UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL AND BIOENGINEERING

TECHNOLOGY
MINI PROJECT
PROCESS HEAT TRANSFER
(CLB 21003)
SEPT 2015

SECTION: L01-P2
GROUP MEMBER:

NAME

ID. NUMBER

MUHAMAD HILMI HAZIM BIN KAMALUDIN

55213114332

MOHD HANIF BIN YUSOF

55213114289

SHAHROL HAMDAN BIN HALIM

55213114244

LECTURER: AHMAD AZAHARI HAMZAH

TABLE OF CONTENT

No.

Content

No. of pages

1.0

Summary

2.0

Introduction

2-5

3.0

Tube Bank Analysis

6-10

4.0

Shell and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient Analysis

11-14

5.0

Product Quality Assurance

15-16

6.0

Cost Estimation

17-18

7.0

Appendix

19-23

8.0

Reference

24

SUMMARY
Heat exchanger is a heat transfer equipment that used to transfer heat energy from one body
or fluid stream to another. The equipment are widely used in industrial area and goes under
many names, such as boilers, pasteurizers, jacketed pans, freezers, and air heaters. The
principle of heat exchanger are based on conduction and convection where heat naturally
flows from higher temperature to lower temperatures. Heat exchanger work in three different
lines which is parallel flow, cross flow and counter current flow. Counter current flow is the
lines that applied in designing this heat exchanger. In designing heat exchanger, there are
several things that need to be considered which are you need to know what type of heat
exchanger that you want to build. Then, assuming the efficiency of product so that the
temperature of liquid out from heat exchanger can be calculated and know which types of
calculation that you want to use whether using LMTD method or using NTU method, but in
this design process NTU method used. By obtaining NTU value, area and length of tube can
be obtained. Choosing a right element to build your heat exchanger is necessarily important.
The material that used as shell is stainless steel while for the tube is pure copper. Choosing
these element is based on their characteristic and reaction towards liquid used. While for
costing, the purchase cost is RM 11048.95.

INTRODUCTION
Heat exchanger is heat transfer equipment used to transfer heat energy from one body or fluid
stream to another. The equipment goes under many names, such as boilers, pasteurizers,
jacketed pans, freezers, air heaters. (Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger, 2015)
There are three heat transfer operations
1. Convective heat transfer from fluid to the inner wall of the tube,
2. Conductive heat transfer through the tube wall,
3. Convective heat transfer from the outer tube wall to the outside fluid.
Principle of heat exchanger
Heat exchangers work because heat naturally flows from higher temperature to lower
temperatures. Therefore if a hot fluid and a cold fluid are separated by a heat conducting
surface heat can be transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid. So the heat exchanger can
be used to cool the substance or heating the substance. But the larger the area the greater the
cost of the exchanger. Therefore there is a trade-off between the amount of heat transferred
and the exchanger cost. (Heat Exchanger, 2014)
There are 2 types of flow arrangement that are commonly used inside heat exchanger which
are: Parallel flow- this type of flow arrangement is not suggested because the cold water in
is equilibrium with hot water in when exit from heat exchanger.
Counter flow- more efficient than parallel flow heat exchangers because they create a
more uniform temperature difference between the fluids, over the entire length of the
fluid path. Counter flow heat exchangers can allow the "cold" fluid to exit with a
higher temperature than the exiting "hot" fluid. (Rajiv Mukherjee, 2011)
Tube arrangement inside shell:-

square pattern- simplifies cleaning and has a lower shell side pressure drop

triangular pattern- provides a more robust tube sheet construction

Application of heat exchanger
in aircraft- the heat exchanger were used to take heat from the engine's oil system to
heat cold fuel. This improves fuel efficiency, as well as reduces the possibility of
water entrapped in the fuel freezing in components.
In waste water treatment- heat exchangers used in maintaining optimal temperatures
within anaerobic digesters to promote the growth of microbes that remove pollutants.
Oil refining distillation tower where the distillate product of oil in vapor phase need
to be convert to liquid phase
Steam plant- the vapour product need to be change into liquid
Element inside heat exchanger

Baffles- to hold tube in position, prevent the effect of vibration when then process
undergoing and also help to increase the fluid velocity
Tube- as a medium for substance that need to be cold or heat. Have large amount
inside the shell
Shell- to contain the tube inside the shell also function as transporting cooling element
or heating element.
Heads (channels) - required for shell and tube heat exchanger to contain the tube side
fluid and to provide the desired flow path.
Tie rods and spacers- hold the baffle assembly together and maintain the selected
baffle spacing.

Calculation method of equipment

2 method of calculating for design heat exchanger:
A. Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)- LMTD method is very suitable for
determining the size of a heat exchanger to realize prescribed outlet temperatures
when the mass flow rates and the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot and cold
fluids are specified. (Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger, 2015)
i.
select type of heat exchanger
ii.
determine- inlet, outlet, temperature, heat transfer rate using energy balance
iii.
calculate Tlm and F
iv. obtain U
v. calculate As
B. NTU method- this method is based on a dimensionless parameter called heat transfer
effectiveness
i.

find actual heat transfer

ii.

max temperature difference that can occur

iii.

max possible heat transfer

iv.

find effectiveness

The rate of heat flow at any point (kW/m2 of transfer surface) depends on Temperature
difference between hot and cold streams, Heat transfer coefficient (U), itself a function of the
properties of the fluids involved, fluid velocity, materials of construction, geometry and
cleanliness of the exchanger
Total heat transferred (Q) depends on Heat transfer surface area (A), Heat transfer coefficient,
Average temperature difference between the streams, strictly the log mean (DTLM)
Thus total heat transferred Q = UADTLM (Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Construction
Details , 2014)
CALCULATION
Calculation of Cmin
Ch=mhcph

Cc=mccpc
Calculation of capacity ratio
C = Cmin/Cmax
Calculation of Qmax
Qmax = Cmin (Thi - Tci)
Qactual = Qmax
Calculation to determine temperature out
Q = m Cp T
T = Q / m Cp
Thi-Tho = Tho
T = Q / m Cp
Tco - Tci = Tco
Part 1: Shell
V= Q/A
Calculate Reynolds number:
Re= VD / Dynamic viscosity
Calculate Nusselt number for convection in cylinder:
Nu=hD = 0.3 + 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3 [1+(Re/282000)5/8]4/5
k [1+(0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4
h = Nuk /D
Maximum velocity at shell:
Calculate Reynolds number:
Re= VD / Dynamic viscosity
Calculate Nusselt number for convection in cylinder:
Nu=hD= 0.3 + 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3 [1+(Re/282000)5/8]4/5
k
[1+(0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4
h = Nuk
D
Overall Heat Transfer:
1 = 1 + Rf1 + 1 + Rf2
U
h1
h2
Obtain NTU value from chart
NTU = UA
Cmin
A= NTUCmin
U

TUBE BANK ANALYSIS

Length of tube

4m

Internal diameter of tube

0.014m

Outer diameter of tube

0.018m

Material construction for tube

Copper pure

Length between tube

4.54 cm

Type of arrangement of tube

square pitch

Thermal conductivity

390 W/mK

Thickness of the tube

0.004 m

Amount of tube inside the shell

1093 unit

For the tube bank the length of tube is 4m. The internal diameter of tube is 0.014m
meanwhile the outer diameter of tube is 0.018m. The thickness of the tube is 0.004m. The
thickness of the tube will affect the conduction of heat and also the overall of heat transfer.
The thermal conductivity also effect the overall heat transfer of the system. The higher the
thermal conductivity the higher the heat transfer between systems. The arrangement can be
describe as below:-

diagram 1: the type of arrangement for tube: square type contain 1093 unit tube

Copper alloys (pure) was chosen as a construction material because it is

The substance used for heating are oil. The oil will prevent the copper from corrosion.
The only material that has similar corrosion resistance to copper is stainless steel.
However, the thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 1/30th that of copper.
The thermal conductivity for pure copper is almost highest among other metal
The price for pure copper is cheap and easy to find widely in market
Copper and copper-nickel alloys have a high natural resistance to biofouling relative
to alternative materials.
Copper is strong antimicrobial properties, copper can inhibit bacterial, fungal and
viral growths that commonly build up in air conditioning systems. Hence, the surfaces
of copper-based heat exchangers are cleaner for longer periods of time than heat
exchangers made from other metals.

diagram 2: the length of tube and the diameter of tube

Tube diameter: a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and
compact. The heat exchanger to foul up faster and the small size makes mechanical
cleaning of the fouling difficult.

Tube thickness: The thickness of the wall of the tubes is usually determined to ensure:
There is enough space for corrosion. Hoop strength (to withstand internal tube pressure)
must be consider. Buckling strength (to withstand overpressure in the shell)

Tube length: heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell
diameter and a long tube length.

Tube corrugation: this type of tubes, mainly used for the inner tubes, increases the
turbulence of the fluids and the effect is very important in the heat transfer giving a better
performance.

CALCULATION INVOLVING TUBE BANK

Find the properties of oil at average temperature:
Tf = (150 + 56.26) = 103.13C
2
3

Density,kg/m
k, W/mk
Dynamic viscosity,
kg/ms
Pr

100C
840
0.1367
0.01718

103.13C
839.37
0.1365
0.01679

120C
828.9
0.1347
0.01029

279.1

273.29

176.3

103.13 - 100 = x - 840

120 100
828.9 - 840
X = 839.37kg/m3
103.13 - 100 = x 0.1367
120 100
0.1347 0.1367
X = 0.1365W/mk
103.13 - 100 =
x 0.01718
120 100
0.01029 0.01718
X =0.01679kg/ms
103.13 - 100 = x 279.1
120 100
176.3 279.1
X = 273.29
Maximum velocity at shell:
Find velocity:
Q = VA

Q = m/ = 35kg/s = 0.0417m3/s
839.37m3/kg
A= r2 = (0.009 m)2 = 2.545 x 10-4 m2
V= Q/A =

0.0417m3/s = 163.85 m/s

2.545 x 10-4 m2

Calculate Reynolds number:

Re= VD / Dynamic viscosity
= (839.37m3/kg)( 163.85 m/s)(0.018m)
0.01679kg/ms
= 1.474 x 105 (turbulent flow)
Calculate Nusselt number for convection in cylinder:
Nu=hD = 0.3 + 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3 [1+(Re/282000)5/8]4/5
k
[1+(0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4
Nu= 0.3 + 0.62(1.474 x 105)1/2 273.291/3 [1+(1.474 x 105 /282000)5/8]4/5
[1+(0.4/273.29)2/3]1/4
= 2317.35
h = Nuk = (2317.35)( 0.1365W/mk) = 17573.24 W/m2K
D
0.018m

SHELL AND OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Diameter of the shell

2m

length of the shell

4m

Material of construction

Stainless steel

Thermal conduction

24 (W/mK)

The material of construction for shell is stainless steel. This type of metal is chosen because it
has low thermal conductivity which is very need for shell because it is the outer surface of
heat exchanger. If the thermal conductivity of shell is high the rate of heat conducted is high
which can make the heat exchanger is hazardous to worked and also it create problem during
process if the heat exchanger not working.

diagram3: the shell design

diagram4: baffle inside shell

Baffle design:

Used in shell and tube heat exchangers to direct fluid across the tube bundle.

Perpendicularly to the shell and hold the bundle, preventing the tubes from sagging
over a long length.

Can also prevent the tubes from vibrating.

Baffles spaced too closely causes a greater pressure drop because of flow redirection.
Consequently, having the baffles spaced too far apart means that there may be cooler
spots in the corners between baffles

Tube sheet:

Tubesheets are plates or forgings drilled to provide holes through which tubes are
inserted. Tubes are appropriately secured to the tubesheet so that the fluid on the shell
side is prevented from mixing with the fluid on the tube side.

Tie rods and spacers

Hold the baffle assembly together

Maintain the selected baffle spacing.

CALCULATION INVOLVING SHELL AND OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER

COEFFICIENT
Find the properties of water at average temperature:
Tf = (25C + 108.33C) = 66.67C
2
3

Density,kg/m
k, W/mk
Dynamic viscosity,
kg/ms
Pr

65C
980.4
0.659
0.43310-3

66.67C
979.43
0.660
0.423x10-3

70C
977.5
0.663
0.40410-3

2.75

2.68

2.55

69.52 - 65 = x - 980.4
70 - 65
977.5 - 980.4
X = 979.43 kg/m3
977.64 - 980.4 = x - 0.659
977.5 - 980.4 0.663 - 0.659
X = 0.660 W/mk
0.663-0.659 =
x -0.43310-3
0.663-0.659
0.40410-3-0.43310-3
X =0.42310-3kg/ms
4.0410-4 - 0.43310-3 = x - 2.75
0.40410-3 - 0.43310-3 2.55 - 2.75
X = 2.68
Find velocity:
Q = VA
Q = m/ = 23kg/s = 0.0235m3/s
979.43m3/kg
A= r2 = (1 m)2 = 3.142 m2
V= Q/A = 0.0235m3/s
3.142m2

= 7.479 x 10-3 m/s

Calculate Reynolds number:

Re= VD / Dynamic viscosity
= (979.43m3/kg)( 7.479 x 10-3 m/s)(1m)
0.423x10-3kg/ms
= 1.732104 (turbulent flow)
Calculate Nusselt number for convection in cylinder:
Nu=hD = 0.3 + 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3 [1+(Re/282000)5/8]4/5
k
[1+(0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4
Nu= 0.3 + 0.62(1.732104)1/2 2.681/3 [1+(1.732104/282000)5/8]4/5
[1+(0.4/2.68)2/3]1/4
= 402.786
h = Nuk = (402.786)(0.660W/mk) = 265.839 W/m2K
D
1m

Overall Heat Transfer:

1 = 1 + Rf1 + 1 + Rf2
U
h1
h2
1 =
1
+ 0.0001 +
1
+ 0.00015
U
265.839
17573.24
U = 245.785 W/m2.k
Obtain NTU value from chart at effectiveness, 80% and C= 0.889
NTU = UA = 2.75
Cmin
A= NTUCmin = 2.7585435 J/K.s
U
950.08 m2K/W
= 247.29 m2
So the length
L= A
D

= 247.29 m2 = 4373.04 m
(0.018)

Length of tube = 4373.04 m / 4m

= 1093 tubes

PRODUCT QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality assurance is the most important thing in a production of design of a product. It
is a way to make sure that a product function in its optimum condition with a longer lifespan.
Quality assurance used as a benchmark for a production of a perfect product.
Heat exchangers can suffer a range of potential problems which can significantly
affect plant performance. Almost all heat exchangers are used to transfer heat from steam,
water or even gas to other gases and fluids. Fouling is the most common problem within all
types of heat exchangers and can be very hard to combat with almost all fluids causing some
type of fouling in heat exchangers. Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid
surfaces to the detriment of function. The fouling materials can consist of living organisms,
bio fouling or a non-living substance, inorganic or organic.
The effect of fouling inside the tube is the tube side pressure drop across the
exchanger increases due to fouling. It also changes the roughness of the fluid-tube interface.
This will cause the flow of fluid or component inside the tube not flow constantly. The
unsteady flow of the substances will cause the uncontrollable rate of heating or cooling which
means uncontrollable temperature of product produce. The other effects of fouling are the
crossectional areas of tube decrease. This will cause only a little amount of liquid can flow in
a time in other words mean it can cause the rate of flow rate reduces. The last is the fouling
potentially blocking tubes and stop the flow of substances. All of this characteristic of present
of fouling can be used as a way to detect the present of it. If any of this characteristic occurs,
then it is time for period maintenance of heat exchanger.
There is no possible ways to stop fouling from occur inside the tube in heat
exchanger. But, there are a few ways to make sure that the heat exchangers are in its optimum
condition to give a good and reliable heat transferring. A heat exchanger tube that stuck with
unwanted fouling will not give it best in transferring heat. The product temperature not even
can be control. The first method that can apply is doing the cleaning of the needed part in heat
exchanger in a suitable period. The tube sprayed with the high pressure pump of water
through the inlet hole until the foulding material shoot out outwards. This heat exchanger
tube also can be clean using the cleaning and foulding removal chemical into its tube.
Without the foulding material inside the tube, the heat exchanger can be functions well.
An important design aspect of heat exchanger technology is the selection of
appropriate materials to conduct and transfer heat fast and efficiently. In this heat exchanger,
the copper alloy was used as the main component of metal of the tube. Copper alloy has
many desirable properties for thermally efficient and durable heat exchangers. First and
foremost, copper alloy is an excellent conductor of heat. This means that copper's high
thermal conductivity allows heat to pass through it quickly. Other desirable properties of
copper alloy in heat exchangers include its corrosion resistance that make it has a longer
period of time before needs to be maintain and inspected for any leakage. Its bio fouling
resistance characteristic also are one of the specialities of this metal being used. The copper

alloy has a great maximum allowable stress and internal pressure per area of its surface due
to its rupture strength. Its also fulfilling a lot of characteristics that needed as the tube. It
does have fatigue strength, suitable hardness, a suitable thermal expansion, right specific
heat, antimicrobial properties, tensile strength, yield strength, high melting point, alloy
ability, ease of fabrication, and ease of joining which will make the piping and design in
making a heat exchanger become easier.
For a better product, it should be consider ensuring this heat exchanger run into a few
test and inspection before being used in the real industries. The first step is to ensuring that
welding procedure and welders are qualified before commencement of fabrication. The first
test is Hydro test. The tube and shell were tested for leaks. The tubes filled with coloured
liquid so it can be detected if there were any leakage or hole. Last, the materials undergo
Radiography test.(RT). This is the test used to determine hidden flaws by using short
wavelength electromagnetic radiation which is high energy photon. It penetrates various
materials. This is important in examine the inside condition of tubes. This test is to make sure
that the materials designs are flawless and has a smooth finished.

COST ESTIMATION
TYPE: TEMA (AEW), Floating Head
HEAT TRANSFER SURFACE AREA (A): 31.42m2
Operating Pressure, bar : 9bar(130.5342psi)/ 5.5bar(79.7709psi)
Purchase Cost is calculated by using
C P=F P F M F L C B
Where, CP = Purchase Cost
FP = Pressure Factor
FM = Material Factor
FL = Tube-Length Correction Factor
CB = Base Cost For Floating Head
To calculate for FP (shell),
FP=O .9803+ 0.018

FP=O .9803+ 0.018

P
P
+0.0017
100
100

( )
(

( )

130.5342
130.5342
+0.0017
100
100

FPshell= 1.0074
For FP (tube),
FP=O .9803+ 0.018

FP=O .9803+ 0.018

P
P
+0.0017
100
100

( )
(

( )

79.7709
79.7709
+0.0017
100
100

FPtube= 0.9957

To calculate for FM,

A b
31.42
F M =1.75+
100
100

( )

F M =a+

0.13

FM = 2.61
FL for 4 meter tube length is 0.0001.

The CB value is,

C B=exp {11.05450.9228 [ ln ( A ) ] +0.09861 [ ln ( A) ] }

C B=exp {11.05450.9228 [ ln ( 31.42 ) ]+ 0.09861 [ ln ( 31.42) ] }

CB = 4914838.15
Therefore, the purchase cost will be
C P=F P F M F L C B
C P=( 1.0074 +0.9957 ) (2.61)(0.0001)(4914838.15)
CP = $ 2569.52 (RM1 = 0.43USD)
The estimated cost is RM 11048.95

APPENDIX
CALCULATION FOR SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Oil
Mass flow rate: 35kg/s
Temperature, Thi: 150C (423K)
Pressure: 5.5 bars
Cpoil: 2441 J/kg.K
Water
Mass flow rate: 23kg/s
Temperature, Thi: 25C (298K)
Pressure: 9 bars
Cpwater: 4180 J/kg.K
Assume
Thickness: Outer diameter of tube - 0.018m
: Inner diameter of tube - 0.014m
: Outer diameter of shell 2m
Length of tube: 4m
Effectiveness: 75%
Calculation of Cmin
Ch=mhcph
=35 kg/s x 2441 kj/kg.k
=85435 j/s.k @ w/k
Cc=mccpc
=23 kg/s.k x 4179 j/kg.k
=96117 j/s.k @ w/k
Calculation of capacity ratio
C = Cmin/Cmax
= 85435 w/k / 96117 w/k
= 0.8889
Calculation of Qmax
Qmax = Cmin (Thi - Tci)
= 85435 w/k (423 k 298 k)
= 10.679 x 106 w
Qactual = Qmax
= 0.75 x 10.679 x 106 w
= 8.009 x 106 w

Calculation to determine temperature out

Q = m Cp T
T = Q / m Cp
= 8.009 x 106 w / 85435 w/k
= 93.74 k
Thi-Tho = 93.74 k
Tho = 423 k 93.74 k
= 329.26 k @ 56.26C
T = Q / m Cp
= 8.009 x 106 w / 96117 w/k
= 83.33 k
Tco - Tci = 83.33 k
Tco = 83.33 k + 298 k
= 381.33 k @ 108.33C

PART 1: TUBE BANK ANALYSIS

Find the properties of oil at average temperature:
Tf = (150 + 56.26) = 103.13C
2
3

Density,kg/m
k, W/mk
Dynamic viscosity,
kg/ms
Pr

100C
840
0.1367
0.01718

103.13C
839.37
0.1365
0.01679

120C
828.9
0.1347
0.01029

279.1

273.29

176.3

103.13 - 100 = x - 840

120 100
828.9 - 840
X = 839.37kg/m3
103.13 - 100 = x 0.1367
120 100
0.1347 0.1367
X = 0.1365W/mk
103.13 - 100 =
x 0.01718
120 100
0.01029 0.01718

X =0.01679kg/ms
103.13 - 100 = x 279.1
120 100
176.3 279.1
X = 273.29
Maximum velocity at shell:
Find velocity:
Q = VA
Q = m/ = 35kg/s = 0.0417m3/s
839.37m3/kg
A= r2 = (0.009 m)2 = 2.545 x 10-4 m2
V= Q/A =

0.0417m3/s = 163.85 m/s

2.545 x 10-4 m2

Calculate Reynolds number:

Re= VD / Dynamic viscosity
= (839.37m3/kg)( 163.85 m/s)(0.018m)
0.01679kg/ms
= 1.474 x 105 (turbulent flow)
Calculate Nusselt number for convection in cylinder:
Nu=hD = 0.3 + 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3 [1+(Re/282000)5/8]4/5
k
[1+(0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4
Nu= 0.3 + 0.62(1.474 x 105)1/2 273.291/3 [1+(1.474 x 105 /282000)5/8]4/5
[1+(0.4/273.29)2/3]1/4
= 2317.35
h = Nuk = (2317.35)( 0.1365W/mk) = 17573.24 W/m2K
D
0.018m

PART 2: SHELL AND OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT

Find the properties of water at average temperature:
Tf = (25C + 108.33C) = 66.67C
2
3

Density,kg/m
k, W/mk
Dynamic viscosity,
kg/ms
Pr

65C
980.4
0.659
0.43310-3

66.67C
979.43
0.660
0.423x10-3

70C
977.5
0.663
0.40410-3

2.75

2.68

2.55

69.52 - 65 = x - 980.4
70 - 65
977.5 - 980.4
X = 979.43 kg/m3
977.64 - 980.4 = x - 0.659
977.5 - 980.4 0.663 - 0.659
X = 0.660 W/mk
0.663-0.659 =
x -0.43310-3
0.663-0.659
0.40410-3-0.43310-3
X =0.42310-3kg/ms
4.0410-4 - 0.43310-3 = x - 2.75
0.40410-3 - 0.43310-3 2.55 - 2.75
X = 2.68
Find velocity:
Q = VA
Q = m/ = 23kg/s = 0.0235m3/s
979.43m3/kg
A= r2 = (1 m)2 = 3.142 m2
V= Q/A = 0.0235m3/s
3.142m2

= 7.479 x 10-3 m/s

Calculate Reynolds number:

Re= VD / Dynamic viscosity
= (979.43m3/kg)( 7.479 x 10-3 m/s)(1m)
0.423x10-3kg/ms
= 1.732104 (turbulent flow)
Calculate Nusselt number for convection in cylinder:
Nu=hD = 0.3 + 0.62Re1/2 Pr1/3 [1+(Re/282000)5/8]4/5
k
[1+(0.4/Pr)2/3]1/4
Nu= 0.3 + 0.62(1.732104)1/2 2.681/3 [1+(1.732104/282000)5/8]4/5
[1+(0.4/2.68)2/3]1/4
= 402.786
h = Nuk = (402.786)(0.660W/mk) = 265.839 W/m2K
D
1m

Overall Heat Transfer:

1 = 1 + Rf1 + 1 + Rf2
U
h1
h2
1 =
1
+ 0.0001 +
1
+ 0.00015
U
265.839
17573.24
U = 245.785 W/m2.k
Obtain NTU value from chart at effectiveness, 80% and C= 0.889
NTU = UA = 2.75
Cmin
A= NTUCmin = 2.7585435 J/K.s
U
950.08 m2K/W
2
= 247.29 m
So the length
L= A
D

= 247.29 m2 = 4373.04 m
(0.018)

Length of tube = 4373.04 m / 4m

= 1093 tubes

REFERENCES
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