1

Module 5:
Mass Transfer in Turbulant flows

Lecture 38:
Turbulent Flow: Time Averaging,
Reynolds Stress and Eddy Viscosity

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

Turbulence
Sub-topics:
(i) Time average equations
(ii) Eddy viscosity (conductivity, diffusivity)
(iii) Universal velocity profile
(iv) Analogies
(v) Statistical theories (e.g. homogeneous turbulence)

U = U +U

1
Uz =
Time averaging
t0

t +t0

U dt
z

Rules:

A+ B = A+ B
A' = 0
dA dA

=
dX

dX

AB = A B + A' B '
NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

Consider constant physical properties

Equation of Continuity
Equation of Motion

(t )

.U = 0

(4.1a)

DU
= p [. (l ) ] [. (t ) ] + g
Dt

= Reynolds stresses ; turbulent momentum flux

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

(4.1 b)

xx(t ) = U x' U x' , xy(t ) = U x' U y' etc.

We need to know structure of turbulent flow to find U ' as a function of position. (Unsolved
problem)

Semi-empirical expressions for Reynolds stresses

a) Boussinesqs Eddy Viscosity (By analogy to Newtons law of Viscosity)

yx(t ) = (t )

dU x
dy

(4.2)

Eddy viscosity (function of position)

b) Prandtls Mixing length (analogy to kinetic theory of gases)

yx(t ) = l 2

dU x dU x
dy
dy

(4.3)

Mixing length l (function of positon): Roughly analogy to mean free path in gas kinetic theory
c) Von-Karman similarity hypothesis

(t )
yx

(dU x / dy )3 dU x
= k
(d 2U x / dy 2 )2 dy
2
2

(4.4)

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

k2 = universal constant (0.36-0.40)

d) Deisslers Empirical Formula for the Near Wall Region

(t )
yx

= U x y (1 exp(
2

2U x y dU x
v

))

dy

(4.5)

= constant=0.124
y =distance from wall

Time-averaged Equation of Energy

 DT
= (V .q (l ) ) (V .q (t ) ) + u(l ) + u(t )
Dt

(t )
with qx = CP U xT , etc.

CP

(4.6)

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

Semi-empirical expressions

dT
dy

a)

q y( t ) = k ( t )

b)


dU x dT
q y(t ) = C p l 2
dy dy

(4.7)

(4.8)

l : same as in eq. (4.3) which implies v ( t ) = ( t )

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

c)

(t )
y

 2 (dU x / dy )3 dT
= C p k2
(d 2U x / dy 2 )2 dy

(4.9)

Where k2 is same as in eqn. (4.4)

d)

(t )
y

 2
2U x y dT
= C p U x y (1 exp(
))
v
dy

(4.10)

Where is same as in (4.5), assumes v ( t ) = ( t )

Time-averaged equation of continuity for

component A
'''

k
CA
1
DC A

(l )
(t )
= (. jA ) (. jA ) '''
2
Dt
k2 C A + C ' A

With:

j ( l ) = DAB C A
ji ( t ) = U iC A
Expression for

(t )
j AY

is analogous to eqs. (4.7) (4.10)

NPTEL,IITKharagpur,Prof.SaikatChakraborty,DepartmentofChemicalEngineering

(4.11)