DC Resistivity Measurement Guide

DC-Resistivity Measurement
DC Resistivity measurement
Instrumentation,
Vertical electrical sounding (VES),
2-D (profiling) and 3-D measurements,
Apparent resistivity,
Formation factor
Instrumentation
Uinp, IAB
M
na
Schlumberger
a
a
2L
2l
L2 l 2 U MN
2l
UMN
I AB
B
na
aSchlumberger n n 1 a
U MN
I AB
The principle of measuring the electric resistivity of the underground is fairly simple.
A known voltage (UAB) is set between two points. This voltage induces a current (IAB)
and a potential field into the ground. The shape of the potential field depends on the
undergrounds resistivity. With two other electrodes (M, N) the potential difference
(Voltage UMN) is measured.
Transmitter
Receiver
Power Supply Amperemeter

Metal electrodes
DC
AC (more common)
Voltmeter
Metal Electrodes
Power Supply
and Ammeter
Metal
stakes or
plates
Volt meter
Metal stakes
Instrumentation
Instrumentation
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Measurement modes Apparent resistivity, resistance, self potential (SP), induced polarization (IP), battery
voltage
Measurement range +/- 10V
Measuring resolution Max 30 nV, depends on voltage level
Screen resolution 4 digits in engineering notation
Output current intensity 1mA 2000 mA continuous, measured to high accuracy
Output voltage 800 Vp-p, actual electrode voltage depends on transmitted current and ground resistivity
Output power 200 W
Input gain ranging Automatic, always uses full dynamic range of receiver
Input impedance >20 M.
SP compensation Automatic cancellation of SP voltages during resistivity measurement. Constant and linearly
varying SP cancels
completely.
Type of IP measurement Time domain chargability (M), six time slots measured and stored in memory
IP current transmission ON+, OFF, ON-, OFF
IP time cycles 0.5, 1 , 2 , 4 and 8 seconds (combined resistivity/IP mode)
Measure cycles Running average of measurement displayed after each cycle. Automatic cycle stop when
reading errors fall below user set limit or user set max cycles are done.
Instrumentation
Resistivity time cycles Basic measure time is 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 3.6, 7.2 or 14.4 seconds as selected by user
via keyboard, auto-ranging and commutation adds about 1.4 s.
Signal processing Continuous averaging after each complete cycle. Noise errors calculated and displayed as
percentage of reading. Reading displayed as voltage, current and apparent resistivity (.m). Resistivity is
calculated using user entered electrode array coordinates.
Noise suppression Better than 100 dB at f>20 Hz
Better than 120 dB at power line frequencies (16 2/3, 20, 50 and 60 Hz) for measure cycles of 1.2 s and above
Total accuracy Better than 1% of reading in most cases (lab measurements). Field measurement accuracy
depends on ground noise and resistivity. Instrument will calculate and display running estimate of measuring
accuracy.
System calibration Calibration is done digitally by the microprocessor based on correction values stored in
memory.
Supported manual Resistance, Schlumberger, Wenner, dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole, SP-absolute, SPgradient
Configurations Operating system Stored in re-programmable flash memory. New version can be downloaded
from our web site and stored in the flash memory.
Data storage Full resolution reading average and error are stored along with user entered coordinates and time
of day for each measurement. Storage is effected automatically in a job oriented file system
Data display Apparent resistivity (Ohmmeter), current intensity (mAmp) and measured voltage (mVolt) are
displayed and stored in memory for each measurement
Memory capacity The memory can store 27,300 measurements in Resistivity Mode and 16,000 measurements
in combined Resistivity/IP Mode
Data transmission RS-232C channel available to dump data from the instrument to a Windows type computer
on user command.
Automatic multi-electrodes The SuperSting is designed to run dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole, Wenner
and Schlumberger surveys including roll along surveys completely automatic with the Swift Dual Mode Automatic
Multi-electrode system (patent 6,404,203) or with switch box and passive cables.
User controls 20 key tactile, weather proof keyboard with alpha/numeric entry keys and function keys.
On/off switch Measure button, integrated within main keyboard.
LCD night light switch (push to light).
Display Graphics LCD display (16 lines x 30 characters) with night light.
Power supply, field 12V or 2x12V DC external power (one or two 12 V batteries), connector on front panel.
Power supply, office DC power supply
Operating time Depends on survey conditions and size of battery used. Internal circuitry in auto mode adjusts
current to save energy
Operating temperature -5 to +50C
Weight 10.9 kg (24 lb.)
Dimensions Width 184 mm (7.25"), length 406 mm (16") and height 273 mm (10.75").
Instrumentation
Voltage
Input Voltage
(UAB)
Output Voltage
(UMN)
t1
t2
Measuring principle of a single reading
Time
Apparent resistivity
1
Previous expression can be

rearranged in terms of resistivity:
2G
V
i
This can be done even when

medium is inhomogeneous. The
result is then referred to as
Apparent Resistivity a.
Definition: Resistivity of a fictitious homogenous subsurface

that would yield the same voltages as the earth over which
measurements were actually made.
(Sharma 1997)
Field Considerations for DC Resistivity
Good electrode contact with the earth
Wet electrode location
Add NaCl solution or bentonite.
Surveys should be conducted along a straight line
whenever possible
Try to stay away from

cultural features whenever
possible (power lines, pipes,
grounded metal fences,
pumps, etc)
Fully Automated
Systems
(Source: Zonge)
Fully Automated
Systems
Sources of Noise in Data

Instrument noise
Cultural Features
Telluric Currents naturally occurring earth currents.
Self potentials generally caused by either geochemical
reactions or greater than normal subsurface fluid flow.
Magnetotelluric Currents Electromagnetically induced
by naturally occurring or man-made magnetic fields.
In some cases, it may be unavoidable
Geologic Noise
Near surface variations: Can dominate response thus masking
signature of deeper targets.
Vertical electrical sounding (VES)
When trying to probe how
resistivity changes with
depth, need multiple
measurements that each give
a different depth sensitivity.
This is accomplished through

resistivity sounding where
greater electrode separation
gives greater depth
sensitivity.
(Sharma 1997)
VES Data Plotting Convention
Plot apparent resistivity as a function
of the log of some measure of
electrode separation.
Wenner a spacing
Schlumberger AB/2
Dipole-Dipole n spacing
Asymptotes:
Short spacings << h1, a=1.
Long spacings >> total thickness
of overlying layers,
a=n
To get a=true for intermediate
layers, layer must be thick relative to
depth.
(Sharma 1997)
Solutions for Wenner Array for two layers
C1
C2
2 1
k
2 1
Solutions for a Wenner Array for two layers
Simple for two layer case.
Plot data at same scales as
master curves.
Overlie shallow-layer
resistivity asymptote with
1 on master curves.
Determine depth to layer,
and resistivity of lower
layer by comparing scaled
master-curve values to data
values
Gets rapidly more difficult as
more layers added.
(Sharma 1997)
Equivalence: several models produce the same
results
Ambiguity in physics of 1D interpretation such that
different layered models basically yield the same
response.
Different Scenarios:
Conductive layers between two resistors, where
longitudinal conductance (s h) is the same.
Resistive layer between two conductors with
same transverse resistance ( h).
Equivalence: several models

produce the same results
Although ER cannot determine unique parameters, can determine

range of values.
Also exists in 2D and 3D, but much more difficult to quantify. In
these multidimensional cases simply referred to as non-uniqueness.
Suppression
Principle of suppression:
Thin layers of small
resistivity contrast with
respect to background will
be missed.
Thin layers of greater
resistivity contrast will be
detectable, but
equivalence limits
resolution of boundary
depths, etc.
Horizontal profiling
(Sharma 1997)
(Reynolds 1997)
Horizontal profiling
Used for rapid location/delineation of lateral
variations in resistivity.
Usually involves moving an electrode array of
constant separation horizontally along
surface.
Can be difficult to interpret directly from
resulting curve due to formation of cusps.
Also, different arrays produce somewhat
different results.
Profile Cusps Wenner Array

Apparent resistivity:
i. Current lines converge toward

boundary, decrease potential
gradient at potential electrodes
ii. C2 at boundary
iii. Current density increases adjacent
to boundary in low resistivity unit,
causes potential gradient between
potential electrodes to rise
iv. Both potential electrodes are in the
low resistivity unit so potential
gradient between them falls
dramatically
v. C1 enters the low resisitivy unit
vi. Current flow becomes dipolar

(Reynolds 1997)
Combined Sounding and Profiling

Increase electrode separation
as well as make
measurements at multiple
locations along the horizontal
axis.
Provides data for two
dimensional interpretation of
subsurface.
Data often plotted in pseudosection for qualitative
analysis.
Wenner Pseudo-Section
(Reynolds 1997)
Wenner: h=a/2
Schlumberger: h=L/3
Dipole Dipole: h=n a
Combined Sounding and Profiling (2-D/3-D measurements)
Wenner Pseudo-Section
Increase electrode separation
as well as make
measurements at multiple
locations along the horizontal
axis.
Provides data for two
dimensional interpretation of
subsurface.
Data often plotted in pseudo(Reynolds 1997)
section for qualitative
Wenner: h=a/2
analysis.
Schlumberger: h=L/3
Dipole Dipole: h=n a
Sources of Noise in Data
Instrument noise
Cultural Features
Telluric Currents naturally occurring earth currents.
Self potentials generally caused by either
geochemical reactions or greater than normal
subsurface fluid flow.
Magnetotelluric Currents Electromagnetically
induced by naturally occurring or man-made
magnetic fields.
In some cases, it may be unavoidable
Geologic Noise
Near surface variations: Can dominate response thus masking
signature of deeper targets.
Pseudo-Sections
(Reynolds 1997)
Can sometimes be used to

qualitatively assess geology
Warning: Can also prove to be very
difficult to interpret directly, with
different arrays yielding very different
results.
End of Presentation
(Seeing through a
dark glass dimly.)

DC Resistivity Measurement Guide

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DC-Resistivity Measurement

Power Supply Amperemeter

Measuring principle of a single reading

Previous expression can be

This can be done even when

Definition: Resistivity of a fictitious homogenous subsurface

Try to stay away from

Sources of Noise in Data

This is accomplished through

Equivalence: several models

Although ER cannot determine unique parameters, can determine

Profile Cusps Wenner Array

i. Current lines converge toward

vi. Current flow becomes dipolar

Combined Sounding and Profiling

Can sometimes be used to

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