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ABSTRACT
This paper classifies sucker-rod joint failures,
Sucker-rod joint failures have always been a
analyzes the stresses involved in the standard
source of grief to the oil producer; and will conAPI joint, attempts to explain the cause of the
tinue to be until someone devises a better joint,
breaks that occur, and suggests possible remedies
far less vulnerable to fatigue than the present API
for the situation. Anew undercut joint is explained,
standard. However, an understanding of the nature
which is now under field test. This new undercut
of the failure, and the stresses and contributing
pin i s of such design that it can be made from
factors involved, can aid materially in reducing
present sucker-rod pin forgings. An entirely new
joint i s also proposed, and the reasoning for its
the incidence of such failures even with our prespresumed superiority is given.
ent standard joint.
I
I
Classes of Failures
of
215
--
KEY
Calculations
Let:
LP = tensile
Lp = L C+ k
Tv'hen 'CI/
OMPRESSION
IN
COUPLING.
OlNT O F COUPLING
AXlWUW
FAILURE.
TENSION I N COUPLING
Let: Li =
Ae =
Aeo=
Ap =
Fig. 2
- API
Sucker-rod Joint
(1)
Stress
= --
tJ
Load
Area x
E'
A. A. HARDY
216
Snbtrac ting:
Ae-Ae
L
APE
=-J--O
LI
APE
Ace
Ace
Let S
Subtracting:
Ac -
L
LC
& = 2 -ACE ACE
S1
under Lp.
initial pin s t r e s s in pounds per square
inch under LI.
Then:
A c (Lp-Ll)
A p (LI-LC)
A c (Lp-LI)
Lp we obtain:
A p (Ll-Lp
+ W)
(4)
S=S1+Ac+ A p
(6)
2 17
tations require, in good joint design, that the coupling must have a greater metal cross-sectional
area than the pin and that the pin must have a
greater metal cross-sectional area than the rod.
What happens when these relationships differ i s
interesting, but beside the point.
Following this reasoning, let us investigate the
pin s t r e s s e s in fhe two styles of joints suggested
for use on 2-in. rods operated in %in. tubing. The
first consists of the standard 12,-in. pin with a
Is/,-in. reduced diameter coupling. The other cons i s t s of a 11/,,-in. diameter pin with the same
(1%-in.) diameter coupling, the API standard for
3/,-in. rods. The respective coupling and pin metal
areas are a s follows:
Fig.
346
I26
P i n Area, In.
0.87260
0.67790
Fig.
A. A. HARDY
218
S = 40,000 +
20,000
0.93287
+ 0.87260
51,077 psi.
S = 40,000 +
20,000
1.15727
+ 0.67790
= 50,898 psi.
Pin Failures
P r a c t i c a l l y all pin failures are caused by fatigue
and invariably occur a t the l a s t full thread, a s
shown by the .arrow in F i g . 2. A picture of a broken
pin i s shown in Fig. 7. T h e break i s a l w a y s a t
right a n g l e s t o t h e a x i s of t h e pin and i s smooth
and s t a i n e d in a half moon where the break started,
and rough and ragged 1 8 0 d e g from the s t a r t where
t h e final rupture occurred. T h e significant f a c t
about fatigue breaks i s t h a t they a r e caused by a
high range of s t r e s s variation over thousa'nds or
even hundreds of t h o u s a n d s of s t r e s s c y c l e s and
not by high s t r e s s alone. No piece of s t e e l h a s
ever been broken by a s i n g l e high s t r e s s even beyond i t s e l a s t i c limit s o long a s the s t r e s s h a s not
exceeded i t s ultimate strength.
Therefore, t h e s e failures, being c a u s e d by fatigue,
must be the r e s u l t of a high range of s t r e s s variation. A s shown by the s t r e s s a n a l y s i s given prev i o u s l y , t h i s high range of s t r e s s can only occur
when the f a c e s s e p a r a t e under load. T h e f a c e s
c a n only s e p a r a t e when the t e n s i o n in t h e pin
c a u s e d by tightening is l e s s t h a n t h e tension
induced due t o the working load; or, in terms
i
,
'
wherein.
T
F
SUCKER-ROD JOINT F A I L U R E S
x-
be in
and 1-in. pins. T h i s i s a c t u a l l y borne out
in experience. We never hear of broken %-in. pins.
Occasionally, we have a few '4-in. broken pins.
Most of our pin breaks occur in %-in. rods, with a
few 1-in. However, t h e number of 1-in. rods in
operation i s far l e s s than t h e number of %-in. and
would explain t h i s discrepancy.
I t i s our firm belief that w e should throw a w a y
a l l of our impact wrenches and u s e one of t h e commercially available torque wrenches, air-powered
sucker-rod wrenches s e t for the proper torque; or
give the men 2- or 3-ft cheaters, depending upon
t h e rod s i z e , and s c h o o l them in tightening in t h e
proper manner. T h e impact-wrench method, a t best,
i s highly uncontrollable and highly unpredictable.
T h e suggested loading of 40,000 p s i i s t h e minimum that should b e used. T h e danger, insofar as
failure i s concerned, i s far l e s s in applying too
much torque than in applying too little. D. R.
Miller7 of t h e National Bureau of Standards h a s
pointed out t h a t even if t h e e l a s t i c limit of the pin
i s exceeded in tightening, no particular harm i s
done. Actually, e x c e e d i n g i t appreciably may b e
beneficial. One recognized means of improving t h e
fatigue life of s t e e l i s to s t r e t c h it beyond i t s
e l a s t i c limit. T h i s f a c t h a s been pointed out by
Alnien8 with reference to c u t t h r e a d s on s t u d s and
bolts, who a l s o s u b s c r i b e s to torquing threaded
connections beyond t h e yield point where the application i s of the same nature a s the sucker-rod joint.
Of course, it i s conceivable and highly p o s s i b l e
that a joint may loosen in s e r v i c e even though properly tightened. T h i s possibility can only be overcome in the present joint by increasing t h e friction
which r e s i s t s l o o s e n i n g s u c h a s by removing a l l
g r e a s e on the contact f a c e s of t h e pin shoulder and
coupling, being careful to l e a v e i t on t h e threads of
both pin and coupling. T h e writer r e a l i z e s that t h i s
i s a large order in a c t u a l practice.
219
L a r g e r c l e a r a n c e s would c a u s e high s t r e s s e s on
o n e s i d e of the pin and might even exceed t h e
e l a s t i c limit of t h e metal a t some point; but particularly in view of t h e article by Almen referred
to previously, t h i s may not be objectionable. It i s
t h e c y c l i c s t r e s s and not t h e high s t r e s s t h a t
c a u s e s failure. It i s , however, the writer's opinion
t h a t e x c e s s i v e f a c e misalignment i s conducive to
joints becoming l o o s e in s e r v i c e resulting in pin
failures.
Coupling Failures
Coupling failures s e e m t o be peculiar to certain
districts, some d i s t r i c t s experiencing none while
others s e e m to be plagued with them. In a l l probability they a r e a s s o c i a t e d with crooked-hole country. All couplings fail in fatigue and a t t h e point
which coincides with the first thread on t h e pin, a s
indicated in F i g . 2. T h e s t a r t of t h i s failure, while
in the region of the end of t h e wrench flat, seldom,
if ever, c o i n c i d e s with the wrench flat. T h e writer
h a s never s e e n a broken coupling whose break
could be definitely attributed t o t h e wrench flat.
Another fact which s e e m s t o p r e s e n t itself on
limited observation i s t h a t the couplings usually
appear to break opposite t h e first thread of t h e
bottom pin and not t h e top pin. T h e only apparent
significance here might b e that t h e fluid which
s e e p s into t h e joint, being corrosive and lying on
top of the end of the bottom pin, might h a s t e n
corrosion fatigue a t t h i s point. Confirmation of t h i s
thought should be sought.
T h e s t a r t of the fatigue break sometinles l i e s on
t h e outside s u r f a c e of t h e coupling, but usually i s
in evidence a t the root of the threads on t h e inside.
If on t h e outside, t h e break c a n b e invariably traced
t o a crack in t h e hardened c a s e c a u s e d by a hammer
blow. E v e n a moderate blow c a n crack the c a s e of
a hardened and ground coupling, and s u c h c r a c k s
a r e ideal points for fatigue breaks t o start. T h i s i s
illustrated in F i g . 8. If t h i s condition i s s u s p e c t e d ,
i t can b e e a s i l y proved by etching the broken coupling in a 50-percent solution of hydrochloric acid
a t 160 F. for 30 min. T h i s procedure will bring out
the hammerblow marks with surprising clarity.
A s mentioned previously, however, most of t h e
breaks s t a r t from t h e i n s i d e a s shown in Fig. 9.
T h i s type of break cannot be c a u s e d by bending or
hammering, either cf which would have their maximum effect on t h e outside surface. It then must be
t h e result of fatigue s t a r t i n g a t the point of maximum s t r e s s , together with the sharp V notch effect
of t h e threads a t t h i s point. Considered in t h i s
light, then, t h e s e breaks should s t a r t where they
do, on the i n s i d e and a t t h e end of t h e pin. Correcting t h i s condition p r e s e n t s a r e a l ~ r o b l e m ,for there
Fig.
i s no m e a n s of limiting t h e range of s t r e s s a t t h i s
point in t h e coupling a s there i s in t h e pin. T h r e e
p o s s i b l e methods d o present themselves, however,
viz.: 1, increase the metal area a t t h i s point, t h u s reducing the magnitude of the s t r e s s ; 2, assuming
corrosion to be a contributing factor, u s e some
type of corrosion inhibitor inside the coupling,
t h u s materially increasing the fatigue endurance
life a s shown by Fig. 3; and 3, treating the thread
Fig.
9 -Coupling
221
Fig. 10-%-in
Undercut Sucker-rod P i n
- -
Fig.
11 -Proposed
1. Proper and controlled tightening of the suckerrod joint is of paramount importance in the prevention of broken pins. Some type of controlled torque
wrenching should be used.
2. Tightening too little i s far more dangerous
than tightening too much.
3. New s t r i n g s of rods should always be bucked
up twice when they are run for the first time.
4. The s t r e s s in the pin in a properly tightened
joint of a given outside diameter i s independent of
pin size. Therefore, if coupling breakage or wear
i s a factor, smaller pins for a given s i z e coupling
outside diameter should give better service.
5. Hammering a hardened and ground coupling
willcrack the case and i s extremely likely to cause
--
HARDY
coupling breakage.
6. If coupling breakage i s not caused by hammering, the break then s t a r t s from t h e inside a s a fatigue break. Rounded roots of coupling threads,
heavier wall couplings, and some means of controll i n g internal coupling corrosion a r e most likely
procedures for eliminating coupling breakage from
t h i s cause.
7. T h e undercut pin design i s very attractive
and g i v e s promise, if properly designed, of elimina t i n g joint failures both in the pin and in the coupling. T h e neck length should ideally be a t l e a s t
two diameters. T h e longer the neck, t h e l e s s i s t h e
c h a n c e of loosening.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
T h e writer w i s h e s to gratefully acknowledge t h e
p i d a n c e and s u g g e s t i o n s made by Arthur Lubinski,
of Stanolind Oil and G a s Co., in the rigorous mathematical a n a l y s i s of the s t r e s s e s in the sucker-rod
joint described herein. We further wish t o thank
H. M. Cooley, Bethlehem S t e e l Co., for h i s sugg e s t i o n s and thought-provoking arguments on t h i s
s u b j e c t while the paper w a s in t h e formative s t a g e s .
REFERENCES
'prevention of Fatlgue of Metals, Appendix 7, 131,
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio.
2Summary of Present-day Knowledge of Fatigue Phenomena in hletals, P r o c . A m . S o c . T e s t . d l a t . , Part l , V.30,
260 (1930).
223
Table 1 (Stuntz)
Present Well D a t a
Product~onData:
Rbl per Day
A
Well Formation
'011
Wilcox
35
Simpson
20
Wilcox
22
Pump
Cycle,
Water Diameter,In.
In.
'
360
*(590)
400
'(300)
594
*(500)
2.00
21 x 52
2.00
26 x 52
2.00
26 x 58
Sucker-rod Data:
Feet
Well '1-in.
%-in.
1270
1499
....... 1424
.......
1566
*Water production
w a s made.
Rlaximum
Pr Load, Lb
Maximum
Stress
Top of
%-in.~ o dP, s i
17,112
15,872
16,500
20,500
26,400
27,400
Table 2 (Stuntz)
Preceding Sectional Replacement:
Well
A
B
C
AISl
Date
Installed
Type
July 1940
5132
1st Joint
Failure
Pin
Failures
Coupling
Failures
June 1942
Nov. 1947
14
3
17
6
1036
Sept.1944 4620
Jan. 1948
HARDY
ing. However, if t h e comparisons are referred back
t o installation of previous s e c t i o n replacements,
t h e r e s u l t s to d a t e are not s o encouraging. Of
course, it must be realized that conditions have
changed and t h e w e l l s are somewhat heavier now
than when t h e previous replacement w a s installed.
Additional trial will be n e c e s s a r y for conclusive
evaluation of t h i s undercut pin.
H. M. Cooley(Bethlehem SteelCo.,Tulsa)(written):
In general, t h e author's a n a l y s i s of s t r e s s e s in
sucker-rod p i n s and couplings i s logical and well
presented. H i s forniula (5) correctly s h o w s that the
t o t a l load in t h e pin i s e q u a l t o t h e initial tighteni n g load p l u s that portion of t h e working load exp r e s s e d a s the ratio of t h e pin a r e a t o t h e total
a r e a of pin and coupling, and formula (6) s h o w s that
the total s t r e s s in t h e pin i s the initial s t r e s s p l u s
t h e working load divided by the total a r e a of pin
and coupling.
In applying h i s forniulas to the two actual c a s e s
under consideration, viz., the l%,-in. pin with 1%in. OL) coupling, called the "maxiflow joint" and
t h e 1'4,-in. pin with 1%-in. OD coupling c a l l e d the
' 6
slim-pin joint," he a s s u m e s that t h e initial pin
s t r e s s due to tightening alone should in both c a s e s
be 40,000 p s i ; and inasmuch a s the effect on the
p i n s resulting from t h e workingload i s approximately t h e s a m e in each c a s e , he concludes that t h e
total s t r e s s in a "properly" tightened joint i s "independent of pin size." T h i s i s a n incorrect a s suniption, and consequently t h e conclusion i s a l s o
incorrect, a s will be shown.
In the first place, it i s not the s t r e s s in pounds
per square inch but t h e total load in pounds which
determines t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s of the tightening
operation. T h a t initial load must be of sufficient
magnitude to r e s i s t the effect of the working load,
which t e n d s to s e p a r a t e the pin and coupling shoulder faces.
A more r e a l i s t i c approach to determining the
66
proper" tightening of the p i n s in t h e s e two c a s e s
(or in a n y other c a s e , for that matter) would be:
Assume a maximum working load for %-in. s u c k e r
rods, s a y , 20,000 lb. Now determine what tightening load in the joint is required to prevent s e p a r a tion of the f a c e s at,. s a y , twice t h e working load,
or 40,000 lb. T h e author's forniula (5) c a n be extended t o show t h a t t h e total load in t h e coupling
i s e q u a l t o the initial tightening load minus the
portion of t h e working load represented by the ratio
of the coupling a r e a t o t h e total area, or:
Li =
=
and pin s t r e s s
F o r the 1'4,-in.
20,600
= -=
0.873
+ 0.873
~$0,000
20,500 l b
23,700 psi.
P r o p e r tightening load
and pin s t r e s s
0.933
0.933
25,200
L, =
= -=
0.678
1.157
1.157
+ 0.678
37,200 psi.
34,000 p s i ;
$8,100 psi.
SUCKER-ROD J O I N T F A I L U R E S
Incidentally, Mr. Hardy's s u g g e s t i o n s on field makeup s e e m to be e x c e l l e n t a n d should b e tried out on
a large s c a l e , particularly in t h o s e s e v e r a l a r e a s
where joint failures are troublesome.
Mr. Hardy (written): Mr. Cooley h a s mentioned
t h a t 40,000 p s i a s a n initial tightening s t r e s s i s a n
incorrect assumption. A s w e mentioned in our reply
t o Mr. OYNeal, t h i s s t r e s s is arbitrary. However,
Mr. Cooley's assumption that t h e joint load s h o u l d
be twice t h e maximum working load on t h e r o d s i s
just a s arbitrary and, consequently, just as s u b j e c t
t o being incorrect. I n s t e a d of substituting twice
t h e working load, o r 40,000 Ib, in Mr. Cooley's
formula for t h e proper tightening load we could j u s t
as s a f e l y s u b s t i t u t e 1.01 t i m e s t h e working load,
or 20,200 lb, if we know t h e maximum working load
would be 20,000 l b and we were certain that w e
were generating t h e calculated joint l o a d by accur a t e tightening. Likewise, w e would a l s o be s a f e
if we u s e d a figure of s i x t i m e s t h e working load in
t h e formula if w e were certain t h a t we were not
s t r e s s i n g t h e metal in t h e pin beyond i t s yield
point when t h e maximum working load w a s applied.
Both of t h e s e examples a r e impractical. T h e prac-
225