ENGINEERING MECHANICS

UNIT I BASICS AND STATICS OF PARTICLES

TWO MARKS
1. Define principle of transmissibility of forces
If a force acts at any point on a rigid body it may also be considered to act at
any other
point on its line of action
2. State the lamis theorem.
It states that if three coplanar forces acting at a point be in equilibrium then
each force is
proportional to the sine of the angle between the other two.
Mathematically P/Sin = Q/Sin = R/Sin
3. Expl in p r llelo
r m l w of force
It st tes th t if two forces ctin
simult neously t point e represented in
m
nitude
nd direction y the two dj cent sides of p r llelo
r m then the result nt of
these
forces is represented in m
nitude nd direction y the di
on l of th t p r lle
lo
r m
ori
in tin
from th t point
M them tic lly R =( P2+Q2+ (2PQCos))
4. Expl in tri n
ul r l w of forces
It st tes th t if two forces ctin
t point re represented y the two sides
of tri n
le
t ken in order then their result nt force is represented y the third side t ken
in opposite
order.
5. Expl in poly
on l w of forces
It st tes th t if numer of copl n r forces re represented in m
nitude nd d
irection y
the sides of poly
on t ken in
order then their result nt force is represente
d y the
closin
side of the poly
on t ken in the opposite order.
6. Wh t re the cl ssific tions of vector?
i). Free vector ii).slidin
vector iii).ound or fixed vector iv).unit vector v)
.ne
tive
vector vi).zero vector or null vector
7. Define free vector
A free vector m y e moved nywhere in sp ce provided it m int ins the s me dire
ction
nd m
nitude

8. Define slidin
vector

A slidin
vector is the vector which m y e pplied t ny point lon
its line
of ction
9. Define ound or fixed vector
A ound or fixed vector is the vector which rem in t the s me point of pplic t
ion
10. Define unit vector
A unit vector is the vector of one unit in len
th
11. Define ne
tive vector
A ne
tive vector of ny vector is the vector which h s the s me m
nitude nd
inclin tion ut is of the opposite sense.
12. Define zero vector or null vector
A zero vector or null vector is ot ined when vector is sutr cted from itself
.
13. Wh t is
force?
Force is n
ent which ch n
es or tends to ch n
e the st te of rest or of unifo
rm motion
of
ody upon which it cts. A force represents the ction of one ody on noth
er. Force
is vector u ntity.
14. Wh t re the ch r cteristics of
force
A force is ch r cterized y i). M
nitude ii).line of ction iii).direction
15. Wh t re the cl ssific tion of force system
A system of force is cl ssified into i).copl n r forces ii).Non copl n r forces
or sp ti l
forces
16. Wh t is
copl n r force?
Copl n r force systems h ve ll the forces ctin
in one pl ne. They m y e coll
ine r,
concurrent, p r llel, non-concurrent or non-p r llel.
17. Wh t is
concurrent force?
A concurrent copl n r force system is system of two or more forces whose lines
of
ction ll intersect t common point

18. Wh t is
non copl n r force?
In non copl n r force system the forces do not ct in one pl ne
19. Wh t is
colline r force?
The force which cts on
common line of ction re c lled colline r forces. If
they ct in
s me direction they re c lled like colline r nd if they ct in opposite direct
ion they re
c lled unlike colline r
20. Wh t is
p r llel force?
In p r llel system line of ction of forces re p r llel to e ch other. P r llel
forces ctin

in s me direction re c lled like p r llel forces nd the p r llel forces ctin

in opposite
direction re c lled unlike p r llel forces
21. A force of 500N forms n
les 60o, 45o nd 120o respectively with x, y nd z
xes.
Write the force in vector form.
F = 500N, x = 60o , y= 45o, z = 120o

F= FCos xi + FCos yj + FCos zk

= (500Cos60)i+(500cos45)j+(500cos120)k
= 250i+353.55j-250k

22. A force F=700i +1500j is pplied to

olt A. Determine the m
nitude of the
force
nd the n
le it forms with the horizont l
M
nitude F = (Fx 2 +Fy 2)
= (7002 + 15002) = 1655.29N
An
le of he force with horizont l
x = cos-1 (Fx/F)
x = cos-1 (700/1655.29)
= 64.98o

23.A force F= 6i-3j-2k cts t

force out
the point of ori
in
Coordin tes of P (2, 3, 4).

Position vector r = 2i+3j+4k

point P (2, 3, 4). Determine the moment of this


Moment Mo = r XF
i
j
k
2
3
4
6
-3
-2
=
= i(-6+12)-j(-4-24)+k(-6-18) = 6i+28j-24k
23. A force of m
nitude 750N is directed lon
AB where A is (0.8, 0, 1.2) m
d B is
(1.4, 1.2, 0) m. writes the vector form of the force.
A = (0.8, 0, 1.2) m, X1= 0.8m, Y1= 0, Z1=1.2m
B = (1.4, 1.2, 0) m X2=1.4m, Y2= 1.2m Z2= 0
FAB =750N
AB = (X2-X1)i +(Y2-Y1)j+(Z2-Z1)k
=(1.4-0.8)i+(1.2-0)j+(0-1.2)k
= 0.6i+1.2j-1.2k
AB = AB / II
=
0.6i+1.2j-1.2k / (0.62+1.22+(-1.22)) = 0.6i+1.2j-1.2k / (1.8)

FAB = FAB x AB = 750 x (0.6i+1.2j-1.2k / (1.8))

= 250i+500j-500k

24. The ine of action of a 100N force F Passes throu
h the points A(2,5,8)m and
B(7,2,6)m. the direction of the force is from A to B. Express F in terms of the
unit
vectors i,j and k
A = (2,5,8) m, X1= 2m, Y1= 5m, Z1=8m
B = (7,2,6) m X2=7m, Y2= 2m Z2= 6m
FAB =100N
AB = (X2-X1)i +(Y2-Y1)j+(Z2-Z1)k
=(7-2)i+(2-5)j+(6-8)k
= 5i-3j-2k
AB = AB / II
=
5i-3j-2k / (52+(-32)+(-22))
= 5i-3j-2k / (6.16)

FAB = FAB x AB = 100 x (5i-3j-2k / (6.16))

= 81.1i-48.7j-32.46k
25. Two forces of ma
nitude 10N and 8N actin
at a point. If the an
e between t
he two
force is 60o. Determine the ma
nitude and direction of the resutant force.
P=10N, Q= 8N and =60o
Ma
nitude R = (P2+Q2+2PQCos) = ((102+82+((2x10x8)Cos60o))
= 15.62N
Direction of resutant
tan=(QSin) / (P+QCos)
= t n-1 (8Sin60o)/(10+8Cos60o)
= 26.30o
26. Wh t is the difference etween copl n r concurrent force nd copl n r non
concurrent force?
Copl n r concurrent force
Forces intersects t common point nd lies in
sin
le pl ne
Copl n r non concurrent force

Forces which do not intersects

common point ut cts in one pl ne

27. Wh t is the difference etween like colline r copl n r force nd unlike coll
ine r
copl n r force?
Like colline r copl n r force
Forces ctin
in s me direction, lies on common line of ction nd cts in
s
in
le pl ne
Unlike colline r copl n r force
Forces ctin
in opposite direction, lies on common line of ction nd cts in
sin
le
pl ne
28. Wh t is the difference etween like non copl n r concurrent force nd non co
pl n r
non concurrent force?
Non copl n r concurrent force
Forces intersects t one point ut their lines of ction do not lie on the s me
pl ne
Non copl n r non concurrent force
Forces do not intersects t one point nd lso their lines of ction do not lie
on the s me
pl ne
29. Wh t is result nt force?
If numer of forces ctin
on
p rticle simult neously re repl ced y sin

le force,
which could produce the s me effect s produced y the
iven forces, th t sin
le
force is
c lled Result nt force. It is euiv lent force of ll the
iven forces.
30. Define st tics
It is defined s the r nch of ri
id ody mech nics, which de ls with the eh vi
our of ody
when it is t rest
31. Define Dyn mics
It is defined s the r nch of ri
id ody mech nics, which de ls with the eh vi
our of ody
when it is in motion.
32. Wh t re the ch r cteristics of force?
i).M
nitude ii). Line of ction iii). Direction nd n
le of inclin tion
33. A force of 500N cts t 30o with x xis. Write the force in C rtesi n coordi
n tes.
F = 500N, x = 30o , y= (90o - 30o) = 60o


F= FCos xi + FCos yj
= (500Cos30)i+(500cos60)j
= 433i+250j
34. Define force
Force is defined s n
ent which ch n
es or tends to ch n
e the st te of rest
or of uniform
motion of ody. It represents the push or pull exerted y one ody on nother.
It is vector
u ntity.
36. St te Newtons l w of motion
Newtons first l w: Every ody preserves in its st te of rest, or of uniform motio
n in
str i
ht line unless it is compelled to ch n
e th t st te y forces impressed th
ere on.
Newtons second l w: The cceler tion of p rticle will e proportion l to the fo
rce nd will
e in the direction of the force
Newtons third l w: To every ction there is n eu l nd opposite re ction.
37. UNITS
QUANTITY m ss
time
UNIT
kilo
r m second
current
mpere
temp
Kelvin
intensity
c ndel
len
th
Meter
38. PARELLOGRAM LAW
2
2
R= (P +Q +2PQCOS)
st
nd
Where R-Result nt P-1 force Q-2 force -An
le etween two forces
39. SCALAR QUANTITY
Its one h vin
only m
nitude
40. VECTOR QUANTITY
Its one h vin
oth m
nitude nd direction
41. POSITION VECTOR
R=(x2+y 2+z2)
42. DOT PRODUCT
I
J
k
.
I

1
0
0
j
0
1
0
k
0
0
1
43. CROSS PRODUCT

X
I
j
k
I
0
-k
J
J
K
0
-I
k
-j
I
0
44, LAMIS THEOREM
If three copl n r forces re ctin
t point in euilirium then e ch force is
directly
proportion l to sine of opposite two forces.
P/Sin =Q/ Sin = R / Sin
45. LAW OF MECHANICS
1. A particle remains in its position i resultant orce is zero
2. I the resultant orce is not zero then acceleration is proportional to resul
tant orce F= ma.
3. Action and reaction orces are in same line o action, equal in equal in magn
itude but opposite
in direction.
46. NEWTONS LAW OF GRAVITATION
The law states that two particles o mass `m` and mutually attracted By two oppo
site orces F,-F
then magnitude o F is given by
2
F = G Mm/ R Newton
47. PRINCIPLEOF TRASMISSIBILITY
Principle o transmissibility states that the motion o a rigid body remains unc
hanged i a orce
acting on a point is replaced by another orce having same magnitude and directi
on in the same
line o action.
48. RESULTANT FOR MORE THAN 2 FORCES
For a system when resolving
F X = F cos,
FY= F sin
2
2
The resutant force is R=Srt ((FX) + (FY) )
49. EQULIBRANT
A force E with same ma
nitude and same ine of action but opposite Direction is
caed
euiibrant.
50. EQULIBRIUM
The euiibrant used to arrest the movement of the partice, then the The body i

s said to be in
euiibrium. Here Resutant = 0.
51. CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM
For coinear forces, H = 0, V = 0
For concurrent forces, H = 0 , V = 0
52. FREE BODY
A body which has been isoated from surroundin
s is caed Free body.
53. FREE BODY DIAGRAM
The sketch showin
a the forces and moments actin
on the Free body is caed
free body
dia
ram
54. FORCES I N THREE DIMENSION
Consider a system of force in three dimensions So

that _ F = F cosx + F siny +Fsiny

-1
x=cos
( Fx / F )
y=cos
( Fy / F )
y=cos
( Fy / F )
-1
-1
55. CONDITIONS
2
2
2
COS X + COS Y + COS Z = 1
L2 + m2 + n2 = 1
56. RESULTANT
R = Rx I + Ry j + Rz k
2
R=
2
2
Srt ( Rx + Ry + Rz
-1
Where x=cos
-1
-1
( Rx / F ), , y=cos ( Ry / F ), Z=cos
( RZ / F )

UNIT II EQUILIBRIUM OF RIGID BODIES

TWO MARKS
1. Define euiibrium
A body is said to be in a state of euiibrium, if the body is either at rest or
is movin
at a
constant veocity.
2. What is two force euiibrium principe?
If a body is in euiibrium acted upon by two forces they must be of coinear f
orces of eua
ma
nitude and opposite sense.
3. What is three force euiibrium principe?
If a body is in euiibrium acted upon by three forces, they the resutant of an
y two forces
must be eua, opposite and coinear with the third force.
4. What is three four euiibrium principe?
If a body is in euiibrium acted upon by four forces, they the resutant of any
two forces
must be eua, opposite and coinear with the resutant of the other two.
5. How many euations of euiibrium are defined for a concurrent force system a
nd
copanar force system?
For concurrent force system: two euations
H = 0, and V = 0
For coplanar force system: three equations
H = 0, V = 0 and M = 0
6. tate varignons theorem
If a number of coplanar forces are acting simultaneously on a body, the algebrai
c sum of the
moments of all the forces about any point is equal to the moment of the resultan
t force about
the same point.
7. What is stable equilibrium?
A body is said to be in stable equilibrium, if it returns back to its original p
osition after it is
slightly displaced from its position of rest.

8. What is unstable equilibrium?

A body is said to be in unstable equilibrium, if it does not returns back to its
original position,
and heels farther away after slightly displaced from its position of rest.
9. What is neutral equilibrium?
A body is said to be in neutral equilibrium, if it occupies a new position (also
remains at rest)
after slightly displaced from its position of rest.
10. What is free body diagram?
It is a sketch of the particle which represents it as being isolated from its su
rroundings. It
represents all the forces acting on it.
11. What are the characteristics of a couple?
i). the algebraic sum of the forces is zero
ii). the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about any point is the same
and equal to
the moment of the couple itself.
12. Define moment of a force?
The moment of a force about a point is defined as the turning effect of the forc
e about that
point
Moment = force X perpendicular distance
13. For what condition the moment of a force will be zero?
A force produces zero moment about an axis or reference point which intersects t
he line of
action of the force.
14. What is the difference between a moment and a couple?
The couple is a pure turning effect which may be moved anywhere in its own plane
, or into a
parallel plane without change of its effect on the body, but the moment of a for
ce must
include a description of the reference axis about which the moment is taken.
15. What is the difference between a fixed vector and a free vector?
A force which is applied at a particular location on a body is a fixed vector Ex
. A moment

A Force which can be moved anywhere in its own plane or in a parallel plane with
out change
in its effect on the body is called free vector Ex. A couple
16. What are the common types of supports used in two dimensions?
i). Roller support ii). Hinged support iii). Fixed support.
17. What are the common types of supports used in three dimensions?
i). Ball support ii). Ball and socket support iii). Fixed or welded support.
18. Define equilibrant
The force which brings the system of forces into equilibrium is called equilibra
nt. It is equal
to the resultant force in magnitude collinear but opposite in nature.
19. What are the common types of loads?
i).point load or concentrated load ii).uniformly distributed load iii).uniformly
varying load
20. What is statically determinate structure?
A structure which can be completely analyzed by static conditions of equilibrium
H = 0, V
= 0 and M = 0 alone is called statically determinate structure.
21. A force of magnitude 200N is acting along the line joining P(2,4,6)m and Q(4
,7,10)m.
find the moment of the force about (7,10,15)
P= (2,4,6) m, X1= 2m, Y1= 4m, Z1=6m
Q = (4,7,10) m X2=4m, Y2= 7m Z2= 10m
FAB =200N
AB = (X2-X1)i +(Y2-Y1)j+(Z2-Z1)k
=(4-2)i+(7-4)j+(10-6)k
= 2i+3j+4k
AB = AB / II
=
2i+3j+4k / (22+(32)+(42))

FAB = FAB x AB = 100 x (2i+3j+4k / (29))

= 74.28i+111.42j+148.56k
Moment Mo = r XF
= 2i+3j+4k / (29)

Ac = (X2-X1)i +(Y2-Y1)j+(Z2-Z1)k
=(7-2)i+(10-4)j+(15-6)k
= 5i+6j+9k
i
j
k
=
= -111.42i-74.28j+111.42k
5
6
9
74.28 111.42 148.56
22. A force (10i+20j-5k)N appied at A (3,0,2)m is moved to point B(6,3,1)m. Fin
d the
work done by the force.
Work done= force X dispacement
Dispacement r = (X2-X1)i +(Y2-Y1)j+(Z2-Z1)k
=(6-3)i+(3-0)j+(1-2)k
= 3i+3j-k

i
j
k
3
3
-1
10
20
-5
=
= 5i+5j+30k

23. A force F= (3i-5j+7k)N acts at A of coordinates (1, 3, 4). Determine the mom
ent of
this force about the coordinate axes
Coordinates of A (1, 3, 4).

Position vector r = 1i+3j+4k

Moment Mo = r XF

i
j
k
1
3
4
3
-5
7
=
= i(21+20)-j(7-12)+k(-5-9) = 41i+5j-14k
Moment about OX axis = i x Mo = 41 units
Moment about OY axis = jx Mo = 5 units
Moment about OZ axis = k x Mo = -14 units
24. What are the types of coupe?
i).cockwise coupe ii).anticockwise coupe
25. What is beam?
A beam is a horizonta structure member which carries a oad, transverse (perpen
dicuar) to
its axis and transfers the oad throu
h support reactions to supportin
coumns
or was
26. What is frame?
A structure made up of severa members, riveted or weded to
ether is known as f
rame.
27. What is a point oad?
A oad actin
at a point on a beam is known as a point oad
28. What is a uniformy distributed oad?
A oad which is spread over a beam in such a manner that each unit en
th of the
beam
carries same intensity of the oad, is caed uniformy distributed oad

29. What are the difference between roer support and hin
ed support?
Roer support has the known ine of action of reaction, aways norma to the p
ane of roers.
But, hin
ed support has an unknown ine of action of reaction, at any an
e with
horizonta.
30. What is support reaction of beam?
The force of resistance exerted by the support on the beam is caed as support
reaction.
Support reaction of beam depends upon the type of oadin
and the type of suppor
t.
31. What is staticay indeterminate structure?
A structure which cannot be competey anayzed by these euations (H = 0, V = 0 a
nd
M = 0) and needs some additional equations to solve is called statically indeterm
inate
structure.
32. What is resultant force?
To replace the given system of forces into an equivalent single force called res
ultant force.
33. What is the difference between action and reaction?
Consider a ball placed on a horizontal surface. The self weight of the ball (W)
is acting
vertically downwards through its centre of gravity. This force is called action.
Now, the ball
can move horizontally but its vertical downward motion is resisted due to resist
ing force
developed at support, acting vertically upwards. This force is called reaction.
34. What is free body?
A Body which has been so separated or isolated from the surrounding bodies is ca
lled free
body.

35. Find the unit vector along the force F=2i+3j+5k

Unit vector =
f / II =
2i+3j+5k / (22+(32)+(52))
= 0.324i+0.486j+0.811k
35. A position vector and force are 2i-3j+4k and 120i-260j+320k respectivey. fi
nd the
moment of the force about the ori
in

Position vector r = 2i-3j+4k

force vector F =120i-260j+320k


Moment Mo = r XF
i
j
k
2
-3
4
120
-260
320
=
= 80i-160j-160k
36. Define the term coupe?
A coupe is that two forces are of eua ma
nitude, opposite sensed parae for
ces, which ie
in the same pane.
37. Ri
id bodies When a body is not subjected to coinear or concurrent force s
ystem, then
the body is to be ideaized as a ri
id body.
38. Moment of force Moment of force is defined as the product of the force and t
he
perpendicuar distance of the ine of action of force from the point. Its unit is
N-m. M=F*r Nm
39. Cockwise moment positive si
n Anticockwise ne
ative si
n
40. Vari
nons theorem of moment :
The a
ebraic sum of moments of any number of forces about any point in their p
ane
is eua to moment of their resutant about the same point.
(ie.) F1d1 + F2d2+ F3d3+ - - -- - -- - = R d
41. In the parae force system, resutant shoud be in between the two forces
and
parae to the forces.
42.
Force coupe system Coupe: Two forces F and F havin
the same ma
nitude,
parae ine of action but in opposite direction are said to form a coupe.

43. In
enera, moment of coupe = F arm en
th

44. Types of coupe
.a. Cockwise coupe
.b. Anticockwise coupe
45. Euiibrium of ri
id body in two dimension
For the euiibrium state of ri
id body, the resutant force and the resutant f
orce
and the resutant moment with respect to any point is zero. H = 0 ; V = 0 ; M = 0
46. For parae forces actin
on a ri
id body
V = 0 ; M = 0
47. For incined forces actin
on a ri
id body
V = 0 ; H = 0 ; M = 0
48. Difference between moment and coupe
The coupe is a pure turnin
effect, which may be moved anywhere in its own pane
whereas, moment of force must incude a description of the reference axis about
which
the moment is taken.
49. Action
The sef wei
ht of a body actin
verticay downwards is known as action.
50. Reaction
The resutin
force a
ainst the action actin
verticay upwards is known as rea
ction. It
is deveoped at the support.
51. Support reaction
The resistance force on the beam a
ainst the appied oad at support is caed s
upport
reaction.
52. Types of support
i. Roer support
ii. Hin
ed support
iii. Fixed support
53. Types of oad on a beam
1.
Point oad
2.
Uniformy distributed oad (UDL)
3.
Uniformy varyin
oad (UVL

UNIT III PROPERTIES OF SURFACES AND SOLIDS

TWO MARKS
1. State parae axis theorem
It states that the moment of inertia of a amina about any axis in the pane of
amina is
eua to the sum of the moment of inertia about a parae centroida axis in th
e pane
of amina and the product of the area of the amina and suare of the distance b
etween
the two axes.
IAB = IG + Ah2
2. State perpendicuar axis theorem
It states that if Iox and Ioy be the moment of inertia about two mutuay perpen
dicuar
axes OX and OY in the pane of the amina and Ioz be the moment of inertia of th
e
amina about an axis norma to the amina and passin
throu
h the point of
intersection of the axes OX and OY then,
Ioz = Iox + Ioy
3. State Poar Moment Of Inertia
The area moment of inertia for an area reative to an axis perpendicuar to the
pane of
the area is caed poar moment of inertia. It id denoted by Ip
Ip = Ixx + Iyy
4. What is radius of
yration?
Radius of
yration about an axis is defined as the distance from that axis at wh
ich a
the eementa parts of the amina woud have to be paced, such that the moment
of
inertia about the axis is same
5. Define centre of
ravity
Centre of
ravity is an ima
inary point at which the entire wei
ht of the body i
s
assumed to act
6. Define centroid
Centre of
ravity of a pane fi
ure is referred as centroid. Centroid is the poi
nt at
which the entire area of the fi
ure is assumed to be concentrated
7. Define principa axes and principa moment of inertia
The axes about which the product of inertia is zero are caed principa axes. T
he
moment of inertia with respect to the principa axes is known as principa momen
t of
inertia
8. Define product of inertia

Second moment of area with respect to a set of perpendicuar axes is known as

product of inertia
9. State the ocation of centroid of semicirce arc whose radius is r with a ske
tch
X=r
Y = 4 r / 3
10. A semi circuar area havin
radius 100 mm is ocated in the xy pane such th
at
its diametera ed
e coincides with x y axis. Determine the x coordinate of its
centroid
X = 4 r / 3
= 4 X 100 / (3)
=42.44 mm
11. Define centroida axis
The centra point is defined as a point where the entire physica uantity can b
e
assumed to be concentrated to
ive the same first moment as that obtained by
considerin
the eements of the body. The centra points for a en
th an area an
d a
voume are caed centroids. The axes passin
throu
h the centroid is caed
centroida axes.
12. Name the axis on a pane aminar, about which sum of moment of eementary
axis euas zero?
Centroida axis
13. If an area has an axis of symmetry, the centroida ine ies on the axis of
symmetry
14. I xy = O for a fi
ure, which is symmetrica about either x or y axis.
15. Moment of inertia of trian
e about an axis passin
throu
h C.G and parae
to base
is bh3/36
16. Determine the first moment of inertia of a trian
e of base b and hei
ht h a
bout
its base is
I base = bh3/ 12
17. Determine the second moment of area of a trian
e of base b and hei
ht h abo
ut
its base is

I base = bh3/ 12
I C.G = bh3/36
18. Define first moment of area
Moment of area about a point is the product of area and its centroida distance
from
the point
19. Define second moment of area
The roe payed by the moment of inertia in the rotary motion is simiar to the
roe
payed by the mass in the transatory motion. The moment of inertia of an area i
s
caed as the area moment of inertia or the second moment of area
20. Define mass moment of inertia
The moment of inertia of the mass of a body is caed as the mass moment of iner
tia
21. A uadrant of a circe has 3 cm radius. Locate the centroid of the amina wi
th
respect to the radii
X = 4 r / 3 = 4 X 3 / 3
= 4 /
Y = 4 r / 3 = 4 X 3 / 3
= 4 /
22. The coordinates of a centroid of an area may be obtained by dividin
the fir
st
moment of area by the area.
23. The radius of
yration of an area about a
iven axis is defined as the effec
tive
distance where the entire area may be considered to be ocated with respect to
the axis of rotation
24. Under what conditions do the foowin
coincide?
A) Centre of mass and centre of
ravity
B) Centre of
ravity and centroid of area
The
ravitationa force on a body of mass m must aso pass throu
h its
centre of mass
For thin pate of constant thickness and homo
eneous materia

25. State the reationship between the second moment of area and mass moment of
inertia for a thin uniform pate
Mass moment of inertia for a thin uniform pate about any axis = (thickness X de
nsity
X second moment of area of the pate about the same axis)
26. A body has one number of centre of
ravity
27. The coordinates of centroid is
- X, Y

UNIT IV
DYNAMICS OF PARTICLES
TWO MARKS
1. DISPLACEMENT (S)
It is the distance traveed by the partice. It is a scaar uantity. Unit: met
er
2. VELOCIYT (V)
It is the rate of chan
e of dispacement. It is a vector uantity. Unit: ms
V=ds/dt
3. ACCLERATION (a)
It is the rate of chan
e of veocity. It is a vector
-2

uantity.Unit: ms a = dv/dt = ds /dt

Acceeration = Chan
e of veocity/ Time
taken t
= V-U /t
4. RETARDATION / DECELERATION
If initia veocity > fina veocity then the acceeration is ne
ative
5. SPEED
Speed = distance traveed / Time taken
6. AVERAGE SPEED
Avera
e speed = tota distance traveed / Tota time taken
7. AVERAGE VELOCITY
Avera
e veocity = (initia + fina ) veocity/ 2
8. DISTANCE TRAVELLD (S)
s = veocity x time
s = vt
9. EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE
v=u+at
s=ut+at
v=u+2as
u = 0, body starts from rest,
v = 0 , body comes to rest
10. DISTANCE TRAVELLED IN N SECONDS
th
Distance traveed in n second = sn - sn
sn > sn-1 nth
s = u +a/2(2n 1)
11. EQUATION OF MOTION OF PARTICLE UNDER GRAVITY
when partice comes down: h = ut +
t ,v = u +
t ,v = u + 2
h
when partice moves upwards : h = ut -
t v = u -
t v = u - 2
h
12. MAXIMUM HEIGHT ATTAINED BY PROJECTED
PARTICLE
(V=0) h max = u/ 2

13. TIME TAKEN TO REACH MAX. HEIGHT

(V = 0) t = u/

14. TOTAL TIME TAKEN
Tota time taken = 2 x time taken to reach max. Hei
ht
= 2u/

15. STRIKING VEIOCITY OF THE PARTICLE (U = 0)
v = (2
h)
Veocity with which a partice is thrown (v = 0)
u = (2
h)
16. DISPLACEMENT IN TERMS OF TIME
s = f (t) ,
v = ds /dt =d/dt (ft)
a = dv/dt = d f (t)/ dt
17. EQUATION OF MAXIMUM VEIOCITY
Euation of maximum veocity dv/dt = 0
18. PROJECTILE: A Partice projected in the space at an an
e to horizanda. Pa
ne is caed
projected. And motion is caed projectie motion.
19. TIME OF FLIGHT: t = u sin/

u sin = initi l velocity in the upw rd (vertic l component)
= n
el of projection
tot l time T = 2 u sin/

20. MAXIMUM HEIGHT ATTAINED:
h m x = usin /2

21. RANGE, (R) R = usin/2

M ximum horizont l r n
e, R = u /
when = 45
22. MOTION OF PARTICLE FROM KNOWN HEIGHT
R n
e=Horiz nd l Velocity time t ken
=uxt
h =
t /2
23 . WORK DONE
Work Done=Force X displ cement
Unit=Nm=Joules
24. POWER
R te of doin
work
Power = Work done/ Time
=Force x displ cement/Time
= force x velocity
=unit: Nms 1 = w tt
25. MOMENTUM
Momentum= M ss x Velocity
M=mv
Unit: K
m 1
0

1 Newton=k
m 1
26. WEIGHT
Wei
ht=m ss x cceler tion due to
r vity
W
= m

Unit: Newton
27. STATIC EQUATION OF EQULIBRIUM
H=0; V=0; M=0
28. DALEMBERTS EQUATIONS OF EQILIBRIUM
P-m = 0
= P /m
= P1+P2+P3 ... /m
D lelemerts principle st ts th t system of force ctin
on
ody in motion is i
n
Eulirium with the inerti
force or im
in ry force (m ) of the ody
29. MECHANICAL ENERGY: P.E = m
x h
= (Force) x (Displ cement)
30. KINETIC ENERGY:
KE = mv
[if u = 0]
= m (v - u) [u 0]
= w/2
(v - u)
= mv - mu
Work done y ody in motion = fin l kinetic ener
y - initi l kinetic ener
y
fx = sum of forces th t induce the motion of
ody.
31. IMPULSE-MOMENTUM EQUATION
Impulse = Fin l momentum-Initi l momentum
32. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
Initi l momentum = Fin l momentum
Tot l momentum efore imp ct = Tot l momentum fter imp ct
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1+m2v2
33. IMPACT An sudden short term ction etween two odies
34. ELASTIC BODY If ody ret ins its ori
in l sh pe nd size when the extern l f
orces re
removed, then the ody is s id to e perfectly el stic ody.
35. PERIOD OF DEFORMATION
The time el psed from the inst nt of initi l cont ct to the m ximum deform tion
is period of
deform tion.
36. PERIOD OF RESTITUTION
The time el psed from the inst nt of m ximum deform tion to the inst nt of just
sep r tion is c lled period of restitution.
period of imp ct = period of deform tion + period of restitution
37. NEWTONS LAW OF COLLISTION (CO-EFFICIENT OF RE
Coefficient of restitution (e) = Impulse durin
restitution /Impulse durin
defo
rm tion

= V2-V1/ u1-u2
38. LINE OF IMPACT
It is n im
in ry line p ssin
throu
h the point of cont ct nd norm l to the p
l ne of
cont ct
39. DIRECT IMPACT The velocities of two collidin
odies efore imp ct nd fter
imp ct
re colline r with the line of imp ct
40. OBLIQUE IMPACT The velocities of two colldin
odies fter collision re not
colline r with the line of imp ct Vertic l component efore imp ct = vertic l co
mponent fter
imp ct Horizont l component efore imp ct = horiz nd l component fter imp ct

UNIT V FRICTION AND ELEMENTS OF RIGID BODY DYNAMICS

TWO MARKS
1. Define friction.
When two surf ces re in cont ct with e ch other nd one surf ce tends to move w
ith
respect to other, t n
enti l force will e developed t the cont ct surf ce, i
n the
opposite direction of motion. This t n
enti l force is c lled friction l force o
r friction.
2. Wh t re the types of friction?
Two types of friction I).Dry friction or coulom friction II).Fluid friction
Two types of dry friction i).st tic friction ii).dyn mic friction
Dyn mic friction is further cl ssified into I).slidin
friction II).rollin
fric
tion
3. Define coefficient of friction
The r tio of limitin
friction to the norm l re ction is known s coefficient of
friction. It
is denoted y the symol
Coefficient of friction = limitin
friction / norm l re ction
4. Define n
le of repose
The n
le of the inclined pl ne t which the ody tends to slide down is known
s n
le
of repose
5. Wh t is simple cont ct friction?
The friction force is the resistin
force developed t the cont ct surf ce of tw
o odies due
to their rou
hness nd when the surf ce of one ody moves over the surf ce of n
nother
ody.
6. N me some pplic tions of simple cont ct friction
L dder friction
Wed
e friction
Screw friction
Belt friction
7. Wh t is rollin
resist nce?
When one ody is m de to roll freely over n nother ody,
resist nce is devel
oped in
the opposite direction known s rollin
resist nce
8. Wh t is impendin
motion?
The st te of motion of ody which is just out to move or slide is c lled imp
endin

motion.
9. An
le of repose is eu l to n
le of friction

10. St te the l ws of dyn mic friction

i). the friction l force lw ys cts in the opposite direction to th t the ody
moves
ii).coefficient of kinetic friction is less th n the coefficient of st tic frict
ion
iii).in moder te speeds, the force of friction rem ins const nt nd it decre ses
with the
incre se of speed
iv).the m
nitude of dyn mic friction e rs const nt r tio to the norm l re ct
ion
etween the two surf ces.
11. St te the l ws of st tic friction
i). the friction l force lw ys cts in the opposite direction to th t the ody
movesii).the
friction l force does not depend on the sh pe nd re of cont ct of the odiesi
ii).the
friction l force depends on the de
ree of rou
hness of the cont ct re etween
two
odies.iv).the friction l force is eu l to the force pplied to the ody, so lo
n
s the ody
is t restv). the limitin
friction force e rs
const nt r tio to the norm l r
e ction
etween the surf ces of cont ct
12. Wh t is coefficient of rollin
resist nce?
Horizont l dist nce of point of resist nce me sured from centre of wheel known
s
coefficient of rollin
resist nce
13. Define n
le of friction
It is the n
le etween the line of ction of the tot l re ction of one ody on
nother nd
the norm l to the common t n
ent etween the odies when motion is impendin

14. Wh t is c lled the coefficient of st tic friction?
The r tio of limitin
friction to the norm l re ction is known s coefficient of
st tic
friction. It is denoted y the symol
Coefficient of st tic friction = limitin
friction (F) / norm l re ction (N)
15. Wh t is the condition interms of efficiency for
m chine to e self lockin

?
If the friction n
le is larger than the lead angle , the screw is said to be se
f ockin

i.e., oad wi remain in pace even after the remova of effort.
16. What are the aws of sidin
friction?
the frictiona force aways acts in the opposite direction to that the body move
s
the ma
nitude of the sidin
friction bears a constant ratio to the norma react
ion
between the surfaces of contact
in moderate speeds, the force of friction remains constant and it decreases with
the increase of speed
17. State the cooumbs aws of dry friction
the frictiona force aways acts in the opposite direction to that the body move
s

the imitin
friction force bears a constant ratio to the norma reaction betwee
n the
surfaces of contact
the frictiona force is independent of the area of contact between the two surfa
ces,
and it depends on the of rou
hness of the surface.
The ma
nitude of friction force is eua to the force, which tends to move the
body
18. Limitin
friction
The maximum resistance offered by a body a
ainst the externa
force which tends to move the body is caed imitin
force of friction.
19. Coefficient of friction ( )
=Fm/ NR
Fm - Force of friction.
NR - Norma reaction.
20. For static friction
(Fm) s=s NR > (Fm)k
For dynamic friction
(Fm) k=k NR
21. Reaction of friction
2
R=(NR +Fm2 )
22. An
e of friction ( )
An
e between norma reaction and reaction is caed an
e of friction.
tan =Fm/NR =
23. Simple contact riction
The type o riction between the surace o block and plane is called simple con
tact
riction.
24. Applications o simple contact riction
Ladder riction
Screw riction
Belt riction
25. Screw jack
Screw jack is a device used to lit or lower loads gradually.
26. Screw riction
Friction in screw jack.
27. Belt riction
T2/ T1 = e
T1 Tension in sack side
T2 Tension in ti
ht side
Coefficient of friction between bet and whee
An
e of contact

28. Roin
resistance

When a body is made to ro over another body the resistance deveoped in the
opposite direction of motion is caed the roin
resistance. Rcos is c lled rol
lin
resist nce.
29. Coefficient of resist nce
Horizont l dist nce  is c lled s coefficient of resist nce. =Pr/ W
P pplied force
r r dius of the ody
W wei
ht of the ody
30. Types of motion of ri
id odies
1.Tr nsl tion
) Rectiline r str i
ht-line p th motion
) Curviline r curved p th motion
2.Rot tion (with respect to fixed point)
3.Rot tion & Tr nsl tion (Gener l pl ne method)