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2.2
2.3
Identify and understand clearly the techniques of basic function of the windows
graphical user interface.
Employ the functions of the AutoCAD system to draw the object.
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2.0
INTRODUCTION
2.0.1
Design using the computer or computer aided drawing. This mean a part or overall works
draw including engineering drawing and architecture carried out with computer aided.
2.0.2
i.
Accuracy
Painting project could be drawn and plotting to high accuracy namely till 13 decimal
point of unit used.
ii.
iii.
Speed
Ability to copy, arrange item and edit work enable painting produced with quicker
and save time.
iv.
Uniformity
Uniformity can be maintained at painting to particularly a project which involves
many drawings.
2.1
2.1.1
a)
Graphic Window / drawing area - The large center area of the screen where
the drawing is created.
b)
Menu Bar (Pull Down Menu) - The first customizable item displayed on the
AutoCAD display. The menus are used to enter commands using either the
mouse or the keyboard.
c)
63
menu bar
docked
toolbars
floating toolbars
crosshairs
command line
status bar
graphic window
Figure 2.1(a) AutoCAD basic screen.
d)
Docked Toolbars - toolbars can be docked on any of the four sides of the
screen. Each docked toolbar has a double bar located on the left edge
known as a grab bar.
e)
0)
0)
Command Line The screen location that reflects input and command
options.
a)
Crosshair To enter coordinates using the mouse, use the crosshairs. The crosshairs
consist of a vertical and horizontal line.
65
2.
Menu Bar
This contains the pull- dow n menus for the program. Each word represents a
file folder and a series of commands.
66
Toolbars
Located below the menu bar, show a series of icons, representating AutoCAD
commands or operations. For example see the Figure 3.1(e) and Figure 3.1(f).
3.
67
68
2.1.2
Pull down menus and toolbars have the great advantage that instead of typing a complete
command, you can simply point nd click to select an item, without looking away from the
screen. The pull down menus are always available and contain most commands that you use
regularly. Menu selections and toolbar selections often duplicate each other.
Pull down menus work in AutoCAD as they do in any Windows application. To use a menu,
move the crosshairs up into the menu bar so that the selection arow appers. Then move the
69
arrow to the menu heading you want. Select it with the pick button (the left button on your
mouse). A menu apears. Run down the list of the items the one you want. Press the pick
button again to select the item.
b)
Pick one the icon of the command from the displayed graphic icons. You can preset
AutoCAD to display or disable the tooltips, i.e small flags of information detailing the
commands of the icons.
70
c)
Prompt- type in the command that you want to execute, and press the Enter key or
button. Many of the most often used command, such as LINE ERASE and CIRCLE have
aliases. There one or two letter abbreviations are very handly. A few of the most commonly
used aliases are shown in Figure 3.1(i).
71
72
S
Stretch
Z
Zoom
Figure 2.1(j) : Command Alias Chart
73
2.1.3
Toolbars
Toolbars are another standard Window feature. They comprise buttons with icons that give
one-click access to commands. Once opened, toolbars can float anywhere on the screen or
they can be docked along the edges of the drawing area. Toolbar can be a nuisance, because
they cover portions of your drawing, but they can be opened and closed quickly. Beyond the
Standard, Object Properties, Draw and Modify toolbars, which are typically open by default,
you probably want to open a toolbar only if you are doing a whole set of procedures
involving that toolbar. In dimensioning an object, for example, you might wish to have the
Dimension toolbars at once, and remember that you can move toolbars or use the scroll bars
to move your drawing right, left, and down behind the toolbars. Following is toolbar standard
Window feature;
a)
Standard Toolbars
b)
Object Properties
c)
Dimension
d)
Draw
e)
External Data base
f)
Inquiry
g)
Insert
h)
Modify
i)
Modify II
j)
Object Snap
k)
Reference
l)
Render
m)
Solids
n)
Surface
o)
UCS
p)
Viewpoint
q)
Zoom
2.1.4
Format
AutoCAD programs have many powerful features that have no correlation in manual
drawing. Before start a new drawing, format or setting work must be do it first. Layering is a
good example. Layers exist in the same space and the same drawing, but can be set up and
controlled individually, allowing for greater control, precision, and flexibility. The format
are;
a) Layer
b) Color
c) Linetype
d) Text Style
e) Dimension Style
f) Point Style
g) Multiline Style
h) Units
i) Thickness
j) Drawing Limits
2.1.5
Function Keys
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F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
Ctrl+9
Ctrl+0
Ctrl+R
2.2
2.2.1
Unit used to help in provide coordinate, distance and angle. Each object drawn will be
measured in unit. You should determine unit value in AutoCAD before drawing has started.
For example one (1) unit in a drawing may be in conjunction with one (1) measure millimetre
for real object. Types of Units, Angles and Precision can be set in Drawing Unit's dialogue
boxes
75
5.
5.
2.2.2
To determine angle direction, choose Direction. Default was 0 degrees (East) and
its measure counter clockwise
Click OK to exit from dialogue boxes .
Setting Grid/Drawing Limits
You should determine space of drawing area in AutoCAD before drawing work has started.
77
2.2.3
Each entity is attached to a layer. Layers are identified by giving each one a unique
name. An entity can only be attached to one layer at a time. Which layer an object is
attached to is up to the user and depends on the current layering scheme
.
Figure 2.2(c) : Layers
Toolbar :
Pull down menu ; Format > Layer
Command line : Layer
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8. Click Apply and OK to exit from Layer Properties Manager dialog box.
2.2.4
Draw
1)
Line
Line are created by specifying the endpoint of each line segment. After executing
the Line command the command prompt will ask you to specify first point. After the
input of the first point the command prompt will ask you to specify next point. Upon
the input of the second point a line will be created between the two selected points.
After the completion of the first line the command will stay active, continuing to
prompt you to specify next point until you choose to end sequence by either
pressing the Enter key, the right mouse button to select a command from the pop-up
menu, or the Esc key to cancel.
Toolbar:
Example 2:
Redraw the following figure ABCDE (Figure 3.2(f)). Start from point A ( 100,100).
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LINE
Specify first
point:100,100
Specify next point:
@100<0
LINE: SNP:@119.85<35
SNP:@90<90
LINE FROM
: 100,100
SNP:@80<180
TO POINT
: @100<0
SNP:C
TO POINT : @119.85<35
TO POINT: @90<90
TO POINT: @80<180
TO POINT : C
Figure 2.2(f)
2)
Multiline
Multiline is a line are made up two or over parallel at one certain distance. First parameter
multiline was parallel line justification between reference line (J / Zero), above reference line
(J / Bottom) and under reference line (J / Top). Second parameter is scale, where it is distance
between parallel line. Third parameter is individual line parameter which states first point
and second point.
.
Pull down menu : Draw > Multiline
Command line : MULTILINE
Specify start point
or
[Justification/Scale/Style] : J (Justification)
Enter justification type [Top/Zero/Bottom] <top> : Z (Zero)
Specify start point or [Justification/Scale/Style] : S (Scale)
Enter mline scale <15.00> : Taip jarak antara garisan
81
Polyline
Polyline is a line has the certain value thickness. Major parameter polyline is a thickness
between first and second point and further by directive line.
Toolbar:
Figure 2.2(g) : Draw toolbar
Pull down
>Polyline
menu
Draw
82
Example 1:
Draw an arrow using the polyline as below
ENDING WIDTH
STARTING WIDTH
ENDING WIDTH
STARTING WIDTH
4.
Polygon
83
The Polygon command produces a multisided regular polygon in the drawing. This
command uses a series of prompts that you will be required to answer. Polygons are
based on a centerpoint and radius or edge. They will then be constructed either
inscribed within the circle or circumscribed about the outside of the circle.
Toolbar
Pull down menu: Draw > Polygon
Command line: POLYGON
POLYGON NUMBER OF SIDE <4>:
SPECIFY CENTER OF POLYGON OR [ EDGE ] :
ENTER OPTION [INSCRIBED IN CIRCLE/ CIRCUMSCRIBED ABOUT
CIRCLE] < I >:
SPECIFY RADIUS OF CIRCLE:
5.
Rectangle
CHAMFER/ELEVATION/FI
LLET/THICKNESS/WIDTH
/<FIRST CORNER>: X1, Y1
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OTHER CORNER
FIRST CORNER
6.
Arc
Although there are 11 ways to create an arc, most of the methods are based on
prompting the user for start points, endpoints and center points in various orders. The
simplest and quickest way to create an arc is with the 3 Point method. By selecting
three points on the screen you will be creating an arc that passes through all three
selected point with the two points farthest apart as the start point and the endpoint. Arc
ialah arahan melukis sebahagian bulatan atau lengkok
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Draw > Arc > 3 Points etc.
a.)
b)
3 Point
Start, Center, End
85
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
7.
Circle
There
are
five
different ways
to
create a circle. The
two basic methods
require an input for
the Center Point of
the circle and a second input for either a Radius or Diameter value. By default a
rubber band line will appear after the selection of the center point. You can establish
the value of the second input by dragging the rubber band line out to the desired
length or by typing in a numeric value.
Toolbar:
A.
Method CR
Command: CIRCLE
DIAMETER/<RADIUS>:D
Method 2P
Command: CIRCLE
2P
SECOND POINT:
Method 3P
Command: CIRCLE
3P
SECOND POINT:
THIRD POINT:
Method TTR
Command: CIRCLE
86
TTR
ENTER TANGENT SPEC: P1
ENTER SECOND TANGENT SPEC: P2
RADIUS: type radius o circle
Method TTT
Command: CIRCLE
TAN TO : P2
TAN TO :P3
8.
Ellipse
Toolbar:
Pull down menu :
Draw > Ellipse
Command:
ELLIPSE
ARC/CENTER<AXIS ENDPOINT>: C
CENTER OF ELLIPSE:
AXIS ENDPOINT:
<OTHER AXIS DISTANCE>/ROTATION:
87
AXIS ENDPOINT
CENTER
9.
Point
A Point is a location in
space. Points have no
physical
characteristics
such as length, width, or
height. When you select
the POINT command, the X, Y and Z coordinates are recorded for the position. Since
points have no physical characteristics, they can be displayed as a variety of graphic
outputs. By defult the point will show up as a dot on the screen. Figure 2.14
shows available point styles.
Toobar
88
Hatch
Hatch are instructions stripes. Important thing should be taken into consideration was Patern,
Boundary, stripes direction and stripes distance.
Tool bar:
Command : HATCH
Boundry hatch dialog
box
Select a Pattern Hatch Pattern Pallete Diaog box
PICK POINTS/SELECT OBJECTS :
SCALE
ANGLE
PREVIEW
APPLY
89
11.
Text
Text can be write in numbers or letters. It consists of Single Line Text and Multi Line
Text
i)
Multiline Text
Multiline text is writing that can loading many word in a few line, that had been setted from
one corner to other corner display in square shape.
Command: TEXT
MULTILINE TEXT
SPECIFY FIRST CORNER:
SPECIFY OPPOSITE CORNER OR
90
(HEIGHT/JUSTIFY/ROTATION/STYLE/WIDTH)
2.2.5
Modify
1.
Erase/Undo/Redo/Viewres
The Erase command is used to delete entities from the drawing file. Like all modify
commands, after the selection of the command you will be prompted to Select objects,
After the selection of entities completed and Enter is hit the selected entities are
erased from the drawing file. An alternative method to the Erase command is to
select an entities when a command is not in progress and hit the Delete key on the
keyboard, thus removing the entity from the drawing file.
Toolbar;
Pull down menu: Modify > Erase
Command: ERASE
SELECT OBJECT : select part which want to erase.
2.
The Undo command reverse the action of the last command executed. This is
considered a basic modifying command even though it is not found in the
modify menu.You will find this command in the Edit menu or in the Standard
toolbar typically located under the pull down menus. The Undo command may
act like an Erase command but it is much more. When you use Undo
command all the steps used during the execution of the command are also
reversed.
Toolbar: Undo
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If you want to draw back, click Redo command in the Standard toolbar.
Toolbar: Redo
3.
Copy
The Copy command is similar to the Move command. This command also prompts
you to Select objects. After the selection of objects is completed you will prompted for
a base point to be used as a control point and a second point or a displacement
value used as the new location for all the selected entities. The difference between
the two commands is that the original selected entities will remain in their
original location and a second copy of the selected entities will go to the new location
specified. Once a second point is specified you will be able to place multiple copies of
the selection set in as many locations as needed by simply left-clicking in a new location..
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Copy
Command: MODIFY
COPY
SELECT OBJECTS:
<BASE POINT OF DISPLACEMENT >/MULTIPLE:
END OF SECOND POINT OF DISPLACEMENT:
4.
Mirror
There are two main differences between the command procedure Mirror and
Rotate. First, to mirror an object you have to define a mirror line ; second, you
have an opportunity to indicate whether you want to retain the original object or
delete it.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > mirror
Command: MODIFY
MIRROR
SELECT OBJECT:
.FIRST POINT OF MIRROR:
END POINT OF SECOND POINT:
DELET OLD OBJECT<N>:
92
5.
Offset
Offset creates parallel copies of lines, circles, arcs, or polylines. With offset operation to
draw some lines through points that would be very difficult to locate without Offset.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Offset
Command: MODIFY
OFFSET
OFFSET DISTANCE OR THROUGH <1.000>
SELECT OBJECT TO OFFSET
SIDE TO OFFSET
93
Line Offset
6.
Circle offset
Figure 2.2(t) : Type of offset
Array
The Array command gives you a powerful alternative to simple copying. An array is
the repetition of an image in matrix form. This command takes an object or group
of object and copies it a specific number of time in mathematically defined,
evenly, spaced locations.
There are two type of arrays. Rectangular arrays are linear and defined by rows and
column. Polar arrays are angular and based on the repetition of object around the
circumference of an arc or circle.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Array
A.
Rectangular Array
94
Fi
gure
2.2(u) :
Array
dialog
box -
Rectangular array
Command: MODIFY
ARRAY
SELECT OBJECT
RECTANGULAR OR POLAR (<R>/P): R
NUMBER OF ROW:
NUMBER OF COLUMN:
UNIT CELL OR DISTANCE BETWEEN ROW:
DISTANCE BETWEEN COLUMN.
B. Polar Array
Figure
2.2(u) :
Array
dialog
box
Polar
array
95
Command: MODIFY
ARRAY
SELECT OBJECT:
RECTANGULAR OR POLAR (<R>/P): P
BASE/<SPECIFY CENTER POINT OF ARRAY>
NUMBER OF ITEM:
ANGLE TO FILL (+CCW, -CW)<360>:
ROTATE OBJECT AS THEY ARE COPIED<Y>:
7.
Move
The Move command allows you to select entities and physically move the entities
from one location to another. This command will prompt you to select objects. After the
selection of objects is completed you will be prompted for a base point that will be
used as a control point and a second point or displacement values used as the new
location for all the selected entities.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Move
Command: MODIFY
MOVE
SELECT OBJECT
BASE POINT DISPLACEMENT:
END OF SECOND POINT DISPLACEMENT:
8.
Rotate
The Rotate command will spin or rotate the selected entities around a specified
base point. After your selection of the entities is complete, you will be prompted for a
base point , which is the control point the entities rotate around. After selecting a
base point you can then specify a rotation value in degree or use a Reference option to
reference two point on the screen, which move the line to a specific rotated position.
Remember that 0 point to the east on the polar coordinate system, and also the
default location for the Rotate command. The second option is Copy. This option
will leave the original selection set of objects in place and create a copy of the
objects at the specified rotation and base point.
Toolbars
Command: MODIFY
ROTATE
SELECT OBJECT:
BASE POINT:
<ROTATION ANGLE>/REFERANCE:
96
9.
Scale
The Scale command allows you to increase or decrease the size of the selected
objected proportionally in all three directions. This scale operation will be in
reference to a user defined base point. Like all the previous commands, you
need to select object to work with, and then you will be prompted for a base point.
This is the point the object will grow to, or grow away from. After the definition of
the base point you will enter a scale factor, or you can also move the mouse to
dynamically view the scaled size.
Toolbar:
Command : MODIFY
SCALE
SELECT OBJECT:
BASE POINT:
<SCALE FACTOR>/REFERANCE:
97
10.
Trim
Trim mode allows you to determine whether you want to remove square Corners
or line as it creates fillets and chamfers.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Trim
Command: MODIFY
TRIM
SELECT CUTTING EDGES:
<SELECT OBJECT TO TRIM>/PROJECT/EDGE/UNDO:
11.
Extend
If you compare the procedures of the Extend command and the Trim command,
you noticed a remarkable similarity. Just substitute the word boundary for cutting
edge and the word extend for trim, and you got it. These two commands are
conceptually related and are so efficient that it is sometimes good practice to
draw a temporary cutting edge or boundary on your screen and erase it after trimming or
extending.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu: Modify > Extend
Command: MODIFY
EXTEND
SELECT BOUNDARY EDGES: SELECT OBJECT:
<SELECT OBJECT TO EXTEND>/PROJECT/EDGE/UNDO:
12.
Break
98
The Break command allows you to break an object on the screen into two entities, or to cut a
segment out of the middle or off the end. The command sequence is similar for all options.
Break works on lines, circles, arcs, and polylines.
Toolbar:
Command : MODIFY
BREAK
BREAK SELECT OBJECT:
ENTER SECOND POINT<OR FOR FIRST POINT>
13.
Chamfer
The Chamfer command sequence is almost identical to the Fillet command, with
the exception that chamfers can be uneven. That is, you can cut back farther on
one side of a corner than on the other.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu Modify > Chamfer
Command: MODIFY
CHAMFER
POLYLINE/DISTANCE/ANGLE/TRIM/METHOD
<SELECT FIRST LINE>:D
ENTER FIRST DISTANCE:
ENTER SECOND DISTANCE:
COMMAND:
POLYLINE/DISTANCE/ANGLE/TRIM/METHOD
<SELECT FIRST LINE>:
SELECT SECOND LINE:
99
14.
Fillet
Fillets can also be created between circles and arcs, but the most common usage
is the type of situation demonstrated here.
Toolbar:
Pull down menu : Modify > Fillet
Command: MODIFY
FILLET
POLYLINE/RADIUS/TRIM<SELECT OBJECT>:R
ENTER FILLET RADIUS:
FILLET
POLYLINE/RADIUS/TRIM<SELECT>:
SELECT SECOND OBJECT:
100
2.2.6
Dimension
Dimension is a command to draw the measure in object. Many methods are available can be
use to draw dimension object.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
Linear
Align
Radius or Diameter
Leader
Angular
etc: ordinate, tolerance and oblique
Linear Dimension
EXTENSION LINE
ARROW HEAD
CENTER
FORMAT : FIT
TEXT JUSTIFICATION
ANNOTATION : UNIT
TOLERANCE
TEXT HEIGHT/STYLE
DIMENSION
LINEAR
FIRST EXTENSION LINE : ORIGIN OR PRESS ENTER TO SELECT:
SECOND EXTENSION LINE : ORIGIN
Figure 2.2(ii) :
Liner dimension
2.
Aligned
Dimension
This
Dimension
does not parallel to
X-axis and Y
Toolbar :
Command: DIMENSION
ALIGN
FIRST EXTENSION LINE: ORIGIN OR PRESS ENTER TO SELECT:
SECOND EXTENSION LINE: ORIGIN
Figure 2.2(iii) : Aligned dimension
3.
Dimensioning
radius
diamenter circle or arc
or
a.
Diameter circle or arc
Toolbar:
Command : DIMENSION
RADIUS/DIAMETER
SELECT ARC OR CIRCLE
DIMENSION LINE LOCATION:
Figure 2.2(iv) : Diameter
dimension
102
b.
Radius
Toolbar:
Figure 2.2(v) : Radius dimension
4.
Angular Dimension
Dimensioning of angle
Toolbar:
Command: DIMENSION
ANGULAR
SELECT, CIRCLE, LINE: OR PRESS ENTER:
SECOND LINE :
DIMENSION ARC LOCATION (MTEST,TEXT,ANGLE):
Figure 2.2(vi) : Angular
dimension
5.
Leader
2.2.7
Block/Wblock/Insert
Block is a command to copy a part/all of object from one file to one same file. While Wblock
is a directive copy from one file to one other file.
1.
BLOCK
PDM: Draw > Block > Make
Command: BLOCK
Fill Name's column, pick Select objects, Pick Points. Choose Block unit and click OK.
103
Figure 2.2(viii) :
Block definition
dialog box
2.
WBLOCK
Command:
WBLOCK
Click
Select
object,
Pick
point. Fill the
file name and
path, click insert
units dan click
OK.
Figure
2.2(x) :
Write Block
dialog box
3.
INSERT
Pull down
menu
:
Insert >
Block
Command:
INSERT
Fill the file
Name,
Scale,
Rotation,
Block unit
and click
OK
104
2.2.8
Properties
Osnap Settings
Osnap setting is a function to get point coordinate in figure with marking Cursor to place in
fact, not from value.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Keyboard Command:
End Point
END
Mid Point
MID
Center
CEN
Node
NODE
Quadrant
QUAD
Perpendicular PERP
Tangent
TANG
Nearest
NEAR
105
Example:
LINE:
2.2.10 Zoom
Zoom is a command to change size of image without changing measure.
106
1.
2.
3.
WINDOW
FIRST CORNER
OTHER CORNER
4.
SCALE
5.
In/out If Zoom Scale In .5x then Zoom In becomes decrease to become .25x, while
Zoom Out becomes Zoom Scale's gain. If Zoom Scale .5x then Zoom Out becomes
1x.
6.
2.3
2.3.1
Print/Plot
Print is a command to
print the drawing using
printer or plotter.
Pull down menu : File
> Plot
Figure 2.3(a) : Pull down
menu file>plot
107
In Plot dialogue boxes, you must setting before printing has been made.
1. Printer/plotter- choose name of printer
2. Paper size-choose size of paper; A4,A3,A1 etc
3. Plot area- pick area/window/title block of drawing. Pick from the
left corner ( first corner) and drag the cursor untill opposite corner
(second corner).
4. Plot offset/ check at center the plot
5. Plot scale-Uncheck fit the paper and choose custom.
6. Drawing orientation-Pick pada portrait atau landscape
7. Preview
8. ESC and click Ok
108
109
1.
No
Mukasurat
Edisi
No.Semakan
Tarikh Efektif
Tarikh Pindaan
1 DRP 1
1
31/12/2008
110
6
7
8
111
2.
No
Mukasurat
Edisi
No.Semakan
Tarikh Efektif
Tarikh Pindaan
1 DRP 3
1
31/12/2008
Instructions :
a
b
c
d
e
Redraw the objects below (Figure 2 & 3) and dimension should be displayed.
Drawing limits : LLC (0,0) and URC (370,250).
Layers and colour lines : RED (object), GREEN (dimension), CYAN (center) and
GREY (projection).
Make block and save each object before insert into the title block (open file:
TBLOCK).
All submitted drawings should be in A3 size (420mm x 297mm).
112
No
Mukasurat
Edisi
No.Semakan
Tarikh Efektif
Tarikh Pindaan
2 DRP 3
1
31/12/2008
113
Figure 2
Figure 2
No
Mukasurat
3 DRP 3
Edisi
Tarikh Efektif
31/12/2008
Tarikh Pindaan
114
115
116
Figure 3