RULER

A ruler , sometimes called a rule or line gauge, is an instrument used in geometry, technical
drawing, printing, engineering and building to measure distances or to rule straight lines. The ruler is
a straightedge which may also contain calibrated lines to measure distances.[1]
Rulers have long been made of different materials and in a wide range of sizes. Some are
wooden. Plastics have also been used since they were invented; they can be molded with length
markings instead of being scribed. Metal is used for more durable rulers for use in the workshop;
sometimes a metal edge is embedded into a wooden desk ruler to preserve the edge when used for
straight-line cutting. 12 inches or 30 cm in length is useful for a ruler to be kept on a desk to help in
drawing. Shorter rulers are convenient for keeping in a pocket. [2] Longer rulers, e.g., 18 inches
(45 cm) are necessary in some cases. Rigid wooden or plasticyardsticks, 1 yard long and meter
sticks, 1 meter long, are also used. Classically, long measuring rods were used for larger projects,
now superseded by tape measure or laser rangefinders.
Desk rulers are used for three main purposes: to measure, to aid in drawing straight lines and as a
straight guide for cutting and scoring with a blade. Practical rulers have distance markings along
their edges.
A line gauge is a type of ruler used in the printing industry. These may be made from a variety of
materials, typically metal or clear plastic. Units of measurement on a basic line gauge usually include
inches, agate, picas, and points. More detailed line gauges may contain sample widths of lines,
samples of common type in several point sizes, etc.
Measuring instruments similar in function to rulers are made portable by folding (carpenter's folding
rule) or retracting into a coil (metal tape measure) when not in use. When extended for use they are
straight, like a ruler. The illustrations on this page show a 2-meter carpenter's rule which folds down
to a length of 24 cm to easily fit in a pocket, and a 5-meter-long tape which retracts into a small
housing.

A flexible length measuring instrument which is not necessarily straight in use is the tailor's fabric
tape measure, a length of tape calibrated in inches and centimeters. It is used to measure around a
solid body, e.g., a person's waistmeasurement, as well as linear measurement, e.g., inside leg. It is
rolled up when not in use, taking up little space

TAPE MEASURE

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre
glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design
allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to
measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as
a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m (300+ ft).
Tape measures that were intended for use in tailoring or dressmaking were made from flexible cloth
or plastic.These types of tape measures were mainly used for the measuring of the human's waist
line. Today, measuring tapes made for sewing are made of fiberglass, which does not tear or stretch
as easily. Measuring tapes designed for carpentry or construction often use a stiff, curved metallic
ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended, but retracts into a coil for convenient
storage. This type of tape measure will have a floating tang or hook on the end to aid measuring.
The tang is connected to the tape with loose rivets through oval holes, and can move a distance
equal to its thickness, to provide both inside and outside measurements that are accurate. [1] A tape
measure of 25 or even 100 feet can wind into a relatively small container. The self-marking tape
measure allows the user an accurate one hand measure.

COMBINATION SQUARE

A combination square is a tool used for multiple purposes

in woodworking, stonemasonry and metalworking. It is composed of a ruled blade and one or more
interchangeable heads that may be affixed to it. The most common head is
the standard or square head which is used to lay out or check right and 45 angles.[1] Invented in
1883 by Laroy S. Starrett,[2] the combination square continues to be a commonplace tool in home
workshops, construction jobsites and metalworking.

Measuring angles A combination square can reliably measure 90 and 45 angles. The
45 angle is used commonly in creating miter joints.

Determining flatness When working with wood the first step is to designate a reference
surface on a board which is known as the face side. The rest of the workpiece is measured from
the face side

Measuring the center of a circular bar or dowel. The rule is assembled through the center of
the center square, the two cast iron legs of the center square are then placed against the
outside of the bar (dowel) allowing a center line to be scribed alongside the ruler. Perform this
action at two locations and the intersecting lines will approximate the center of the bar (dowel).

Protractor head allows angles to be set and measured between the base and ruler.
A rudimentary level for approximating level surfaces is incorporated in the protractor and also
the 45 holder.
By moving and setting the head, it can be used as a depth gauge or to transfer dimensions.

Marking the work surface; with the included Scribe Point stored in a drilled hole in the Square
Base.

It is used to find the center of the round jobs.

for measuring angles.

In woodworking, the starting raw material is neither flat nor square, however, the end product such
as a table must be flat and have corners and legs which are square.
In metalworking, it is useful for a wide variety of layout and setup tasks. When used correctly, a fairly
high degree of precision can be achieved. One use would be setting large items at the required
angle in machine vices, where the long reach of the ruler and firm, heavy base aid the process.

TRY SQUARE

A try square is a woodworking or a metalworking tool used for marking and measuring a piece
of wood. The square refers to the tool's primary use of measuring the accuracy of a right
angle (90 degrees); to try a surface is to check its straightness or correspondence to an adjoining
surface. A piece of wood that is rectangular, flat, and has all edges (faces, sides, and ends) 90
degrees is called four square. A board is often milled four square in preparation for using it in
building furniture.[1]
A traditional try square has a broad blade made of steel that is riveted to a wooden handle or "stock".
The inside of the wooden stock usually has a brass strip fixed to it to reduce wear. Some blades also
have graduations for measurement. Modern try squares may be all-metal, with stocks that are either
die-cast or extruded.[1]
"Try square" is so called because it is used to "try" the squareness.[2]

SEWING TAPE MEASURE

A tape measure or measuring tape is a flexible ruler. It consists of a ribbon of cloth, plastic, fibre
glass, or metal strip with linear-measurement markings. It is a common measuring tool. Its design
allows for a measure of great length to be easily carried in pocket or toolkit and permits one to
measure around curves or corners. Today it is ubiquitous, even appearing in miniature form as
a keychain fob, or novelty item. Surveyors use tape measures in lengths of over 100 m (300+ ft).
Tape measures that were intended for use in tailoring or dressmaking were made from flexible cloth
or plastic.These types of tape measures were mainly used for the measuring of the human's waist
line. Today, measuring tapes made for sewing are made of fiberglass, which does not tear or stretch
as easily. Measuring tapes designed for carpentry or construction often use a stiff, curved metallic
ribbon that can remain stiff and straight when extended, but retracts into a coil for convenient
storage. This type of tape measure will have a floating tang or hook on the end to aid measuring.
The tang is connected to the tape with loose rivets through oval holes, and can move a distance
equal to its thickness, to provide both inside and outside measurements that are accurate. [1] A tape
measure of 25 or even 100 feet can wind into a relatively small container. The self-marking tape
measure allows the user an accurate one hand measure.

ODOMETER

An odometer or odograph[1][2] is an instrument that indicates distance travelled by a vehicle, such as

a bicycle or automobile. The device may be electronic, mechanical, or a combination of the two. The
noun derives from the Greek wordshods ("path" or "gateway") and mtron ("measure"). In countries
where Imperial units or US customary units are used, it is sometimes called
a mileometer or milometer, the former name especially being prevalent in the United Kingdom and
members of the Commonwealth.
Possibly the first evidence for the use of an odometer can be found in the works of the ancient
Roman Pliny (NH 6. 61-62) and the ancient Greek Strabo (11.8.9). Both authors list the distances of
routes traveled by Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BC) as by his bematists Diognetus and Baeton.
However, the high accuracy of the bematists's measurements rather indicates the use of a
mechanical device. For example, the section between the cities Hecatompylos and Alexandria
Areion, which later became a part of the silk road, was given by Alexander's bematists as
529 English miles long, that is with a deviation of 0.2% from the actual distance (531 English miles).
From the nine surviving bematists' measurements in Pliny'sNaturalis Historia eight show a deviation
of less than 5% from the actual distance, three of them being within 1%. Since these minor
discrepancies can be adequately explained by slight changes in the tracks of roads during the last
2300 years, the overall accuracy of the measurements implies that the bematists already must have
used a sophisticated device for measuring distances, although there is no direct mention of such a
device.
An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC, although
the actual inventor may have been Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC c. 212 BC) during the First
Punic War. Hero of Alexandria (10 AD - 70 AD) describes a similar device in chapter 34 of
his Dioptra. The machine was also used in the time of Roman EmperorCommodus (c. 192 AD),
although after this point in time there seems to be a gap between its use in Roman times and that of
the 15th century in Western Europe.[3] Some researchers have speculated that the device might have
included technology similar to that of the Greek Antikythera mechanism.[4]
The odometer of Vitruvius was based on chariot wheels of 4 feet (1.2 m) diameter turning 400 times
in one Roman mile(about 1400 m). For each revolution a pin on the axle engaged a 400 tooth
cogwheel thus turning it one complete revolution per mile. This engaged another gear with holes
along the circumference, where pebbles (calculus) were located, that were to drop one by one into a
box. The distance traveled would thus be given simply by counting the number of pebbles. [4]Whether
this instrument was ever built at the time is disputed. according to the description, but failed. of da

WEIGHING SCALE

Weighing scales (or weigh scales or scales) are devices to measure weight or
calculate mass. Spring balances orspring scales measure weight (force) by balancing the force
due to gravity against the force on a spring, whereas a balance or pair of scales using a balance
beam compares masses by balancing the weight due to the mass of an object against the weight of
a known mass or masses. Either type can be calibrated to read in units of force such as newtons, or
in units of mass such as kilograms, but the balance or pair of scales using a traditional balance
beam to compare masses will read correctly for mass even if moved to a place with a different (nonzero) gravitational field strength (but would then not read correctly if calibrated in units of force),
while the spring balance would read correctly in force in a different gravitational field strength (but
would not read correctly if calibrated in units of mass).
Although records dating to the 1700s refer to spring scales for measuring weight, the earliest design
for such a device dates to 1770 and credits Richard Salter, an early scale-maker.[1] Spring scales
came into wide usage in the United Kingdom after 1840 when R. W. Winfield developed
the candlestick scale for weighing letters and packages, required after the introduction of
the Uniform Penny Post.[2] Postal workers could work more quickly with spring scales than balance
scales because they could be read instantaneously and did not have to be carefully balanced with
each measurement.
By the 1940s various electronic devices were being attached to these designs to make readings
more accurate.[1][3] Load cells, small nodes that convert pressure (or force) to a digital signal, have
their beginnings as early as the late nineteenth century, but it was not until the late twentieth century
that they became accurate enough for widespread usage.[4]

COMPASS

A compass is an instrument used for navigation and orientation that shows direction relative to the
geographic "cardinal directions", or "points". Usually, a diagram called a compass rose, shows the
directions north, south, east, and west on the compass face as abbreviated initials. When the
compass is used, the rose can be aligned with the corresponding geographic directions, so, for
example, the "N" mark on the rose really points to the north. Frequently, in addition to the rose or
sometimes instead of it, angle markings in degrees are shown on the compass. North corresponds
to zero degrees, and the angles increase clockwise, so east is 90 degrees, south is 180, and west is
270. These numbers allow the compass to showazimuths or bearings, which are commonly stated in
this notation.
The magnetic compass was first invented as a device for divination as early as the Chinese Han
Dynasty (since about 206 BC),[1][2] and later adopted for navigation by the Song Dynasty Chinese
during the 11th century.[3][4][5] The first usage of a compass recorded in Western
Europe and Persia occurred around the early 13th century.[6]
The magnetic compass is the most familiar compass type. It functions as a pointer to "magnetic
north", the local magnetic meridian, because the magnetized needle at its heart aligns itself with the
horizontal component of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetic field exerts a torque on the needle,
pulling one end or pole of the needle approximately toward the Earth's North magnetic pole, and
pulling the other toward the South magnetic pole.[7] The needle is mounted on a low-friction pivot
point, in better compasses a jewel bearing, so it can turn easily. When the compass is held level, the
needle turns until, after a few seconds to allow oscillations to die out, it settles into its equilibrium
orientation.
In navigation, directions on maps are usually expressed with reference to geographical or true north,
the direction toward theGeographical North Pole, the rotation axis of the Earth. Depending on where
the compass is located on the surface of the Earth the angle between true north and magnetic north,
called magnetic declination can vary widely with geographic location. The local magnetic declination
is given on most maps, to allow the map to be oriented with a compass parallel to true north.

BAROMETER

A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.

Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Numerous measurements of air
pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, high pressure
systems and frontal boundaries.
Barometers and pressure altimeters (the most basic and common type of altimeter) are essentially
the same instrument, but used for different purposes. An altimeter is intended to be transported from
place to place matching the atmospheric pressure to the corresponding altitude, while a barometer is
kept stationary and measures subtle pressure changes caused by weather. The main exception to
this is ships at sea, which can use a barometer because their elevation does not change. Due to the
presence of weather systems, aircraft altimeters may need to be adjusted as they fly between
regions of varying normalized atmospheric pressure.

THERMOMETER

A Thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient.

A thermometer has two important elements: (1) a temperature sensor (e.g. the bulb of a mercury-inglass thermometer) in which some physical change occurs with temperature, and (2) some means of
converting this physical change into a numerical value (e.g. the visible scale that is marked on a
mercury-in-glass thermometer). Thermometers are widely used in industry to control and regulate
processes, in the study of weather, in medicine, and in scientific research.
There are various principles by which different thermometers operate. They include the thermal
expansion of solids or liquids with temperature, and the change in pressure of a gas on heating or
cooling. Radiation-type thermometers measure the infrared energy emitted by an object, allowing
measurement of temperature without contact. Most metals are good conductors of heat and they are
solids at room temperature. Mercury is the only one in liquid state at room temperature, and has high
coefficient of expansion. Hence, the slightest change in temperature is notable when it's used in a
thermometer. This is the reason behind mercury being used in thermometer.[citation needed]
Some of the principles of the thermometer were known to Greek philosophers of two thousand years
ago. The modern thermometer gradually evolved from the thermoscope with the addition of a scale
in the early 17th century and standardisation through the 17th and 18th centuries. [1][2][3]