w) dw .
Solution
2 cos ( w) sec ( w) tan ( w) dw=

2007 Paul Dawkins
13
2sin ( w ) sec ( w ) + c
Calculus I
16. Evaluate 12 + csc ( ) sin ( ) + csc ( ) d .
Hint : From previous problems in this set we should know how to deal with the product in the
integrand.
Step 1
Before doing the integral we need to multiply out the product and dont forget the definition of
cosecant in terms of sine.
12 + csc ( ) sin ( ) + csc ( ) d =

12 + csc ( ) sin ( ) + csc ( ) d
= 13 + csc ( ) d
2
Recall that,
csc ( ) =
1
sin ( )
and so,
csc ( ) sin ( ) = 1
Doing this allows us to greatly simplify the integrand and, in fact, allows us to actually do the
integral. Without this simplification we would not have been able to integrate the second term
with the knowledge that we currently have.
Step 2
13 cot ( ) + c
12 + csc ( ) sin ( ) + csc ( ) d =
13 + csc ( ) d =
2
Dont forget that with trig functions some terms can be greatly simplified just by recalling the
definition of the trig functions and/or their relationship with the other trig functions.
1
z
17. Evaluate
4e + 15 dz .
2007 Paul Dawkins
6z
14
Calculus I
Solution
4e z + 15 1 dz = 4e z + 15 1 1 dz =
6z
6z
1
4e z + 15 z ln z + c
6
Be careful with the 6 in the denominator of the third term. The best way of dealing with it in
this case is to split up the third term as weve done above and then integrate.
Note that the best way to do a problem is always relative for many Calculus problems. There
are other ways of dealing with this term (later section material) and so what one person finds the
best another may not. For us, this seems to be an easy way to deal with the 6 and not overly
complicate the integration process.
3
18. Evaluate t
e t 4
dt .
e t
Hint : From previous problems in this set we should know how to deal with the quotient in the
integrand.
Step 1
Before doing the integral we need to break up the quotient and do some simplification.
t
t
t 3 e 4 dt= t 3 e + 4 dt=
e t
e t e t
1 + 4et dt
Make sure that you correctly distribute the minus sign when breaking up the second term and
dont forget to move the exponential in the denominator of the third term (after splitting up the
integrand) to the numerator and changing the sign on the t to a + in the process.
Step 2
t
t 3 e 4 dt=
e t
2007 Paul Dawkins
1 + 4et dt=
15
1 4
t t + 4et + c
4
Calculus I
6 2
19. Evaluate
3 dw .
Solution
6 2 dw =
6 w3 2 dw =
3w2 2 ln w + c
3
w w
12
1
dx .
+
2
1+ x
1 x2
20. Evaluate
Solution
12
1
dx =tan 1 ( x ) + 12sin 1 ( x ) + c
+
2
2
1+ x
1 x
Note that because of the similarity of the derivative of inverse sine and inverse cosine an alternate
answer is,
12
1
+
dx =tan 1 ( x ) 12 cos 1 ( x ) + c
2
2
+
x
1
1 x
21. Evaluate
6 cos ( z ) +
4
1 z2
dz .
Solution
6 cos ( z ) +
4
1 z
dz =6sin ( z ) + 4sin 1 ( z ) + c
Note that because of the similarity of the derivative of inverse sine and inverse cosine an alternate
answer is,
2007 Paul Dawkins
16
Calculus I
6 cos ( z ) +
4
1 z
dz =6sin ( z ) 4 cos 1 ( z ) + c
17 .
22. Determine f ( x ) given that f =
( x ) 12 x 2 4 x and f ( 3) =
Hint : We know that integration is simply asking what function we differentiated to get the
integrand and so we should be able to use this idea to arrive at a general formula for the function.
Step 1
Recall from the notes in this section that we saw,
f ( x ) = f ( x ) dx
and so to arrive at a general formula for f ( x ) all we need to do is integrate the derivative that
weve been given in the problem statement.
f ( x ) = 12 x 2 4 x dx = 4 x3 2 x 2 + c
Dont forget the +c!
Hint : To determine the value of the constant of integration, c, we have the value of the function
at x = 3 .
Step 2
17 we can just plug x = 3 into our answer from

Because we have the condition that f ( 3) =
the previous step, set the result equal to 17 and solve the resulting equation for c.
Doing this gives,
17 =f ( 3) =
126 + c
c=
143
The function is then,
f ( x ) = 4 x 3 2 x 2 + 143
2007 Paul Dawkins
17
Calculus I
23. Determine g ( z ) given that g ( z ) =3 z 3 +
e z and g (1=
) 15 e .
2 z
Hint : We know that integration is simply asking what function we differentiated to get the
integrand and so we should be able to use this idea to arrive at a general formula for the function.
Step 1
Recall from the notes in this section that we saw,
g ( z ) = g ( z ) dz
and so to arrive at a general formula for g ( z ) all we need to do is integrate the derivative that
g ( z )=
3z
+ 72 z
12
e z dz =
3
4
z4 + 7 z 2 ez + c
Dont forget the +c!

Hint : To determine the value of the constant of integration, c, we have the value of the function
at z = 1 .
Step 2
Because we have the condition that g (1=
) 15 e we can just plug z = 1 into our answer from
the previous step, set the result equal to 15 e and solve the resulting equation for c.
Doing this gives,
15 e = g (1) =
31
4
e+c
c=
29
4
g ( z )=
3
4
z 4 + 7 z 2 e z + 294
2
4 .
24. Determine h ( t ) given that h ( t ) = 24t 48t + 2 , h (1) = 9 and h ( 2 ) =
Hint : We know how to find h ( t ) from h ( t ) but we dont have that. We should however be
able to determine the general formula for h ( t ) from h ( t ) which we are given.
2007 Paul Dawkins
18
Calculus I
Step 1
Because we know that the 2nd derivative is just the derivative of the 1st derivative we know that,
h ( t ) = h ( t ) dt
and so to arrive at a general formula for h ( t ) all we need to do is integrate the 2nd derivative that
h ( t ) =
24t
48t + 2 dt = 8t 3 24t 2 + 2t + c
Dont forget the +c!

Hint : From the previous two problems you should be able to determine a general formula for
h ( t ) . Just dont forget that c is just a constant!

Step 2
Now, just as we did in the previous two problems, all that we need to do is integrate the 1st
derivative (which we found in the first step) to determine a general formula for h ( t ) .
h (t ) =
8t
24t 2 + 2t + c dt = 2t 4 8t 3 + t 2 + ct + d
Dont forget that c is just a constant and so it will integrate just like we were integrating 2 or 4 or
any other number. Also, the constant of integration from this step is liable to be different that the
constant of integration from the first step and so well need to make sure to call it something
different, d in this case.
Hint : To determine the value of the constants of integration, c and d, we have the value of the
function at two values that should help with that.
Step 3
Now, we know the value of the function at two values of z. So lets plug both of these into the
general formula for h ( t ) that we found in the previous step to get,
9 =h (1) =5 + c + d
4 = h ( 2 ) = 100 2c + d
Solving this system of equations (you do remember your Algebra class right?) for c and d gives,
c=
2007 Paul Dawkins
d = 112
3
100
3
19
Calculus I

112
h ( t ) = 2t 4 8t 3 + t 2 + 100
3 t 3
Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals

1. Evaluate
2
(8 x 12 ) ( 4 x 12 x )
dx .
Hint : Recall that if there is a term in the integrand (or a portion of a term) with an obvious
inside function then there is at least a chance that the inside function is the substitution that we
need.
Step 1
In this case it looks like we should use the following as our substitution.
=
u 4 x 2 12 x
Hint : Recall that after the substitution all the original variables in the integral should be replaced
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the xs are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dx as well as the remaining xs in the integrand.
du
=
(8 x 12 ) dx
Recall that, in most cases, we will also need to do a little manipulation of the differential prior to
doing the substitution. In this case we dont need to do that.
Step 3
Doing the substitution and evaluating the integral gives,
2
(8 x 12 ) ( 4 x 12 x )
4
1 5
dx =
5u +c
u du =
Hint : Dont forget that the original variable in the integrand was not u!
2007 Paul Dawkins
20
Calculus I
Step 4
Finally, dont forget to go back to the original variable!
(8 x 12 ) ( 4 x
2. Evaluate
12 x ) dx =
4
1
5
( 4x
12 x ) + c
5
4
3
3t ( 2 + 4t ) dt .
7
need.
Step 1
u= 2 + 4t 3
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the ts are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dt as well as the remaining ts in the integrand.
du = 12t 4 dt
To help with the substitution lets do a little rewriting of this to get,
3t 4 dt = 14 du
Step 3
3t ( 2 + 4t )
4
3 7
6
1
dt =
14 u 7 du =
+c
24 u
Step 4
2007 Paul Dawkins
21
Calculus I
3t ( 2 + 4t )
3. Evaluate
( 3 4w ) ( 4w
dt =241 ( 2 + 4t 3 ) + c
3 7
6 w + 7 ) dw .
10
need.
Step 1
u = 4 w2 6 w + 7
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the ws are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dw as well as the remaining ws in the integrand.
=
du
(8w 6 ) dw
du =
2 ( 3 4 w ) dw
12 du
( 3 4w ) dw =
Step 3
( 3 4w ) ( 4w
6 w + 7 ) dw =
12 u10 du =
221 u11 + c
10
Step 4
2007 Paul Dawkins
22
Calculus I
( 3 4w ) ( 4w
4. Evaluate
5 ( z 4)
6 w + 7 ) dw =
221 ( 4 w2 6 w + 7 ) + c
10
11
z 2 8 z dz .
need.
Step 1
u= z 2 8 z
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the zs are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dz as well as the remaining zs in the integrand.
du
=
( 2 z 8) dz
du =( 2 z 8 ) dz =2 ( z 4 ) dz
( z 4 ) dz =12 du
Step 3
5 ( z 4)
z 2 8 z dz = 52 u 3 du =158 u 3 + c
1
Step 4
5 ( z 4)
2007 Paul Dawkins
z 2 8 z dz =
23
15
8
(z
8z ) 3 + c
4
Calculus I
5. Evaluate
90 x
sin ( 2 + 6 x 3 ) dx .
need.
Step 1
u= 2 + 6 x3
with us.
Step 2
du = 18 x 2 dx
doing the substitution. In this case we dont need to do that. When doing the substitution just
notice that 90 = (18)(5).
Step 3
90 x
sin ( 2 + 6 x 3 ) dx =
5cos ( u ) + c
5sin ( u ) du =
Step 4
90 x
2007 Paul Dawkins
sin ( 2 + 6 x 3 ) dx =
5cos ( 2 + 6 x 3 ) + c
24
Calculus I
6. Evaluate
sec (1 z ) tan (1 z ) dz .
need.
Step 1
u = 1 z
with us.
Step 2
du = dz
dz = du
Step 3
sec ( u ) tan ( u ) du =
sec ( u ) + c
sec (1 z ) tan (1 z ) dz =
Step 4
sec (1 z ) tan (1 z ) dz = sec (1 z ) + c
7. Evaluate
(15t
2007 Paul Dawkins
5t ) cos ( 6t 1 + t 2 ) dt .
25
Calculus I
need.
Step 1
=
u 6t 1 + t 2
with us.
Step 2
du =
( 6t 2 + 2t ) dt
2 ( 55 ) ( 3t 2 t ) dt
du =
( 6t 2 + 2t ) dt =
(15t
5t ) dt =
52 du
Step 3
(15t
5t ) cos ( 6t 1 + t 2 ) dt =
52 cos ( u ) du =
52 sin ( u ) + c
Step 4
(15t
8. Evaluate
y
(7 y 2 y ) e
2007 Paul Dawkins
5t ) cos ( 6t 1 + t 2 ) dt =
52 sin ( 6t 1 + t 2 ) + c
7 y 2
dy .
26
Calculus I
need.
Step 1
=
u y4 7 y2
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the ys are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dy as well as the remaining ys in the integrand.
=
du
(4 y
14 y ) dy
du =
2 ( 7 y 2 y 3 ) dy
( 4 y 3 14 y ) dy =
du
( 7 y 2 y ) dy =
1
2
Step 3
y
(7 y 2 y ) e
3
7 y 2
dy =
12 eu du =
12 eu + c
Step 4
y
(7 y 2 y ) e
3
7 y 2
dy =
12 e y 7 y + c
4w + 3
dw .
4 w2 + 6 w 1
9. Evaluate
Hint : What is the derivative of the denominator?
2007 Paul Dawkins
27
Calculus I
Step 1
u = 4 w2 + 6 w 1
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the ws are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dw as well as the remaining ws in the integrand.
(8w + 6 ) dw
du
=
du = 2 ( 4 w + 3) dw
( 4w + 3) dw =
1
2
du
Step 3
1 1
1
4w + 3 =
dw
du
ln u + c
=
2
4w + 6w 1
2 u
2
Step 4
4 w + 3=
dw
2
4w + 6w 1
10. Evaluate
( cos ( 3t ) t ) ( sin ( 3t ) t )
2
3 5
1
ln 4 w2 + 6 w 1 + c
2
dt .
need.
Step 1
2007 Paul Dawkins
28
Calculus I
=
u sin ( 3t ) t 3
with us.
Step 2
=
du
( 3cos ( 3t ) 3t ) dt
2
=
du 3 ( cos ( 3t ) t 2 ) dt
dt
( cos ( 3t ) t )=
1
3
du
Step 3
( cos ( 3t ) t ) ( sin ( 3t ) t )
3 5
dt =13 u 5 du =181 u 6 + c
Step 4
) dt
( cos ( 3t ) t ) ( sin ( 3t ) t =
3 5
1
18
( sin ( 3t ) t )
3 6
+c
1 z
e cos ( e z + ln z ) dz .
z
11. Evaluate 4
need.
Step 1
2007 Paul Dawkins
29
Calculus I
=
u e z + ln z
with us.
Step 2
du =
( e z + 1z ) dt
Step 3
1 z
z
4 e cos ( e + ln z ) dz =
z

4 cos ( u ) du =
4sin ( u ) + c
Step 4
1 z
z
dz
4 e cos ( e + ln z )=
12. Evaluate
sec ( v ) e
2
1+ tan ( v )
4sin ( e z + ln z ) + c
dv .
need.
Step 1
u = 1 + tan ( v )
2007 Paul Dawkins
30
Calculus I
with us.
Step 2
Because we need to make sure that all the vs are replaced with us we need to compute the
differential so we can eliminate the dv as well as the remaining vs in the integrand.
du = sec 2 ( v ) dv
Step 3
sec ( v ) e
1+ tan ( v )
dv
=
du= eu + c
Step 4
sec ( v ) e
2
1+ tan ( v )
=
dv e1+ tan ( v ) + c
13. Evaluate 10sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x ) cos 2 ( 2 x ) 5 dx .
need.
Step 1
=
u cos 2 ( 2 x ) 5
with us.
2007 Paul Dawkins
31
Calculus I
Step 2
du = 4 cos ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) dx
du =
4 cos ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) dx =
2 ( 2 ) ( 55 ) cos ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) dx
10 cos ( 2 x ) sin ( 2 x ) dx =
52 du
Step 3
10sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x )
cos 2 ( 2 x ) 5 dx =
52 u 2 du =
53 u 2 + c
1
Step 4
10sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x )
cos 2 ( 2 x ) 5 dx =
53 ( cos 2 ( 2 x ) 5 ) 2 + c
3
csc ( x ) cot ( x )
dx .
2 csc ( x )
14. Evaluate
Hint : What is the derivative of the denominator?

Step 1
u= 2 csc ( x )
with us.
Step 2
2007 Paul Dawkins
32
Calculus I
du = csc ( x ) cot ( x ) dx
Step 3
csc ( x ) cot ( x )
1
dx
du ln u + c
=
2 csc x =
u
( )
Step 4
csc ( x ) cot ( x )
ln 2 csc ( x ) + c
2 csc x dx =
( )
6
dy .
2
7+ y
15. Evaluate
Hint : Be careful with this substitution. The integrand should look somewhat familiar, so maybe
we should try to put it into a more familiar form.
Step 1
The integrand looks an awful lot like the derivative of the inverse tangent.
d
1
tan 1 ( u ) ) =
(
du
1+ u2
So, lets do a little rewrite to make the integrand look more like this.
6
6 1
6
=
dy =
dy
dy
2
2
1
7 1 + 71 y 2
7+ y
7 (1 + 7 y )
2007 Paul Dawkins
33
Calculus I
Hint : One more little rewrite of the integrand should make this look almost exactly like the
derivative the inverse tangent and the substitution should then be fairly obvious.
Step 2
Lets do one more rewrite of the integrand.
6
1
6
dy =
2
y
7
7+ y
1+
( )
dy
At this point we can see that the following substitution will work for us.
u=
y
7
du =
1
7
dy
dy = 7 du
Step 3
6
6
dy
=
2
7
7+ y
1 du
( 7 )=
1+ u
2
6
tan 1 ( u ) + c
7
Step 4
6
6
=
dy
2
7
7+ y
( 7=
) 1 +1u du
2
6
tan 1
7
( )+c
y
Substitutions for inverse trig functions can be a little tricky to spot when you are first start doing
them. Once you do enough of them however they start to become a little easier to spot.
dw .
4 9 w2
16. Evaluate
Hint : Be careful with this substitution. The integrand should look somewhat familiar, so maybe
we should try to put it into a more familiar form.
Step 1
The integrand looks an awful lot like the derivative of the inverse sine.
2007 Paul Dawkins
34
Calculus I
1
d
sin 1 ( u ) ) =
(
du
1 u2
So, lets do a little rewrite to make the integrand look more like this.
=
dw
4 9 w2
1
1
1
=
dw
dw
2
2 1 94 w2
4 (1 94 w )
Hint : One more little rewrite of the integrand should make this look almost exactly like the
derivative the inverse sine and the substitution should then be fairly obvious.
Step 2
Lets do one more rewrite of the integrand.
1
1
1
dw =
dw
2 1 ( 3 w )2
4 9 w2
2
At this point we can see that the following substitution will work for us.
u = 32w
du = 32 dw
dw = 23 du
Step 3
1
1 2 1
1 1
dw
du
sin ( u ) + c
=
=
2 3 1 u2
3
4 9 w2
Step 4
dw
=
4 9 w2
1 1 3 w
sin ( 2 ) + c
3
Substitutions for inverse trig functions can be a little tricky to spot when you are first start doing
them. Once you do enough of them however they start to become a little easier to spot.
2007 Paul Dawkins
35
Calculus I
17. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

(a)
3x
dx
1 + 9 x2
3x
(b)
(1 + 9 x
2 4
dx
(c)
3
dx
1 + 9 x2
Hint : Make sure you pay attention to each of these and note the differences between each
integrand and how that will affect the substitution and/or answer.
(a)
3x
dx
1 + 9 x2
Solution
In this case it looks like the substitution should be
u = 1 + 9 x2
Here is the differential for this substitution.
du = 18 x dx
3 x dx =
1
6
du
The integral is then,
1 1
1
3x =
=
dx
du
ln u +
c
=
2
1+ 9x
6 u
6
(b)
3x
2
(1 + 9 x )
1
ln 1 + 9 x 2 + c
6
dx
Solution
The substitution and differential work for this part are identical to the previous part.
u=
1 + 9x2
du =
18 x dx
1
3 x dx =
6 du
Here is the integral for this part,
2007 Paul Dawkins
36
Calculus I
3x
1 1
1
1
1
1
dx =
du = u 4 du = u 3 + c =
+c
4
4
2
2 3
6
6
18
18
u
1
9
1
9
x
x
+
+
(
)
(
)
Be careful to not just turn every integral of functions of the form of 1/(something) into
logarithms! This is one of the more common mistakes that students often make.
(c)
3
dx
1 + 9 x2
Solution
Because we no longer have an x in the numerator this integral is very different from the previous
two. Lets do a quick rewrite of the integrand to make the substitution clearer.
3
3 dx =
dx
2
1+ 9x
1 + ( 3x )
So, this looks like an inverse tangent problem that will need the substitution.
u = 3x
du = 3dx
1
3=
=
dx
du tan 1 ( u=
)+c
2
1+ 9x
1+ u2
tan 1 ( 3 x ) + c
More Substitution Rule

1. Evaluate
5 + 9t + 12 ( 5 + 9t ) dt .
7
Hint : Each term seems to require the same substitution and recall that the same substitution can
be used in multiple terms of an integral if we need to.
Step 1
2007 Paul Dawkins
37
Calculus I
Dont get too excited about the fact that there are two terms in this integrand. Each term requires
the same substitution,
u= 5 + 9t
so well simply use that in both terms.
If you arent comfortable with the basic substitution mechanics you should work some problems
in the previous section as well not be putting in as much detail with regards to the basics in this
section. The problems in this section are intended for those that are fairly comfortable with the
basic mechanics of substitutions and will involve some more advanced substitutions.
Step 2
Here is the differential work for the substitution.
du = 9 dt
dt =
1
9
du
4u 12 + 12u 7 ( 1 )=
du
9
1
9
8 u 2 + 3 u8 =
+c
2
3
1
9
8 ( 5 + 9t ) 2 + 3 ( 5 + 9t )8 + c
2
3
Be careful when dealing with the dt substitution here. Make sure that the
1
9
gets multiplied times
the whole integrand and not just one of the terms. You can do this either by using parenthesis (as
weve done here) or pulling the 19 completely out of the integral.
Do not forget to go back to the original variable after evaluating the integral!
2. Evaluate
7x
cos ( 2 + x 4 ) 8 x3e 2+ x dx .
4
Step 1
u= 2 + x 4
2007 Paul Dawkins
38
Calculus I
Step 2
du = 4 x 3 dx
x 3 dx =
1
4
du
Before doing the actual substitution it might be convenient to factor an x 3 out of the integrand as
follows.
7x
x
cos ( 2 + x 4 ) 8 x3e 2+ =
dx
4
7 cos ( 2 + x ) 8e
4
2+ x 4
x3 dx
Doing this should make the differential part (i.e. the du part) of the substitution clearer.
Now, doing the substitution and evaluating the integral gives,
7x
+x
dx
cos ( 2 + x 4 ) 8 x 3e 2=
1
4
7 cos ( u ) 8e du
1
4
7 sin ( u ) 8=
eu + c
1
4
7 sin ( 2 + x 4 ) 8e 2+ x + c
Be careful when dealing with the dx substitution here. Make sure that the
1
4
gets multiplied times
the whole integrand and not just one of the terms. You can do this either by using parenthesis
around the whole integrand or pulling the 14 completely out of the integral (as weve done here).
3. Evaluate
6e7 w
7w
(1 8e )
14e7 w
dw .
1 8e7 w
Step 1
u = 1 8e7 w
2007 Paul Dawkins
39
Calculus I

Step 2
du =
56e7 w dw
e7 w dw =
561 du
Before doing the actual substitution it might be convenient to factor an e7 w out of the integrand
as follows.
6e7 w
14e7 w
6
14 7 w
+
=
+
e dw
dw
7w
7w
7w 3
7w 3
1
8
1
8
e
e
(1 8e )
(1 8e )
Doing this should make the differential part (i.e. the du part) of the substitution clearer.
Now, doing the substitution and evaluating the integral gives,
6e7 w
14e7 w
14
6u 3 + du =
+
dw =
561
561 ( 3u 2 + 14 ln u ) + c
3
w
7
7w
e
1
8
u
(1 8e )
= 561 3 (1 8e7 w ) + 14 ln 1 8e7 w + c

2
Be careful when dealing with the dw substitution here. Make sure that the 561 gets multiplied
times the whole integrand and not just one of the terms. You can do this either by using
parenthesis around the whole integrand or pulling the 561 completely out of the integral (as
weve done here).
4. Evaluate
7 x5 cos ( 2 x 6 + 3) dx .
2007 Paul Dawkins
40
Calculus I
Hint : Recall that terms that do not need substitutions should not be in the integral when the
substitution is being done. At this point we should know how to break integrals up so that we
can get the terms that require a substitution into a one integral and those that dont into another
integral.
Step 1
Clearly the first term does not need a substitution while the second term does need a substitution.
So, well first need to split up the integral as follows.
7 x5 cos ( 2 x 6 + 3) dx =
dx 7 x5 cos ( 2 x 6 + 3) dx
Step 2
The substitution needed for the second integral is then,
=
u 2 x6 + 3
Step 3
du = 12 x 5 dx
x 5 dx =
1
12
du
Now, doing the substitution and evaluating the integrals gives,
7 x 5 cos ( 2 x 6 + 3) dx = x 4 dx 127 cos ( u ) du =15 x 5 127 sin ( u ) + c

=
1
5
x 5 127 sin ( 2 x 6 + 3) + c
4sin ( 8 z )
z
dz .
5. Evaluate e +
1 + 9 cos ( 8 z )
2007 Paul Dawkins
41
Calculus I
integral.
Step 1
Clearly the first term does not need a substitution while the second term does need a substitution.
So, well first need to split up the integral as follows.
4sin ( 8 z )
z
4sin ( 8 z )
e z dz +
dz
e + 1 + 9 cos 8 z dz =
( )
1 + 9 cos ( 8 z )
Step 2
The substitution needed for the second integral is then,
u = 1 + 9 cos ( 8 z )
Step 3
72sin ( 8 z ) dz
du =
721 du
sin ( 8 z ) dz =
4sin ( 8 z )
z
4 1
e z dz
e z 181 ln 1 + 9 cos ( 8 z ) + c
du =
e + 1 + 9 cos 8 z dz =
72 u
( )
6. Evaluate
20e
2 8 w
1 + e 28 w + 7 w3 6 3 w dw .
integral.
Step 1
2007 Paul Dawkins
42
Calculus I
Clearly the first term needs a substitution while the second and third terms dont. So, well first
need to split up the integral as follows.
20e
2 8 w
1 + e 28 w + 7 w3 6 3 =
w dw
20e
1 + e 28 w dw + 7 w3 6
2 8 w
w dw
Step 2
The substitution needed for the first integral is then,
u = 1 + e 2 8 w
Step 3
du =
8e 28 w dw
e 28 w dw =
81 du
Now, doing the substitutions and evaluating the integrals gives,
20e
2 8 w
1 + e 28 w + 7 w3 6
w dw =
208 u 2 du + 7 w3 6 w 3 dw
1
=
53 u 2 + 74 w4 92 w 3 + c
=
53 (1 + e 28 w ) 2 + 74 w4 92 w 3 + c
3
7. Evaluate
( 4 + 7t )
9t
5t 2 + 3 dt .
Hint : You can only do one substitution per integral. At this point we should know how to
break integrals up so that we can get the terms that require different substitutions into different
integrals.
Step 1
Clearly each term needs a separate substitution. So, well first need to split up the integral as
follows.
2007 Paul Dawkins
43
Calculus I
( 4 + 7t )
9t
5t 2 + 3 dt = ( 4 + 7t ) dt 9t
3
5t 2 + 3 dt
Step 2
The substitutions needed for the each integral are then,
u=
4 + 7t
v=
5t 2 + 3
Step 3
Here is the differential work for each substitution.
du= 7 dt
dt=
1
7
dv= 10t dt
du
t dt=
1
10
dv
( 4 + 7t )
dt 9t
5t 2 + 3 dt =
=
1
7
1
28
du 109 v 4 dv =
( 4 + 7t )
1
28
4
u 4 18
25 v + c
4
2
18
25 ( 5t + 3 ) + c
5
2
6x x
3x
csc 2 dx .
8. Evaluate 3
2
2
x 9x + 8
integrals.
Step 1
follows.
2
2
6x x
6 x x dx csc 2 3 x dx
2 3x
csc
dx
=
3

2
x3 9 x 2 + 8
2
2
x 9x + 8
Step 2
2007 Paul Dawkins
44
Calculus I
3x
v=
2
u =x3 9 x 2 + 8
Step 3
du =
3 ( 6 x x 2 ) dx
( 3x 2 18x ) dx =
dv
=
3
2
du
( 6 x x ) dx =
dx
=
dx
2
3
1
3
dv

2
1 1
2
1
2
6x x
3x
2
csc 2 dx =

ln u + cot ( v ) + c
du csc ( v ) dv =
3
2
3 u
3
3
3
2
x 9x + 8
= 13 ln x 3 9 x 2 + 8 + 23 cot ( 32x ) + c
9. Evaluate
7 (3 y + 2) ( 4 y + 3 y )
2 3
+ sin ( 3 + 8 y ) dy .
integrals.
Step 1
follows.
2
2
7 ( 3 y + 2 ) ( 4 y + 3 y ) + sin ( 3 + 8 y ) dy = 7 ( 3 y + 2 ) ( 4 y + 3 y ) dy + sin ( 3 + 8 y ) dy
3
Step 2
2007 Paul Dawkins
45
Calculus I
u=
4 y + 3y2
v=
3 + 8y
Step 3
du =
2 ( 3 y + 2 ) dy
( 4 + 6 y ) dy =
dv 8 dy
=
1
( 3 y + 2 ) dy =
2 du
dy
=
1
8
dv
7 (3 y + 2) ( 4 y + 3 y )
2 3
+ sin ( 3 + 8 y ) dy =72 u 3 du + 18 sin ( v ) dv =78 u 4 81 cos ( v ) + c

=
7
8
(4 y + 3y )
2 4
81 cos ( 3 + 8 y ) + c
10. Evaluate
sec ( 2t ) 9 + 7 tan ( 2t ) tan ( 2t ) dt .

2
Hint : Dont let this one fool you. This is simply an integral that requires you to use the same
substitution more than once.
Step 1
This integral can be a little daunting at first glance. To do it all we need to notice is that the
2
2
derivative of tan ( x ) is sec ( x ) and we can notice that there is a sec ( 2t ) times the remaining
portion of the integrand and that portion only contains constants and tangents.
So, it looks like the substitution is then,
u = tan ( 2t )
2007 Paul Dawkins
46
Calculus I
Step 2
du =2sec 2 ( 2t ) dt
sec 2 ( 2t ) dt =12 du
sec ( 2t ) 9 + 7 tan ( 2t ) tan ( 2t ) dt = 9 + 7u u du = ( 9u +

2
1
2
1
2
( 9 tan ( 2t ) +
1
2
7
2
7
2
u 2 13 u 3 ) + c
tan 2 ( 2t ) 13 tan 3 ( 2t ) ) + c
8 w dw .
4 w2 + 9
11. Evaluate
Hint : With the integrand written as it is here this problem cant be done.
Step 1
As written we cant do this problem. In order to do this integral well need to rewrite the integral
as follows.
8 w
8
w
=
dw
dw
dw
2
2
2
4w + 9
4w + 9
4w + 9
Step 2
Now, the first integral looks like it might be an inverse tangent (although well need to do a
rewrite of that integral) and the second looks like its a logarithm (with a quick substitution).
So, here is the rewrite on the first integral.
8 w dw 8 1 dw w dw
=
2
2
4w + 9
4w + 9
9 94 w2 + 1
Step 3
Now well need a substitution for each integral. Here are the substitutions well need for each
integral.
=
u
2007 Paul Dawkins
2
3
u
( so=
2
4
9
w2 )
47
=
v 4 w2 + 9
Calculus I
Step 4
du =
2
3
dw
dw =
3
2
dv = 8w dw
du
w dw =
1
8
dv
8 3 1
1 1
8 w dw
=
du
dv
2
2
=
4w + 9
9 2 u +1
8 v
=
4
3
4
3
tan 1 ( u ) 18 ln v + c
tan 1 ( 23 w ) 18 ln 4 w2 + 9 + c
7x + 2
dx .
1 25 x 2
12. Evaluate
Hint : With the integrand written as it is here this problem cant be done.
Step 1
As written we cant do this problem. In order to do this integral well need to rewrite the integral
as follows.
7x
2
7x + 2
dx
dx +
dx
=
1 25 x 2
1 25 x 2
1 25 x 2
Step 2
Now, the second integral looks like it might be an inverse sine (although well need to do a
rewrite of that integral) and the first looks like a simple substitution will work for us.
So, here is the rewrite on the second integral.
7x
1
7x + 2
dx
dx + 2
dx
=
2
1 25 x 2
1 25 x 2
1 (5x )
Step 3
Now well need a substitution for each integral. Here are the substitutions well need for each
integral.
2007 Paul Dawkins
48
Calculus I
v=
5 x ( so v 2 =
25 x 2 )
u=
1 25 x 2
Step 4
du =
50 x dx
x dx =
501 du
dv =
5dx
1
dx =
5 dv
7
2 1
7 1 2
7x + 2
1
u 2 du +
u 2 + sin 1 ( v ) + c
dx =
dv =
2
2
50
5 1 v
25
5
1 25 x
=
257 (1 25 x 2 ) 2 + 52 sin 1 ( 5 x ) + c
1
13. Evaluate
z (8 + 3z )
4 8
dz .
Hint : Use the obvious substitution and dont forget that the substitution can be used more than
once and in different ways.
Step 1
Okay, the obvious substitution here is probably,
u=
8 + 3z 4
du =
12 z 3 dz
1
z 3 dz =
12 du
however, that doesnt look like it might work because of the z 7 .

Step 2
Lets do a quick rewrite of the integrand.
z (8 + 3z )
7
4 8
4 3
4
4
4
3
dz =
z z (8 + 3z ) dz = z (8 + 3z ) z dz
8
Step 3
Now, notice that we can convert all of the zs in the integrand except apparently for the z 4 that is
in the front. However, notice from the substitution that we can solve for z 4 to get,
=
z4
2007 Paul Dawkins
49
1
3
( u 8)
Calculus I
Step 4
With this we can now do the substitution and evaluate the integral.
7
4
z (8 + 3z ) dz =
8
1
12
( u 8) u du =
1
36
1
3
1
10
(8 + 3z )
4 10
1
36
8u 8 du =
1
36
1
10
u10 98 u 9 ) + c
89 ( 8 + 3 z 4 ) + c
9
Area Problem
3
2
1. Estimate the area of the region between f ( x ) =x 2 x + 4 the x-axis on [1, 4] using n = 6
and using,
(a) the right end points of the subintervals for the height of the rectangles,
(b) the left end points of the subintervals for the height of the rectangles and,
(c) the midpoints of the subintervals for the height of the rectangles.
The widths of each of the subintervals for this problem are,
=
x
4 1 1
=
6
2
We dont need to actually graph the function to do this problem. It would probably help to have a
number line showing subintervals however. Here is that number line.
In this case were going to be using right end points of each of these subintervals to determine the
height of each of the rectangles.
The area between the function and the x-axis is then approximately,
2007 Paul Dawkins
50
Calculus I
( 23 ) + 12 f ( 2 ) + 12 f ( 52 ) + 12 f ( 3) + 12 f ( 72 ) + 12 f ( 4 )
683
1
=12 ( 238 ) + 12 ( 4 ) + 12 ( 578 ) + 12 (13) + 12 ( 179
8 ) + 2 ( 36 ) = 16 =42.6875
Area
1
2
As we found in the previous part the widths of each of the subintervals are x =12 .
Here is a copy of the number line showing the subintervals to help with the problem.
In this case were going to be using left end points of each of these subintervals to determine the
( 32 ) + 12 f ( 2 ) + 12 f ( 52 ) + 12 f ( 3) + 12 f ( 72 )
419
=12 ( 3) + 12 ( 238 ) + 12 ( 4 ) + 12 ( 578 ) + 12 (13) + 12 ( 179
8 ) = 16 =26.1875
Area
1
2
f (1) + 12 f
As we found in the first part the widths of each of the subintervals are x =12 .
In this case were going to be using midpoints of each of these subintervals to determine the
( 54 ) + 12 f ( 74 ) + 12 f ( 94 ) + 12 f ( 114 ) + 12 f ( 134 ) + 12 f ( 154 )

1069
1 207
1 337
1 619
1 1101
1 1831
=12 ( 181
33.40625
64 ) + 2 ( 64 ) + 2 ( 64 ) + 2 ( 64 ) + 2 ( 64 ) + 2 ( 64 ) =32 =
Area
1
2
2007 Paul Dawkins
51
Calculus I
4
x 2 + 2 the x-axis on [ 1,3] using
2. Estimate the area of the region between g ( x ) =
n = 6 and using,
=
x
3 ( 1) 2
=
6
3
Area
2
3
2
3
f ( 13 ) + 23 f
( 13 ) + 23 f (1) + 23 f ( 53 ) + 23 f ( 73 ) + 23 f ( 3)
(4 ) + (4 ) + (4 3) + (4 ) + (4 ) + (4
19
3
2
3
19
3
2
3
2
3
43
3
2
3
67
3
2
3
11
= 7.420752
2007 Paul Dawkins
52
Calculus I
Area
2
3
2
3
f ( 1) + 23 f ( 13 ) + 23 f
( 13 ) + 23 f (1) + 32 f ( 53 ) + 32 f ( 73 )
(4 3) + (4 ) + (4 ) + (4 3) + (4 ) + (4 )
2
3
19
3
19
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
43
3
2
3
67
3
= 8.477135
Area
2
3
2
3
f ( 23 ) + 23 f ( 0 ) + 23 f
( 23 ) + 23 f ( 43 ) + 23 f ( 2 ) + 23 f ( 83 )
(4 ) + (4 2 ) + (4 ) + (4 ) + (4 6 ) + (4 )
22
3
2
3
22
3
2
3
2
3
34
3
2
3
2
3
82
3
= 8.031494
3. Estimate the area of the region between h ( x ) = x cos ( 3x ) the x-axis on [ 0,3] using n = 6
and using,
2007 Paul Dawkins
53
Calculus I
=
x
30 1
=
6
2
( 12 ) + 12 f (1) + 12 f ( 32 ) + 12 f ( 2 ) + 12 f ( 52 ) + 12 f ( 3)
= 12 ( 12 cos ( 16 ) ) + 12 ( cos ( 13 ) ) + 12 ( 23 cos ( 12 ) ) + 12 ( 2 cos ( 32 ) )
+ 12 ( 52 cos ( 56 ) ) + 12 ( 3cos (1) )
Area
1
2
= 3.814057
Do not get excited about the negative area here. As we discussed in this section this just means
that the graph, in this case, is below the x-axis as you could verify if youd like to.
2007 Paul Dawkins
54
Calculus I
( 12 ) + 12 f (1) + 12 f ( 32 ) + 12 f ( 2 ) + 12 f ( 52 )
=
+ 12 ( 0 ) + 12 ( 12 cos ( 16 ) ) + 12 ( cos ( 13 ) ) + 12 ( 23 cos ( 12 ) ) + 12 ( 2 cos ( 32 ) )
Area
f ( 0 ) + 12 f
1
2
+ 12 ( 52 cos ( 65 ) )
= 3.003604
( 14 ) + 12 f ( 43 ) + 12 f ( 54 ) + 12 f ( 74 ) + 12 f ( 94 ) + 12 f ( 114 )
= 12 ( 14 cos ( 121 ) ) + 12 ( 43 cos ( 14 ) ) + 12 ( 54 cos ( 125 ) ) + 12 ( 74 cos ( 127 ) )
11
+ 12 ( 94 cos ( 34 ) ) + 12 ( 114 cos ( 12
))
Area
1
2
= 3.449532
2
5
4. Estimate the net area between f ( x ) = 8 x x 12 and the x-axis on [ 2, 2] using n = 8
and the midpoints of the subintervals for the height of the rectangles. Without looking at a graph
of the function on the interval does it appear that more of the area is above or below the x-axis?
Step 1
2007 Paul Dawkins
55
Calculus I
First lets estimate the area between the function and the x-axis on the interval. The widths of
each of the subintervals for this problem are,
=
x
2 ( 2 ) 1
=
8
2
Now, well be using midpoints of each of these subintervals to determine the height of each of the
rectangles.
Area
1
2
f ( 74 ) + 12 f ( 54 ) + 12 f ( 43 ) + 12 f ( 14 ) + 12 f
( 14 ) + 12 f ( 43 ) + 12 f ( 54 ) + 12 f ( 74 ) =6
Well leave it to you to check all the function evaluations. They get a little messy, but after all
the arithmetic is done we get a net area of -6.
Step 2
Now, as we (hopefully) recall from the discussion in this section area above the x-axis is positive
and area below the x-axis is negative. In this case we have estimated that the net area is -6 and
so, assuming that our estimate is accurate, it looks like we should have more area is below the xaxis as above it.
Graph
For reference purposes here is the graph of the function with the area shaded in and as we can see
it does appear that there is slightly more area below as above the x-axis.
2007 Paul Dawkins
56
Calculus I
The Definition of the Definite Integral

1. Use the definition of the definite integral to evaluate the integral. Use the right end point of
*
each interval for x i .
2 x + 3 dx
Step 1
The width of each subinterval will be,
x
=
4 1 3
=
n
n
The subintervals for the interval [1, 4] are then,
3 ( i 1)
3 ( n 1)
3 3
6 6
9
3i
1,1
+
,
1
+
,1
+
,
1
+
,1
+
,
,,
1
+
,1
+
,
,,
, 4
1 +
n n
n n
n
n
n
n
From this it looks like the right end point, and hence xi* , of the general subinterval is,
xi* = 1 +
3i
n
Step 2
The summation in the definition of the definite integral is then,
2007 Paul Dawkins
57
Calculus I
3i 3 n 15 18i
+ 3 =
2 1 + n =
+ 2
=i 1 =i 1
n i 1 n n
n
f ( xi* =
) x
Step 3
Now we need to use the formulas from the Summation Notation section in the Extras chapter to
evaluate the summation.
n
=i 1
f ( xi* ) =
x
15 n 18i 1 n
18 n
i
+
=
+
15
n
n2
2
ni1 =
=i 1 =
i 1 n =
i 1
1
18 n ( n + 1)
9n + 9
=
15 +
(15n ) + 2
=
n
n
n
2
Step 4
Finally, we can use the definition of the definite integral to determine the value of the integral.
n
9n + 9
9
2 x +=
3 dx lim f ( xi*=
15 + =
lim 24 +=
) x lim
n
n
n
n
n
i =1
24
2. Use the definition of the definite integral to evaluate the integral. Use the right end point of
*
each interval for x i .
6 x ( x 1) dx
1
Step 1
The width of each subinterval will be,
1 0 1
=
n
n
x
=
The subintervals for the interval [ 0,1] are then,
1 1 2 2 3
i 1 i
n 1
0, n , n , n , n , n , ,, n , n , ,, n ,1
From this it looks like the right end point, and hence xi* , of the general subinterval is,
xi* =
i
n
Step 2
2007 Paul Dawkins
58
Calculus I
The summation in the definition of the definite integral is then,

2
6i i
6i
1 n 6i
=
1
n n n n3 n 2
=
i 1
=i 1 =i 1
f ( xi*=
) x
Step 3
Now we need to use the formulas from the Summation Notation section in the Extras chapter to
evaluate the summation.
n
=i 1
6i 2 n 6i 6 n 2 6 n
=
n3
2 n3 i n 2 i
i 1 =i 1
=i 1 =
i 1 n=
6 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) 6 n ( n + 1) 2n 2 + 3n + 1 3n + 3
=3
2
=
6
2
n
n2
n
n
*
f ( x=
i ) x
Step 4
Finally, we can use the definition of the definite integral to determine the value of the integral.
n
2n 2 + 3n + 1 3n + 3
*
=2 3 = 1
6
1
lim
lim
x
x
dx
f
x
x
(
)
(
)
0
n
n
n2
n
i =1
4
3x
2
cos ( e + x )
dx
x4 + 1
4
3. Evaluate :
Solution
There really isnt much to this problem other than use Property 2 from the notes on this
section.
4
3x
2
cos ( e + x )
dx = 0
x4 + 1
4
4. Determine the value of
11
9 f ( x ) dx given that
11
f ( x ) dx = 7 .
Solution
There really isnt much to this problem other than use the properties from the notes of
this section until we get the given interval at which point we use the given value.
2007 Paul Dawkins
59
Calculus I
11
9 f ( x ) dx = 9 f ( x ) dx
6
Property 3
11
= 9 f ( x ) dx
11
Property 1
=
9 ( 7 ) =63
11
6 g ( x ) 10 f ( x ) dx given that
11
f ( x ) dx = 7 and
g ( x ) dx = 24 .
11
Solution
There really isnt much to this problem other than use the properties from the notes of
this section until we get the given intervals at which point we use the given values.
11
6 g ( x ) dx 10 f ( x ) dx
Property 4
= 6 g ( x ) dx 10 f ( x ) dx
Property 3
6 g ( x ) 10 f ( x ) dx =
11
11
11
11
= 6 ( 24 ) 10 ( 7=
)
214
f ( x ) dx given that f ( x ) dx = 3 and f ( x ) dx = 8 .

9
Step 1
First we need to use Property 5 from the notes of this section to break up the integral into
two integrals that use the same limits as the integrals given in the problem statement.
Note that we wont worry about whether the limits are in correct place at this point.
f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
=
9
Step 2
Finally, all we need to do is use Property 1 from the notes of this section to interchange the limits
on the first integral so they match up with the limits on the given integral. We can then use the
given values to determine the value of the integral.
2007 Paul Dawkins
60
Calculus I
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx = ( 3) + 8 =5
9
31
20
20
f ( x ) dx given that
f ( x ) dx =
0
2 ,
f ( x ) dx = 19 and
0
31
f ( x ) dx = 21 .
Step 1
First we need to use Property 5 from the notes of this section to break up the integral into
three integrals that use the same limits as the integrals given in the problem statement.
Note that we wont worry about whether the limits are in correct place at this point.
20
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx +
0
31
20
31
f ( x ) dx
Step 2
Finally, all we need to do is use Property 1 from the notes of this section to interchange the limits
on the second and third integrals so they match up with the limits on the given integral. We can
then use the given values to determine the value of the integral.
20
8. For
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx f ( x ) dx =2 (19 ) ( 21) = 0
0
31
31
20
3 x 2 dx sketch the graph of the integrand and use the area interpretation of the
definite integral to determine the value of the integral.
Step 1
Here is the graph of the integrand, f ( x=

) 3x 2 , on the interval [1, 4] .
2007 Paul Dawkins
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Calculus I
Step 2
Now, we know that the integral is simply the area between the line and the x-axis and so we
should be able to use basic area formulas to help us determine the value of the integral. Here is a
modified graph that will help with this.
From this sketch we can see that we can think of this area as a rectangle with width 3 and height 1
and a triangle with base 3 and height 9. The value of the integral will then be the sum of the areas
of the rectangle and the triangle.
Here is the value of the integral,
2007 Paul Dawkins
3 x 2 dx=
( 3)(1) + 12 ( 3)( 9 )=
62
33
2
Calculus I
9. For
4x dx sketch the graph of the integrand and use the area interpretation of the definite
integral to determine the value of the integral.
Step 1
Here is the graph of the integrand, f ( x ) = 4 x on the interval [ 0,5] .
Step 2
Now, we know that the integral is simply the area between the line and the x-axis and so we
should be able to use basic area formulas to help us determine the value of the integral.
In this case we can see the area is clearly a triangle with base 5 and height 20. However, we need
to be a little careful here and recall that area that is below the x-axis is considered to be negative
area and so well need to keep that in mind when we do the area computation.
Here is the value of the integral,
4 x dx =
12 ( 5 )( 20 ) =
50
10. Differentiate the following integral with respect to x.
9 cos 2 ( t 2 6t + 1) dt
Solution
This is nothing more than a quick application of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, Part I.
2007 Paul Dawkins
63
Calculus I
The derivative is,
d x
9 cos 2 ( t 2 6t +=
1) dt 9 cos 2 ( x 2 6 x + 1)
4
dx
sin ( 6 x )
t 2 + 4dt
Solution
Note however, that because the upper limit is not just x well need to use the Chain Rule, with the
inner function as sin ( 6x ) .
The derivative is,
d sin ( 6 x ) 2
t + 4dt 6 cos ( 6 x ) sin 2 ( 6 x ) + 4
=
dx

1
t
e 1 dt
3 x 2 t
Solution
Note however, that well need to interchange the limits to get the lower limit to a number and the
xs in the upper limit as required by the theorem. Also, note that because the upper limit is not
just x well need to use the Chain Rule, with the inner function as 3x 2 .
The derivative is,
2
2
3x
1
d et 1 d et 1
e3 x 1 2 2e3 x
dt =
dt =
(6x)
=

3x 2
dx 3 x 2 t
t
x
dx 1
2
2007 Paul Dawkins
64
Calculus I
Computing Definite Integrals

1. Evaluate each of the following integrals.
3
a.
cos ( x ) 5 dx
3
b.
cos ( x ) 5 dx
3
c.
cos ( x ) 5 dx
3
a.
cos ( x ) 5 dx
This is just an indefinite integral and by this point we should be comfortable doing them so here
is the answer to this part.
cos ( x ) 3=
dx
x5
cos ( x ) 3x
=
dx sin ( x ) + 34 x 4 =
+ c sin ( x ) +
3
+c
4x4
Dont forget to add on the +c since we are doing an indefinite integral!

4
3
b.
cos ( x ) 5 dx
Recall that in order to do a definite integral the integrand (i.e. the function we are integrating)
must be continuous on the interval over which we are integrating,
[ 3, 4] in this case.
We can clearly see that the second term will have division by zero at x = 0 and x = 0 is in the
interval over which we are integrating and so this function is not continuous on the interval over
which we are integrating.
Therefore, this integral cannot be done.
4
3
c.
cos ( x ) 5 dx
2007 Paul Dawkins
65
Calculus I
Now, the function still has a division by zero problem in the second term at x = 0 . However,
unlike the previous part x = 0 does not fall in the interval over which we are integrating, [1, 4] in
this case.
This integral can therefore be done. Here is the work for this integral.
4
4
cos ( x ) 3 dx=
1
x5
cos ( x ) 3 x 5 dx= sin ( x ) + 4

4x 1
= sin ( 4 ) +
= sin ( 4 ) +
3
3
sin
1
(
)
4 ( 44 )
4 (14 )
3
3
765
sin (1) =
sin ( 4 ) sin (1)
1024
4
1024
2. Evaluate the following integral, if possible. If it is not possible clearly explain why it is not
possible to evaluate the integral.
6
12 x
9 x 2 + 2 dx
Step 1
First we need to integrate the function.
12 x 3 9 x 2 + 2 dx =
( 3x
3x3 + 2 x )
6
1
Recall that we dont need to add the +c in the definite integral case as it will just cancel in the
next step.
Step 2
The final step is then just to do the evaluation.
Well leave the basic arithmetic to you to verify and only show the results of the evaluation.
Make sure that you evaluate the upper limit first and then subtract off the evaluation at the lower
limit.
Here is the answer for this problem.
2007 Paul Dawkins
66
Calculus I
12 x
9 x 2 + 2 dx
= 3252 =
2 3250
5 z 2 7 z + 3 dz
Step 1
5 z 2 7 z + 3 dz=
5
3
z 3 72 z 2 + 3 z )
1
2
next step.
Step 2
limit.
5 z 2 7 z + 3 dz =
7
6
( 100
3 )=
69
2
0
15w
3
13w2 + w dw
Step 1
First, do not get excited about the fact that the lower limit of integration is a larger number than
the upper limit of integration. The problem works in exactly the same way.
2007 Paul Dawkins
67
Calculus I
So, we need to integrate the function.

0
15w
3
13w2 + w dw = ( 3w5 133 w2 + 12 w2 )
0
3
next step.
Step 2
limit.
0
15w
3
13w2 + w dw =
1233
0 1233
2 =
2
4
8
12 t 3 dt
1 t
Step 1
4
3
5
1
1
8
12 t 3 dt = 8t 2 12t 2 dt = 16t 2 245 t 2
1
1 t
4
1
next step.
Step 2
limit.
2007 Paul Dawkins
68
Calculus I

4
8
56
12 t 3 dt =
608
664
5 5 =
5
1 t
2
1
1 3 z2
+
3 dz
4
2z
1 7 z
Step 1
2
2
1
1 1 1 23 1 3
1 3 z2
+
3 dz=
+ z z dz=
1 7 z 4
4
2z
2
1 7 z
1
7
ln z +
3
20
5
3
z + z
1
4
2
1
next step.
Step 2
limit.
2
1
1 3 z2
+
3 dz =
4
2z
1 7 z
( ln ( 2) + ( 2 ) + ) ( ln (1) +
1
7
5
3
3
20
1
16
1
7
2
5
)=
1
7
( )
27
ln ( 2 ) + 203 2 3 80
5
Dont forget that ln (1) = 0 ! Also, dont get excited about messy answers like this. They
happen on occasion.
2007 Paul Dawkins
69
Calculus I
4
x 6 x 4 + 1 dx
2
x2
Solution
In this case note that the third term will have division by zero at x = 0 and this is in the interval
we are integrating over, [ 2, 4] and hence is not continuous on this interval.

x 2 ( 3 4 x ) dx
Step 1
In this case well first need to multiply out the integrand before we actually do the integration.
Doing that integrating the function gives,
2
3
x 2 ( 3 4 x ) dx =
( x3 x 4 )
3x 4 x dx =
1
next step.
Step 2
limit.
2007 Paul Dawkins
x 2 ( 3 4 x ) dx =2 ( 320 ) = 318
70
Calculus I
1
2 y3 6 y 2
dy
y2
2
Step 1
In this case well first need to simplify the integrand to remove the quotient before we actually do
the integration. Doing that integrating the function gives,
1
1
1
2 y3 6 y 2
2
dy
=
2
y
6
dy
=
y
6
y
(
)
2
2
y2
2
Do not get excited about the fact that the lower limit of integration is larger than the upper limit
of integration. This will happen on occasion and the integral works in exactly the same manner
as weve been doing them.
Also, recall that we dont need to add the +c in the definite integral case as it will just cancel in
the next step.
Step 2
limit.
1
2 y3 6 y 2
dy =5 ( 8 ) = 3
y2
2
2007 Paul Dawkins
7 sin ( t ) 2 cos ( t ) dt
71
Calculus I
Step 1
7 sin ( t ) 2 cos ( t ) dt =
( 7 cos ( t ) 2sin ( t ) )
next step.
Step 2
limit.
7 sin ( t ) 2 cos ( t ) dt =2 ( 7 ) = 5
sec ( z ) tan ( z ) 1 dz
Solution
Be careful with this integral. Recall that,
=
sec ( z )
sin ( z )
1
=
tan ( z )
cos ( z )
cos ( z )
Also recall that cos ( 2 ) = 0 and that x =
is in the interval we are integrating over, [ 0, ] and
hence is not continuous on this interval.

2007 Paul Dawkins
72
Calculus I
It is often easy to overlook these kinds of division by zero problems in integrands when the
integrand is not explicitly written as a rational expression. So, be careful and dont forget that
division by zero can sometimes be hidden in the integrand!
2sec 2 ( w ) 8csc ( w ) cot ( w ) dw
Step 1
First notice that even though we do have some hidden rational expression here (in the
definitions of the trig functions) neither cosine nor sine is zero in the interval we are integrating
over and so both terms are continuous over the interval.
Therefore all we need to do integrate the function.
2sec 2 ( w ) 8csc ( w ) cot ( w ) dw =

( 2 tan ( w) + 8csc ( w) )
next step.
Step 2
limit.
2sec 2 ( w ) 8csc ( w ) cot ( w ) dw =
16
3
) (
+ 2 3 16 +
2
3
)=
14
3
+ 2 3 16
2007 Paul Dawkins
73
Calculus I
2
e x + 1 dx
0
x2 + 1
Step 1
2
2
e x + 1 dx =
e x + tan 1 ( x ) )
(
2
0
0
x +1
next step.
Step 2
limit.
2
e x + 1 dx = e 2 + tan 1 ( 2 ) e0 + tan 1 ( 0 ) = e 2 + tan 1 ( 2 ) 1
)
(
) (
0
x2 + 1
1
1
Note that tan ( 0 ) = 0 but tan ( 2 ) doesnt have a nice answer and so was left as is.
2
y
7e + dy
y
5
Step 1
2
2
2
y
y
7e + dy = ( 7e + 2 ln y ) 5
y
5
2007 Paul Dawkins
74
Calculus I
next step.
Step 2
limit.
2
y
7e + dy =
y
5
( 7e
+ 2 ln 2 ) ( 7e 5 + 2 ln 5 ) = 7 ( e 2 e 5 ) + 2 ( ln ( 2 ) ln ( 5 ) )
f ( t ) dt
4
2t
2
1 3t
where f ( t ) =
t >1
t 1
Hint : Recall that integrals we can always break up an integral as follows,
f ( x ) dx
=
b
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
b
See if you can find a good choice for c that will make this integral doable.
Step 1
This integral cant be done as a single integral give the obvious change of the function at t = 1
which is in the interval over which we are integrating. However, recall that we can always break
up an integral at any point and t = 1 seems to be a good point to do this.
Breaking up the integral at t = 1 gives,
f ( t ) dt f ( t ) dt + f ( t ) dt
=
2007 Paul Dawkins
75
Calculus I
So, in the first integral we have 0 t 1 and so we can use f ( t ) = 1 3t 2 in the first integral.
Likewise, in the second integral we have 1 t 4 and so we can use f ( t ) = 2t in the second
integral.
Making these function substitutions gives,
2
f ( t ) dt =
1 3t dt + 2t dt
1
Step 2
All we need to do at this point is evaluate each integral. Here is that work.
f ( t ) dt =
1 3t 2 dt + 2t dt = ( t t 3 ) + t 2 = [ 0 0] + [16 1] = 15
2 z
g ( z ) dz where g ( z ) = 4e z
1
z > 2
z 2
Hint : Recall that integrals we can always break up an integral as follows,
f ( x ) dx
=
b
f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx
b
See if you can find a good choice for c that will make this integral doable.
Step 1
This integral cant be done as a single integral give the obvious change of the function at z = 2
which is in the interval over which we are integrating. However, recall that we can always break
up an integral at any point and z = 2 seems to be a good point to do this.
Breaking up the integral at z = 2 gives,
1
g ( z ) dz
=
2007 Paul Dawkins
76
g ( z ) dz + g ( z ) dz
1
Calculus I
So, in the first integral we have 6 z 2 and so we can use g ( z ) = 4e z in the first integral.
Likewise, in the second integral we have 2 z 1 and so we can use g ( z )= 2 z in the
second integral.
Making these function substitutions gives,
g ( z )=
dz
4e z dz + 2 z dz
2
Step 2
g ( z)=
dz
dz
4e z dz + 2 z =
2
( 4e z )
= 4e 2 4e 6 + 32 ( 6=
)
2
6
+ ( 2 z 12 z 2 )
1
2
4e 2 4e 6 + 152
2 x 10 dx
Hint : In order to do this integral we need to remove the absolute value bars from the integrand
and we should know how to do that by this point.
Step 1
Well need to remove the absolute value bars in order to do this integral. However, in order to
do that well need to know where 2 x 10 is positive and negative.
Since 2 x 10 is the equation of a line is should be fairly clear that we have the following
positive/negative nature of the function.
x<5
x>5
2 x 10 < 0
2 x 10 > 0
Step 2
So, to remove the absolute value bars all we need to do then is break the integral up at x = 5 .
2007 Paul Dawkins
2 x 10 dx = 2 x 10 dx + 2 x 10 dx
77
Calculus I
( 2 x 10 ) in the first
So, in the first integral we have 3 x 5 and so we have 2 x 10 =
integral. Likewise, in the second integral we have 5 x 6 and so we have 2 x 10 = 2 x 10
in the second integral. Or,
2 x 10 dx = ( 2 x 10 ) dx + 2 x 10 dx
Step 3
2 x 10 dx = 2 x + 10 dx + 2 x 10 dx =( x 2 + 10 x ) + ( x 2 10 x )
5
[ 25 21] + 24 ( 25)=
4 w + 3 dw
Hint : In order to do this integral we need to remove the absolute value bars from the integrand
and we should know how to do that by this point.
Step 1
Well need to remove the absolute value bars in order to do this integral. However, in order to
do that well need to know where 4 w + 3 is positive and negative.
Since 4 w + 3 is the equation a line is should be fairly clear that we have the following
positive/negative nature of the function.
w < 34
4w + 3 < 0
w > 34
4w + 3 > 0
Step 2
So, to remove the absolute value bars all we need to do then is break the integral up at w = 34 .
2007 Paul Dawkins
4 w + 3 dw=
34
4 w + 3 dw + 3 4 w + 3 dw
78
Calculus I
( 4 w + 3) in the first
So, in the first integral we have 1 w 34 and so we have 4 w + 3 =
integral. Likewise, in the second integral we have 34 w 0 and so we have
4 w + 3 = 4 w + 3 in the second integral. Or,
34
4 w + 3 dw = ( 4 w + 3) dw + 3 4 w + 3 dw
Step 3
4 w + 3 dw = 4 w 3 dw + 3 4 w + 3 dw =
( 2w2 3w)
34
34
= 98 1 + 0 ( 98 ) =
+ ( 2 w2 + 3w )
0
34
5
4
Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals

3 ( 4 x + x )(10 x
1
+ x5 2 ) dx
6
Step 1
The first step that we need to do is do the substitution.
At this point you should be fairly comfortable with substitutions. If you are not comfortable with
substitutions you should go back to the substitution sections and work some problems there.
The substitution for this problem is,
u= 10 x 2 + x5 2
Step 2
Here is the actual substitution work for this problem.
2007 Paul Dawkins
79
Calculus I
du =( 20 x + 5 x 4 ) dx =5 ( 4 x + x 4 ) dx
( 4 x + x ) dx = du
4
1
5
0:u =
1: u =
9
x=
x=
2
As we did in the notes for this section we are also going to convert the limits to us to avoid
having to deal with the back substitution after doing the integral.
Here is the integral after the substitution.
6
3
3 ( 4 x + x 4 )(10 x 2 + x5 2 ) dx =
5 u du
6
Step 3
3 ( 4 x + x 4 )(10 x 2 + x5 2 )=
dx
6
3
35
7
u=
2
3
35
=
))
( 4, 782,969 ( 128
14,349,291
35
Do not get excited about messy or large answers. They will happen on occasion so dont
worry about them when the happen.
4 8cos ( 2t )
dt
9
5sin
2
t
(
)
0
Step 1
u= 9 5sin ( 2t )
Step 2
2007 Paul Dawkins
80
Calculus I
du =
10 cos ( 2t ) dt
101 du
cos ( 2t ) dt =
=
t 0=
:u 9
=
t
=
:u 4
4 8cos ( 2t )
4 1
dt = 108 u 2 du
9
0 9 5sin ( 2t )
Step 3
4 8cos ( 2t )
1 4
dt = 85 u 2 = 165 ( 245 ) = 85
9
0 9 5sin ( 2t )
sin ( z ) cos ( z ) dz
0
Step 1
u = cos ( z )
Step 2
du =
sin ( z ) dz
sin ( z ) dz =
du
:u =
z=
1
z=
0:u =
1
2007 Paul Dawkins
81
Calculus I
sin ( z ) cos ( z ) dz =
0
u 3 du
Step 3
sin ( z ) cos ( z ) dz =
0
1
4
u4
= 14 ( 14 ) = 0
w e1
w3
dw
Step 1
3
u = 1 w 2
Step 2
1
du =
32 w 2 dw
w = 1: u = 0
w dw =
23 du
w = 4 : u = 7
2007 Paul Dawkins
82
Calculus I
w e1
w3
dw = 23 eu du
0
Step 3
w e1
w3
dw = 23 eu
= 23 e 7 ( 23 e0 ) = 23 (1 e 7 )
1
7
3
5 2y +
dy
5 2y
4
Step 1
u= 5 2 y
Step 2
du =
2 dy
y=
13
4 : u =
dy =
12 du
y=
7
1: u =
1
7
1
7
7
3
1
5
2
y
dy
u 3 + du
+
=
2
13
5 2y
u
4
Step 3
2007 Paul Dawkins
83
Calculus I
4
7
3
dy = 12 43 u 3 + 7 ln u
5 2y +
5 2y
4
7
13
4
= 83 7 3 72 ln 7 83 13 3 72 ln 13
=
3
8
(13 7 ) +
4
3
4
3
7
2
( ln (13) ln ( 7 ) )
1x
x3 + e 4 dx
Step 1
Before setting up the substitution well need to break up the integral because the first term doesnt
need a substitution. Doing this gives,
1x
x3 + e 4 dx =
x3 dx + e 4 dx
1x
The substitution for the second integral is then,
u = 14 x
Step 2
Here is the actual substitution work for this second integral.
du =
1
4
dx
x=
1: u =
14
dx = 4du
1
x=
2:u =
2
2007 Paul Dawkins
84
Calculus I
x3 + e 4 dx = 14 x 4
1x
x3 + e 4 dx =
1
2
x3 dx + 4 1 eu du
4
Step 3
1x
+ 4eu
1
2
14
= ( 4 14 ) + 4e 2 4e
1
14
)=
15
4
+ 4e 2 4e
14
3
2
6sin ( 2 w ) 7 cos ( w ) dw
Step 1
Before setting up the substitution well need to break up the integral because the second term
doesnt need a substitution. Doing this gives,
3
2
3
2
6sin ( 2 w ) 7 cos ( w ) dw
=
3
2
6sin ( 2 w ) dw 7 cos ( w ) dw
The substitution for the first integral is then,
u = 2w
Step 2
Here is the actual substitution work for this first integral.
du = 2dw
=
w =
: u 2
dw = 12 du
=
w
=
: u 3
3
2
2007 Paul Dawkins
85
Calculus I
3
2
3
2
6sin ( 2 w ) 7 cos ( w ) dw= 3 sin ( u ) du 7 cos ( w ) dw

2
Step 3
3
2
6sin ( 2 w ) 7 cos ( w ) dw =3cos ( u ) 2 7 sin ( w ) 2 =( 3 ( 3) ) + ( 7 0 ) =13

3
3
2 x + x x dx
4
1 x + x 2 + 1 x 2 4
5
Solution
Be very careful with this problem. Recall that we can only do definite integrals if the integrand
(i.e. the function we are integrating) is continuous on the interval over which we are integrating.
In this case the second term has division by zero at x = 2 and so is not continuous on [1,5] and
therefore this integral cant be done.
0
3
2
dt
2
t 3+t +
( 6t 1)
2
Step 1
Before setting up the substitution well need to break up the integral because each term requires a
different substitution. Doing this gives,
2007 Paul Dawkins
86
Calculus I
3
2
=
dt
2
t 3+t +
( 6t 1)
2
3
2 t 3 + t dt + ( 6t 1)2 dt
2
0
The substitution for the each integral is then,
u=
3 + t2
v=
6t 1
Step 2
du = 2t dt
t dt = 12 du
2 : u =
t=
7
t=
0:u =
3
Here is the actual substitution work for the second integral.
du = 6 dt
dt =
t=
2 : u =
13
1
6
du
t=
0:u =
1
0
3
2
dt
=
2
t 3+t +
( 6t 1)
2
1
2
u 2 du + 63 v 2 dv
1
13
Step 3
0
3
2
dt =
2
t 3+t +
( 6t 1)
2
1
3
13
u 2 12 v 1
3
1
3
(3 7 )
3
2
3
2
1
2
( 1 ( ) ) =
1
13
1
3
(3 7 ) +
3
2
3
2
6
13
2 ( 2 z )
1
2007 Paul Dawkins
+ sin ( z ) 3 + 2 cos ( z ) dz
3
87
Calculus I
Step 1
Before setting up the substitution well need to break up the integral because each term requires a
different substitution. Doing this gives,
2 ( 2 z )
1
+ sin ( z ) 3 + 2 cos ( z ) dz=
2 ( 2 z )
1
dz + sin ( z ) 3 + 2 cos ( z ) dz
1
The substitution for the each integral is then,
v=
3 + 2 cos ( z )
u=
2 z
Step 2
du =
dz
z=
2 : u =
4
dz =
du
z=
1: u =
1
Here is the actual substitution work for the second integral.
2 sin ( z ) dz
du =
21 du
sin ( z ) dz =
2 : u =
z=
5
z=
1: u =
1
(2 z)
1
+ sin ( z ) 3 + 2 cos ( z ) dz =
u 3 du 21
1
v
5
dv
Step 3
(2 z)
1
+ sin ( z ) 3 + 2 cos ( z ) dz =
14 u 4 81 v 4
3
255
78
=
14 (1 256 ) 81 (1 625 ) =
4 +
2007 Paul Dawkins
88
Calculus I
2007 Paul Dawkins
89

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CALCULUS I

Solutions to Practice Problems

Indefinite Integrals ................................................................................................................................... 1

2007 Paul Dawkins

2. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals.

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

Computing Indefinite Integrals

3. Evaluate 10t 3 + 12t 9 + 4t 3 dt .

2007 Paul Dawkins

Hint : Dont forget to convert the roots to fractional exponents.

Hint : Dont forget to convert the roots to fractional exponents.

3 y 6 + y10 3 4 dy= 3 y 6 + y10 43 dy=

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

2 cos ( w) sec ( w) tan ( w) dw .

2 cos ( w) sec ( w) tan ( w) dw=

16. Evaluate 12 + csc ( ) sin ( ) + csc ( ) d .

12 + csc ( ) sin ( ) + csc ( ) d =

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

17 we can just plug x = 3 into our answer from

The function is then,

2007 Paul Dawkins

23. Determine g ( z ) given that g ( z ) =3 z 3 +

Dont forget the +c!

The function is then,

2007 Paul Dawkins

Dont forget the +c!

h ( t ) . Just dont forget that c is just a constant!

The function is then,

Substitution Rule for Indefinite Integrals

2007 Paul Dawkins

To help with the substitution lets do a little rewriting of this to get,

2007 Paul Dawkins

To help with the substitution lets do a little rewriting of this to get,

2007 Paul Dawkins

sec (1 z ) tan (1 z ) dz = sec (1 z ) + c

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

To help with the substitution lets do a little rewriting of this to get,

Hint : What is the derivative of the denominator?

2007 Paul Dawkins

To help with the substitution lets do a little rewriting of this to get,

To help with the substitution lets do a little rewriting of this to get,

13. Evaluate 10sin ( 2 x ) cos ( 2 x ) cos 2 ( 2 x ) 5 dx .

2007 Paul Dawkins

Hint : What is the derivative of the denominator?

2007 Paul Dawkins

2007 Paul Dawkins

17. Evaluate each of the following integrals.

The integral is then,

Here is the integral for this part,

2007 Paul Dawkins

The integral is then,

More Substitution Rule

2007 Paul Dawkins

Doing the substitution and evaluating the integral gives,

gets multiplied times

2007 Paul Dawkins

gets multiplied times