Comp Num 001

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STUDY PACKAGE
Subject : Mathematics
Topic:
Complex Number
Index
1. Theory
2. Short Revision
3. Exercise (1 to 5)
4. Assertion & Reason
5. Que. from Compt. Exams
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2 of 38
There is no real number x which satisfies the polynomial equation x2 + 1 = 0. To permit solutions of this
and similar equations, the set of complex numbers is introduced.
We can consider a complex number as having the form a + bi where a and b are real number and i,
which is called the imaginary unit, has the property that i2 = 1.
It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. a is called as real part of z which is denoted by (Re z) and b is called
as imaginary part of z which is denoted by (Im z).
Any complex number is :
(i)
Purely real, if b = 0
;
(ii)
Purely imaginary, if a = 0
(iii)
Imaginary, if b 0.
NOTE : (a)
The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the complete
number system is N W I Q R C.
(b)
Zero is purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c)
(d)
i = 1 is called the imaginary unit.

Also i = 1; i3 = i ; i4 = 1 etc.
b = a b only if atleast one of a or b is non - negative.
(e)
is z = a + ib, then a ib is called complex conjugate of z and written as z = a ib
Self Practice Problems
1.
Write the following as complex number
(i)
(ii)
16
x , (x > 0)
(iii)
2.
2.
b +
4ac , (a, c> 0)
Ans. (i) 0 + i 16
(ii) x + 0i
(iii) b + i 4ac
Write the following as complex number
(ii)
roots of x2 (2 cos)x + 1 = 0
(i)
x (x < 0)
Algebraic Operations:
Fundamental operations with complex numbers

In performing operations with complex numbers we can proceed as in the algebra of real numbers,
replacing i2 by 1 when it occurs.
1.
Addition
(a + bi) + (c + di) = a + bi + c + di = (a + c) + (b + d) i
2.
Subtraction
(a + bi) c + di) = a + bi c di = (a c) + (b d) i
3.
Multiplication (a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2 = (ac bd) + (ad+ bc)i
ac adi + bci bdi 2
a + bi
c bi
.
=
c + di
c di
c 2 d2i2
ac + bd + (bc ad)i
ac + bd
bc ad
i
=
= 2
2
2
2 +
c d
c +d
c 2 + d2
Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex number is
positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless.
4.
a + bi
c + di
Division
In real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b however in complex numbers,

z1 2 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z 2 = 0.
Example :
Solution
Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i.

Let z be the multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i. then
z . (3 + 2i) = 1
3 2i
1
z=
= (3 + 2i) (3 2i)
3 + 2i
3
2
i
13
13
2
3
Ans.
13
13
z=
Self Practice Problem

1.
Simplify in+100 + i n+50 + in+48 + in+46 , n .
Ans.
0
3.
Equality In Complex Number:
Two complex numbers z1 = a 1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real and imaginary parts
are equal respectively
i.e.
z 1 = z2
Re(z1) = Re(z2) and m (z1) = m (z2).
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1.
Complex Numbers
Example:
Solution.
3 of 38
5
0, , (1, 1) Ans.
2
Find the value of expression x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x + 1 when x = 1 + i is a factor of expression.
x=1+i
x1=i
(x 1)2 = 1
x2 2x + 2 = 0
Now
x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x + 1
= (x2 2x + 2) (x2 3x 3) 4x + 7
when x = 1 + i
i.e.
x2 2x + 2 = 0
x4 4x3 + 3x2 2x + 1 = 0 4 (1 + i) + 7
= 4 + 7 4i
= 3 4i Ans.
Solve for z if z2 + |z| = 0

Let z= x + iy
(x + iy)2 +
x2 + y2 = 0
x2 y2 + x 2 + y 2 = 0 and 2xy = 0
x = 0 or y = 0
when x = 0
y2 + | y | = 0
y = 0, 1, 1
z = 0, i, i
when y = 0
x2 + | x | = 0
x=0
z = 0 Ans. z = 0, z = i, z = i
Example:
Solution.
Find square root of 9 + 40i

Let (x + iy)2 = 9 + 40i
x2 y 2 = 9
...............(i)
and
xy = 20
...............(ii)
squing (i) and adding with 4 times the square of (ii)
we get x4 + y4 2x 2 y2 + 4x2 y2 = 81 + 1600
(x2 + y2)2 = 168
x2 + y 2 = 4
...............(iii)
from (i) + (iii) we get
x2 = 25
x=5
and y = 16
y=4
from equation (ii) we can see that
x & y are of same sign
x + iy = +(5 + 4i) or = (5 + 4i)
sq. roots of a + 40i = (5 + 4i)

Ans.
1
3
i, 0, i
2
2
1.
Solve for z : z = i z2
4.
Representation Of A Complex Number:

(a)
Ans.
(5 + 4i)
Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :

Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on the Cartesian plane
known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the ordered pair (x, y).
Length OP is called modulus of the complex number which is denoted by z & is called the
argument or amplitude.
y
z = x 2 + y 2 & = tan1 (angle made by OP with positive xaxis)
x
98930 58881
Example:
Solution.
Find the value of x and y for which (2 + 3i) x2 (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i where x, y R.

(z + 3i)x2 (3 2i)y = 2x 3y + 5i
2x2 3y = 2x 3y
x2 x = 0
x = 0, 1
and
3x2 + 2y = 5
5
if x = 0,y =
and
if x = 1, y = 1
2
5
x = 0, y =
and
x = 1, y = 1
2
5
are two solutions of the given equation which can also be represented as 0, & (1, 1)
2
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Example:
Solution
4 of 38
NOTE : (i)
Argument of a complex number is a many valued function. If is the argument of a complex
number then 2 n + ; n I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of
a complex number differ by 2n.
The unique value of such that < is called the principal value of the argument.
Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex
number 0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is only
given by its modulus.
Trignometric/Polar Representation :
z = r (cos + i sin ) where z = r; arg z = ; z = r (cos i sin )
(ii)
(b)
+ i sin is also written as CiS or e i .

e ix +e ix
e ix e ix
& sin x =
are known as Euler's identities.
2
2
Euler's Representation :
z = rei; z = r; arg z = ; z = re i
Also cos x =
(c)
(d)
Vectorial Representation :
Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of a point. If the point
Example:
P represents the complex number z then, OP = z & OP = z.

Express the complex number z = 1 + 2 i in polar form.
Solution.
z = 1 + i 2
|z|=
( 1)2 +
( 2)
1+ 2 =
Arg z = tan1 1 = tan1
z=
1.
3 (cos + i sin )
1 (9 + i)
2i
17
82
,
11
5
Find the |z| and principal argument of the complex number z = 6(cos 310 i sin 310)
Ans. 6, 50
Ans.
5.
where = tan 1
Find the principal argument and |z|

z=
2.
2 = (say)
tan1
Modulus of a Complex Number :
If z = a + ib, then it's modulus is denoted and defined by |z| = a 2 + b 2 . Infact |z| is the distance
of z from origin. Hence |z1 z2| is the distance between the points represented by z1 and z2.
Properties of modulus
(i)
|z1z2| = |z1| . |z2|
(ii)
(iii)
|z1 + z2| |z 1| + |z2|
(iv)
z1
z1
z2 = z2
|z1 z2| ||z1| |z 2||
(provided z2 0)
(Equality in (iii) and (iv) holds if and only if origin, z1 and z2 are collinear with z1 and z2 on the same side
of origin).
Example:
If |z 5 7i| = 9, then find the greatest and least values of |z 2 3i|.
Solution.
We have 9 = |z (5 + 7i)| = distance between z and 5 + 7i.
Thus locus of z is the circle of radius 9 and centre at 5 + 7i. For such a z (on the circle), we
have to find its greatest and least distance as from 2 + 3i, which obviously 14 and 4.
Example:
Find the minimum value of |1 + z| + |1 z|.
Solution
|1 + z| + |1 z| |1 + z + 1 z|
(triangle inequality)
|1 + z | + |1 z| 2
minimum value of (|1 + z| + |1 z|) = 2

Geometrically |z + 1| + |1 2| = |z + 1| + |z 1| which represents sum of distances of z from
1 and 1
it can be seen easily that minimu (PA + PB) = AB = 2
Ans.
1 +n
8
21/ 4 e
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(iii)
2
z
= 1 then find the maximum and minimum value of |z|
2
=1
z
Let | z | = r
|z|
2
r
2
z
1 r+
2
2
|z|+
2
z
2
r
2
1
r R+ ..............(i)
r
2
2
and r
1
1 r
1
r
r
r (1, 2)
..............(ii)
from (i) and (ii) r (1, 2)

Ans. r (1, 2)

1.
|z 3| < 1 and |z 4i| > M then find the positive real value of M for which these exist at least one
complex number z satisfy both the equation.
Ans. M (0, 6)
6.
Agrument of a Complex Number :

Argument of a non-zero complex number P(z) is denoted and defined by arg(z) = angle which OP
makes with the positive direction of real axis.
If OP = |z| = r and arg(z) = , then obviously z = r(cos + isin), called the polar form of z. In what
follows, 'argument of z' would mean principal argument of z(i.e. argument lying in ( , ] unless the
context requires otherwise. Thus argument of a complex number z = a + ib = r(cos + isin) is the value
of satisfying rcos = a and rsin = b.
Thus the argument of z = , , + , , = tan1
or Vth quadrant.
b
, according as z = a + ib lies in , ,
a
Properties of arguments
(i)
arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2 ) + 2m for some integer m.
(ii)
arg(z1/z2 ) = arg (z1) arg(z2) + 2m for some integer m.
(iii)
arg (z2) = 2arg(z) + 2m for some integer m.
(iv)
arg(z) = 0
z is real, for any complex number z 0

(v)
arg(z) = /2
z is purely imaginary, for any complex number z 0
(vi)
arg(z2 z1) = angle of the line segment
PQ || PQ, where P lies on real axis, with the real axis.
Example:
Solution
Example:
2
and Arg (z 3 4i) =
.
6
3
From the figure, it is clear that there is no z, which satisfy both ray
Solve for z, which satisfy Arg (z 3 2i) =
Sketch the region given by

(i)
Arg (z 1 i) /3
(ii)
|z| = 5 & Arg (z i 1) > /3
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Solution.
5 of 38
Example:
6 of 38
(i)
(ii)

1.
Sketch the region given by

(i)
|Arg (z i 2)| < /4
2.
Consider the region |z 15i| 10. Find the point in the region which has
(i)
max |z|
(ii)
min |z|
(iii)
max arg (z)
(iv)
min arg (z)
7.
Conjugate of a complex Number
Arg (z + 1 i) /6
Conjugate of a complex number z = a + b is denoted and defined by z = a ib.

In a complex number if we replace i by i, we get conjugate of the complex number. z is the mirror
image of z about real axis on Argand's Plane.
Properties of conjugate
(i)
|z| = | z |
(ii)
z z = |z| 2
(iii)
( z1 + z 2 ) = ( z1 ) + ( z 2 )
(iv)
( z1 z 2 ) = ( z1 ) ( z 2 )
(v)
( z1 z 2 ) = z1 z 2
(vi)
z1
( z1 )
=
(
z 2 ) (z2 0)
z2
(vii)
|z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) ( z1 + z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z2
(viii)
(x)
(ix)
If w = f(z), then w = f( z )
( z1 ) = z
arg(z) + arg( z ) = 0
z 1
If
is purely imaginary, then prove that | z | = 1
z +1
z 1
=0
Re
z + 1
Example:
Solution.
z 1
z 1
z 1
z 1
=0
+
+
=0
z
+
1
z +1
z
+
1
z
+1
zz z + z 1 + zz z + z 1 = 0
zz = 1
| z |2 = 1
|z|=1
Hence proved

z1 2 z 2
1.
If
is unmodulus and z2 is not unimodulus then find |z1|.
2 z1z 2
Ans. |z1| = 2
8.
(i)
(ii)
Rotation theorem
If P(z1 ) and Q(zz) are two complex numbers such that |z1| = |z2 |, then z2 = z1 e i where = POQ
If P(z1), Q(z 2) and R(z3) are three complex numbers and PQR = , then
z3 z2
=
z1 z 2
z3 z2
i
z1 z 2 e
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Solution
z3 z 4
i
z1 z 2 e
Example:
z 1
=
If arg
then interrupter the locus.
3
z+i
Solution
z 1
=
arg
z
+
i
3
1 z
=
arg
z
3
1 z
represents the angle between lines joining 1 and z and 1 + z. As this angle
Here arg
1 z
is constant, the locus of z will be a of a circle segment. (angle in a segment is count). It can be
1 z
2
will be equal to
seen that locus is not the complete side as in the major are arg
.
3
1 z
Now try to geometrically find out radius and centre of this circle.
1
2
Radius
Ans.
centre 0,
3
3
If A(z + 3i) and B(3 + 4i) are two vertices of a square ABCD (take in anticlock wise order) then
find C and D.
Let affix of C and D are z3 + z4 respectively
Considering DAB = 90 + AD = AB
z 4 (2 + 3 i)
(3 + 4 i) (2 + 3 i)
i
we get
=
e
AD
AB
2
z4 (2 + 3i)
=
(1 + i) i
Z4
=
2 + 3i+ i 1
=
1 + zi
z 3 (3 + 4i)
( z + 3i) (3 4i)
i
and
=
e
CB
AB
2
z3 = 3 + 4i (1 + i) (i)
z3 = 3 + 4i + i 1 = z + 5i
Example:
Solution.

1.
z1 , z2, z 3, z4 are the vertices of a square taken in anticlockwise order then prove that
2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i) z3
Ans. (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3
2.
Check that z1z2 and z3z4 are parallel or, not

where,
z1 = 1 + i
z3 = 4 + 2i
z2 = 2 i
z4 = 1 i
Ans. Hence, z1 z2 and z3z4 are not parallel.
3.
P is a point on the argand diagram on the circle with OP as diameter two point Q and R are taken such
that POQ = QOR
If O is the origin and P, Q, R are represented by complex z 1, z2, z3 respectively then show that
z2 2 cos 2 = z1z3cos2
Ans. z1z3 cos2
9.
Demoivres Theorem:
Case
Statement :
If n is any integer then
(i)
(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n
(ii)
(cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2) + i sin 2) (cos 3 + i sin 2) (cos 3 + i sin 3) .....(cos n + i sin n)
= cos (1 + 2 + 3 + ......... n) + i sin ( 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + n)
Case
Statement : If p, q Z and q 0 then
2k + p
2k + p
+ i sin
(cos + i sin )p/q = cos

q
q
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ......, q 1
98930 58881
z3 z2
z1 z 2 =
7 of 38
If P(z1), Q(z2 ), R(z3) and S(z 4) are four complex numbers and STQ = , then
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(iii)
NOTE : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined using theory of equations.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
Find the value of 192 + 194

192 + 194
= 1 + 2
=
Ans.
Example:
If 1, , 2 are cube roots of unity prove
(i)
(1 + 2) (1 + 2) = 4
(ii)
(1 + 2)5 + (1 + 2)5 = 32
(iii)
(1 ) (1 2) (1 4) (1 8) = 9
(iv)
(1 + 2) (1 2 + 4) (1 4 + 8) .......... to 2n factors = 22n
Solution.
(i)
(1 + 2) (1 + 2)
= ( 2) ( 22)
=4
Example:
Solution.
10
1.
r
2r
Find (1 + + )
11.
Ans. 12
nth Roots of Unity :
r =0
If 1,
1, 2, 3..... n 1 are the n, nth root of unity then :
(i)
They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n)
(ii)
1p +
(iii)
(1 1) (1 2)...... (1 n 1) = n
&
(1 + 1) (1 + 2)....... (1 + n 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv)
Example:
Solution.
&
1 + 2 +.... + n 1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n

= n if p is an integral multiple of n
1. 1. 2. 3......... n 1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.

Find the roots of the equation z6 + 64 = 0 where real part is positive.
z6 = 64
z6 = z6 . e+ i(2n + 1)
xz
i( 2n +1)
z=z e
z=2 e
roots with +ve real part are = e 6 + e
, 2e
, ze
, ze
5
6
= e
7
6
2e

i
6
, ze
3
2
, ze
11
2
11
6
Ans.
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The cube roots of unity are 1, 1 + i 3 , 1 i 3 .

2
2
If is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + + = 0. In general 1 + r + 2r = 0;
where r I but is not the multiple of 3.
In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2
2
4
4
cos 0 + i sin 0; cos
+ i sin
, cos
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an
equilateral triangle.
The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c R & is the cube root of unity)
a3 b 3 = (a b) (a b) (a b)
;
x2 + x + 1 = (x ) (x 2 )
;
3
3
2
a + b = (a + b) (a + b) (a + b)
;
a2 + ab + b2 = (a bw) (a bw2 )
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + c) (a + b + c)
(i)
8 of 38
10. Cube Root Of Unity :
Example:
Solution.
sin
k =1
sin
Find the value
k =1
2k

7
cos
k =1
2k
sin
7
k =0
2k
cos
k =0
2k
7 +1
(Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)
k =0
(Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) + 1
k =0
00+1=1
i
Ans.
1.
Resolve z7 1 into linear and quadratic factor with real coefficient.

2
4
6

2
z + 1 . z 2 2 cos
z + 1 . z 2 2 cos
z + 1
Ans. (z 1) z 2 cos
7
7
7

2.
Find the value of cos

Ans.
2
4
6
+ cos
+ cos
.
7
7
7
1
2
12. The Sum Of The Following Series Should Be Remembered :

(i)
cos
sin (n / 2)
n + 1
+ cos 2 + cos 3 +..... + cos n = sin / 2 cos

.
( )
2
sin (n / 2)
n + 1
+ sin 2 + sin 3 +..... + sin n = sin / 2 sin

.
( )
2
NOTE : If = (2/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
(ii)
sin
13. Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :

1
1
Loge ( + ) + i 2 n + tan
where n .
(i)
Loge ( + i ) =
(ii)
ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e
Example:
, n .
Find the value of

(i)
Solution.
2 n +
)
3
Ans.
log2 + i(2n +
(ii)
(iii)
log (1 + 3 i)
log(1)
zi
Ans.
Ans.
i
cos(ln2) + i sin(ln2) = ei(ln2)
(iv)
ii
Ans.
(v)
|(1 + i)i |
Ans.
(vi)
arg ((1 + i)i)
Ans.
4
e
1
n(2).
2
(i)
log (1 + 3 i)
(iii)
2i = ei n 2
( 4n +1).
( 8n +1).
i + 2n
= log 2 e 3
= log 2 + i + 2n
3
= cos ( n 2) cos ( n 2) + i sin ( n 2) ]
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2k
2k
cos
7
7
9 of 38

Find the real part of cos (1 + i)
Ans.
10 of 38
1.
1 e2
2ei
If z1 and z2 are affixies of the two points P and Q respectively then distance between P + Q is given
by |z1 z2|.
Section formula
If z1 and z2 are affixes of the two points P and Q respectively and point C devides the line joining P and
Q internally in the ratio m : n then affix z of C is given by
mz 2 + nz1
z=
m+n
If C devides PQ in the ratio m : n externally then
mz 2 nz1
z=
mn
(b)
If a, b, c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ; where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c
are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1, z 2 & z3 are collinear.
(1)
If the vertices A, B, C of a represent the complex nos. z1, z 2, z3 respectively and

a, b, c are the length of sides then,
z1 + z 2 + z 3
(i)
Centroid of the ABC =
(ii)
Orthocentre of the ABC =

(asec A )z1 + (b sec B )z 2 + (c secC)z 3
z1tan A + z 2 tanB + z 3 tan C
or
asec A + bsec B + c secC
tanA + tan B + tanC
Incentre of the ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3) (a + b + c).
(iii)
Circumcentre of the ABC = :

(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C) (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C).
(iv)
(2)
amp(z) = is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle to the x axis.
(3)
z a = z b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(4)
The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by, z = z1 + t (z1 z 2) where t is a real parameter.
(5)
z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to the
line joining z1 to the origin.
(6)
The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
z1
z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear. The above
z 2 z2 1
equation on manipulating, takes the form z + z + r = 0 where r is real and is a non zero
complex constant.
NOTE : If we replace z by zei and z by ze i then we get equation of a straight line which. Passes through the
foot of the perpendicular from origin to given straight line and makes an angle with the given straightl
line.
(7)
The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius is :

z z0 = or z z z0 z z 0 z + z 0 z0 = 0 which is of the form
z z + z + z + k = 0, k is real. Centre is & radius = k .

Circle will be real if k 0..
(8)
(9)
The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is
z z2
arg
=
or (z z1) ( z z 2) + (z z2) ( z z 1) = 0.
z z1
2
Condition for four given points z1, z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is the number
z 3 z1 z 4 z 2
.
should be real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear
z 3 z 2 z 4 z1
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14. Geometrical Properties :
z z1
Arg z z = represent (i) a line segment if =
2
(ii)
Pair of ray if = 0 (iii) a part of circle, if 0 < < .
(11)
z1
1
z2
Area of triangle formed by the points z1, z2 & z3 is
4i
z3
(12)
Perpendicular distance of a point z0 from the line z + z + r = 0 is
(13)
(i)
Complex slope of a line z + z + r = 0 is =
(ii)
z1 z 2
Complex slope of a line joining by the points z1 & z2 is = z z
1
2
Complex slope of a line making angle with real axis = e 2i
(iii)
z1 1
z2 1
z3 1
| z 0 + z0 + r |
2||
(14)
1 & 2 are the compelx slopes of two lines.

(i)
If lines are parallel then 1 = 2
(ii)
If lines are perpendicular then 1 + 2 = 0
(15)
If |z z1| + |z z2| = K > |z1 z 2| then locus of z is an ellipse whose focii are z1 & z 2
(16)
If |z z0 | =
(17)
(18)
z + z + r
2||
then locus of z is parabola whose focus is z0 and directrix is the
line z 0 + z 0 + r = 0
z z1
If z z
= k 1, 0, then locus of z is circle.
2
If z z1 z z 2 = K < z1 z2 then locus of z is a hyperbola, whose focii are
z1 & z 2.
Match the following columns :

Column -
(i)
If | z 3+2i | | z + i | = 0,
then locus of z represents ..........
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
Ans.
Column -
(i)
circle
z 1
= ,
If arg
z + 1
4
then locus of z represents...
if | z 8 2i | + | z 5 6i | = 5
then locus of z represents .......
z 3 + 4i
5
If arg z + 2 5i =
,
6
then locus of z represents .......
If | z 1 | + | z + i | = 10
then locus of z represents ........
|z3+i||z+2i|=1
then locus of z represents .....
| z 3i | = 25
z 3 + 5i
arg z + i =
(i)
(ii)
(vii)
(v)
(ii)
Straight line
(iii)
Ellipse
(iv)
Hyperbola
(v) Major Arc

(vi) Minor arc
(vii) Perpendicular bisector of a line segment
(viii) Line segment
(iii)
(viii)
(iv)
(vi)
(v)
(iii)
(vi)
(iv)
(vii)
(i)
(viii)
(ii)
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is real
11 of 38
(z z 2 ) ( z 3 z 1 )
(z z1 ) (z 3 z 2 )
( z z 2 ) ( z 3 z 1 ) ( z z 2 ) ( z 3 z1 )
=
.
( z z 1 ) ( z 3 z 2 ) ( z z1 ) ( z 3 z 2 )
points z1, z2 & z3 can be taken as
(a)
Reflection points for a straight line :

Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the
right bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex
numbers z1 & z2 will be the reflection points for the straight line z + z + r = 0 if and only if;
12 of 38
15.
z1 + z 2 + r = 0 , where r is real and is non zero complex constant.
Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :

Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius , if:
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and P, Q are on the same side of O.
(ii) OP. OQ = 2.
Note : that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle z z + z + z + r = 0 if and only
if z1 z 2 + z1 + z 2 + r = 0 .
It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle
is equal to the sum of the products of lengths of the two pairs of its opposite sides.
i.e.
z1 z3 z2 z4 = z1 z2 z3 z4 + z1 z4 z2 z3.
Example:
Solution.
If cos + cos + cos = 0 and also sin + sin + sin = 0, then prove that
(i)
cos 2 + cos2 + cos2 = sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
(ii)
sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3 = 3 sin ( + + )
(iii)
cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3 = 3 cos ( + + )
Let
z1 = cos + i sin , z 2 = cos + i sin ,
z3 = cos + i sin .
z1 + z 2 + z 3
= (cos + cos + cos ) + i (sin + sin + sin )
=0+i.0=0
1
1
(i)
Also
z1 = (cos + i sin ) = cos i sin
(1)
1
1
=
cos
i
sin
,
z2
z 3 cos sin
1
1
1
z1 + z 2 + z 3 = (cos + cos + cos ) i (sin + sin + sin ) (2)
= 0i.0=0
Now z12 + z22 + z33 = (z 1 + z2 + z3)2 2 (z 1z2 + z 2z3 + z3z1 )
(ii)
1
1
1
= 0 2z1z2z3 z + z + z
1
2
3
= 0 2z1 z2 z3. 0 = 0, using (1) and (2)
or
(cos + i sin )2 + (cos + i sin )2 + (cos + i sin )2 = 0
or
cos 2 + i sin 2)2 + cos 2 + i sin 2 + cos 2 + i sin 2 = 0 + i.0
Equation real and imaginary parts on both sides, cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 0 and
sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
z1 3 + z 23 + z 33
= (z1 + z2)3 3z1z2(z1 + z2) + z33
= (z3)3 3z1z2 ( z 3) + z33, using (1)
= 3z1z2z3
(cos + i sin )3 + (cos + i sin )3 + (cos + i sin )3

= 3 (cos + i sin ) (cos + i sin ) (cos + i sin )
or
cos 3 + i sin 3 + cos 3 + i sin 3 + cos 3 + i sin 3
= 3{cos( + + ) + i sin ( + + )
Equation imaginary parts on both sides, sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3 = 3 sin ( + + )
Alternative method
Let
C cos + cos + cos = 0

S sin + sin + sin = 0
C + iS = ei + ei + e i = 0
(1)
(2)
C iS = ei + ei + ei = 0
From (1)
(ei)2 + (ei)2 + (ei)2 = (e i) (ei) + (e i) (ei) + (ei) (ei)
ei2 + ei2 + ei2 = ei ei ei (e2 + ei + ei)

(from 2)
ei(2) + e i2 + ei2 = 0
Comparing the real and imaginary parts we
cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
Also from (1) (ei)3 + (e i)3 + (e i)3 = 3ei ei ei
ei3 + ei3 + ei3 = 3ei(++)

Comparing the real and imaginary parts we obtain the results.
Example:
If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers and c > 0, then prove that
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16. Ptolemys Theorem:
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(b)
|z1 + z2|2 (I + C) |z1|2 + (I +C1) |z 2|2

We have to prove :
|z1 + z 2|2 (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 + c1) |z 2|2
i.e.
|z1|3 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z 2z2 (1 + c) |z1|2 + (1 +c1) |z 2|3
or z1 z 2 + z 2z2 c|z 1|2 + c1|z2|2
or c|z1|2 +
13 of 38
Solution.
1
|z |2 z 1 z 2 z 2 z 2 0
c 2
Example:
Solution.
| 0
which is always true.
If , [/6, /3], i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and z4 cos 1 + z3 cos 2 + z3 cos 3. + z cos 4 + cos5 = 2 3 ,

3
then show that |z| >
4
Given that
cos 1 . z 4 + cos2 . z3 + cos3 . z2 + cos4 . z + cos5 = 23
or
|cos1 . z4 + cos 2 . z3 + cos3 . z2 + cos4 . z + cos5| = 23
23 |cos 1 . z4 | + |cos2 . z3 | + |cos3 . z2 | + cos4 . z| + |cos 5 |
i [/6, /3]
1
3
cos i
2
2
3
3
3 2
3
3
|z|4 +
|z| 3 +
|z| +
|z| +
2 3
2
2
2
2
2
3 |z| 4 + |z| 3 + |z|2 + |z|
3 < |z| + |z|2 + |z|3 + |z|4 +|z|5 + .........
|z|
3 < 1 | z |
3 e |z| < |z|
4|z| > 3
Example:
|z| >
3
4
Two different non parallel lines cut the circle |z| = r in point a, b, c, d respectively. Prove that
these lines meet in the point z given by z =
Solution.
a 1 + b 1 c 1 d 1
a 1b 1 c 1d 1
Since point P, A, B are collinear
z z 1
a a 1
=0
z a b z (a b) + a b a b = 0
b b 1
Similarlym, since points P, C, D are collinear
z a b (c d) z c d (a b) = c d cd (a b) a b a b (c d)
2
zz = r = k (say)
From equation (iii) we get
(i)
(iii)
k
k
k
a = a , b = b , c = c etc.
k k
k k
ck kd
ak bk
(a b)
(c d)
z (c d) z (a b) =
a
b
c
d
d
c
a
z=
a 1 + b 1 c 1 d 1
a 1b 1 c 1d 1
98930 58881
or
1
c z1
| z2
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(using Re (z1 z 2) |z1 z 2|)
DEFINITION :
Complex numbers are definited as expressions of the form a + ib where a, b R & i = 1 . It is
denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. a is called as real part of z (Re z) and b is called as imaginary part of
z (Im z).
EVERY COMPLEX NUMBER CAN BE REGARDED AS
Purely imaginary
if a = 0
Imaginary
if b 0
Note :
(a)
The set R of real numbers is a proper subset of the Complex Numbers. Hence the Complete Number
system is N W I Q R C.
(b)
Zero is both purely real as well as purely imaginary but not imaginary.
(c)
i = 1 is called the imaginary unit. Also i = l ; i3 = i ; i4 = 1 etc.
(d)
b = a b only if atleast one of either a or b is non-negative.
CONJUGATE COMPLEX :
If z = a + ib then its conjugate complex is obtained by changing the sign of its imaginary part &
is denoted by z . i.e. z = a ib.
Note that :
(i)
z + z = 2 Re(z)
(ii)
z z = 2i Im(z)
(iii)
z z = a + b which is real
(iv)
If z lies in the 1st quadrant then z lies in the 4th quadrant and z lies in the 2nd quadrant.
3.
ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS :
The algebraic operations on complex numbers are similiar to those on real numbers treating i as a
polynomial. Inequalities in complex numbers are not defined. There is no validity if we say that complex
number is positive or negative.
e.g. z > 0, 4 + 2i < 2 + 4 i are meaningless .
However in real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b but in complex numbers,
z12 + z22 = 0 does not imply z1 = z2 = 0.
4.
EQUALITY IN COMPLEX NUMBER :
Two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 & z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal if and only if their real & imaginary
parts coincide.
5.
REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER IN VARIOUS FORMS :
(a)
Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :
Every complex number z = x + i y can be represented by a point on
the cartesian plane known as complex plane (Argand diagram) by the
ordered pair (x, y).
length OP is called modulus of the complex number denoted by z &
is called the argument or amplitude .
eg. z = x 2 + y 2 &
98930 58881
Purely real
if b = 0
2.
= tan1
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
if z > 0
z is always non negative . Unlike real numbers z =

is not correct
z if z < 0
Argument of a complex number is a many valued function . If is the argument of a complex number
then 2 n + ; n I will also be the argument of that complex number. Any two arguments of a
complex number differ by 2n.
The unique value of such that < is called the principal value of the argument.
Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the argument.
By specifying the modulus & argument a complex number is defined completely. For the complex number
0 + 0 i the argument is not defined and this is the only complex number which is given by its modulus.
There exists a one-one correspondence between the points of the plane and the members of the set of
complex numbers.
NOTE :(i)
(ii)
y
(angle made by OP with positive xaxis)
x
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1.
14 of 38
Shor
evesion
Shortt R
Re
e ix + e ix
e ix e ix
& sin x =
are known as Euler's identities.
2
2
Exponential Representation :
z = rei ; | z | = r ; arg z = ; z = re i
(c)
6.
(a)
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE / MODULI / AMPLITUDE :

If z , z1 , z2 C then ;
z + z = 2 Re (z) ; z z = 2 i Im (z) ; ( z ) = z ; z1 + z 2 = z1 + z 2 ;
z1 z 2 = z1 z 2
(b)
z
1 = z1
z
z2
2
; z1 z 2 = z1 . z 2
; z2 0
2
| z | 0 ; | z | Re (z) ; | z | Im (z) ; | z | = | z | = | z | ; z z = | z | ;
| z1 |
z1
| z1 z2 | = | z1 | . | z2 |
;
=
, z2 0 , | zn | = | z |n ;
| z2 |
z2
| z1 + z2 |2 + | z1 z2 |2 = 2 [| z1 |2 + | z 2 |2 ]
(c)
(7)
z1 z2 z1 + z2 z1 + z2
(i)
amp (z1 . z2) = amp z1 + amp z2 + 2 k.
z
z2
[ TRIANGLE INEQUALITY ]
kI
(ii)
amp 1 = amp z1 amp z2 + 2 k ;
kI
(iii)
amp(zn) = n amp(z) + 2k .
where proper value of k must be chosen so that RHS lies in ( , ].
VECTORIAL REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX :

Every complex number can be considered as if it is the position vector of that point. If the point P
represents the complex number z then, OP = z & OP = z.

NOTE :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
8.
9.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
If OP = z = r ei then OQ = z1 = r ei ( + ) = z . e i. If OP and OQ are
of unequal magnitude then OQ = OP e i

If A, B, C & D are four points representing the complex numbers
z1, z2 , z3 & z4 then
z 4 z3
z z
AB CD if 4 3 is purely real ;
AB CD if z z is purely imaginary ]
z z1
2
1
of an equilateral triangle where z0 is its circumcentre then
If z1, z2, z3 are the2vertices
(a) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1 = 0
(b) z 12 + z 22 + z 23 = 3 z 20
DEMOIVRES THEOREM : Statement : cos n + i sin n is the value or one of the values
of (cos + i sin )n n Q. The theorem is very useful in determining the roots of any complex
quantity
Note : Continued product of the roots of a complex quantity should be determined
using theory of equations.
1+ i 3 1 i 3
CUBE ROOT OF UNITY : (i)
The cube roots of unity are 1 ,
,
.
2
2
If w is one of the imaginary cube roots of unity then 1 + w + w = 0. In general
1 + wr + w2r = 0 ; where r I but is not the multiple of 3.
In polar form the cube roots of unity are :
2
4
2
4
cos 0 + i sin 0 ; cos
+ i sin , cos
+ i sin
3
3
3
3
The three cube roots of unity when plotted on the argand plane constitute the verties of an equilateral triangle.
The following factorisation should be remembered :
(a, b, c R & is the cube root of unity)
98930 58881
Also cos x =
15 of 38
Trignometric / Polar Representation :

z = r (cos + i sin ) where | z | = r ; arg z = ; z = r (cos i sin )
Note: cos + i sin is also written as CiS .
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(b)
16 of 38
10.
a3 b3 = (a b) (a b) (a b) ;
x2 + x + 1 = (x ) (x 2) ;
3
3
2
a + b = (a + b) (a + b) (a + b) ;
a3 + b3 + c3 3abc = (a + b + c) (a + b + c) (a + b + c)
nth ROOTS OF UNITY :
If 1 , 1 , 2 , 3 ..... n 1 are the n , nth root of unity then :
(i)
They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n)
&
1p + 1p + 2p + .... + pn 1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n

= n if p is an integral multiple of n
(iii)
(1 1) (1 2) ...... (1 n 1) = n
&
(1 + 1) (1 + 2) ....... (1 + n 1) = 0 if n is even and 1 if n is odd.
(iv)
1 . 1 . 2 . 3 ......... n 1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.
11.
THE SUM OF THE FOLLOWING SERIES SHOULD BE REMEMBERED :
sin (n 2)
n +1
cos
(i)
cos + cos 2 + cos 3 + ..... + cos n =
.
sin ( 2 )
2
sin (n 2) n + 1
(ii)
sin + sin 2 + sin 3 + ..... + sin n =
sin
.
sin ( 2)
2
Note : If = (2/n) then the sum of the above series vanishes.
12.
STRAIGHT LINES & CIRCLES IN TERMS OF COMPLEX NUMBERS :
nz + mz 2
(A)
If z1 & z2 are two complex numbers then the complex number z = 1
divides the joins of z1
m+n
& z2 in the ratio m : n.
Note:(i) If a , b , c are three real numbers such that az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 ;
where a + b + c = 0 and a,b,c are not all simultaneously zero, then the complex numbers z1 , z2 & z3
are collinear.
(ii)
If the vertices A, B, C of a represent the complex nos. z1, z2, z3 respectively, then :
z1 + z 2 + z 3
(a)
Centroid of the ABC =
:
3
(b)
Orthocentre of the ABC =
(a sec A )z1 + (b sec B)z 2 + (c sec C)z3
z tan A + z 2 tan B + z 3 tan C
OR 1
a sec A + b sec B + c sec C
tan A + tan B + tan C
(c)
Incentre of the ABC = (az1 + bz2 + cz3) (a + b + c) .
(d)
Circumcentre of the ABC = :
(Z1 sin 2A + Z2 sin 2B + Z3 sin 2C) (sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C) .
(B)
amp(z) = is a ray emanating from the origin inclined at an angle to the x axis.
(C)
z a = z b is the perpendicular bisector of the line joining a to b.
(D)
The equation of a line joining z1 & z2 is given by ;
z = z1 + t (z1 z2) where t is a perameter.
(E)
z = z1 (1 + it) where t is a real parameter is a line through the point z1 & perpendicular to oz1.
(F)
The equation of a line passing through z1 & z2 can be expressed in the determinant form as
(G)
(H)
(I)
(J)
z z 1
z1 z1 1 = 0. This is also the condition for three complex numbers to be collinear.
z 2 z2 1
Complex equation of a straight line through two given points z1 & z2 can be written as
z (z1 z 2 ) z (z1 z 2 )+ (z1z 2 z1z 2 ) = 0, which on manipulating takes the form as z + z + r = 0
where r is real and is a non zero complex constant.
The equation of circle having centre z0 & radius is :
z z0 = or z z z0 z z 0 z + z 0 z0 = 0 which is of the form
zz + z+z +r = 0 , r is real centre & radius r .
Circle will be real if r 0 .
The equation of the circle described on the line segment joining z1 & z2 as diameter is :
z z2
(i) arg
=
or (z z1) ( z z 2) + (z z2) ( z z 1) = 0
2
z z1
Condition for four given points z1 , z2 , z3 & z4 to be concyclic is, the number
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(ii)
(ii)
ii
Q.1
Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi
represents a set of positive real numbers given by
2 n+
2
e
,
n I.
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE

2
Q.2
Q.3
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
Q.7
2
4i 3 i
(
2 + i )2 (2 i )2
1 + 2i
3 + 2i 3 2i
(a)
(d)
(e)
+
(b) i (9 + 6 i) (2 i) (c)
2i
2+i
2 5i 2 + 5i
2+i
2i + 1
Given that x , y R, solve : (a) (x + 2y) + i (2x 3y) = 5 4i
(b) (x + iy) + (7 5i) = 9 + 4i
(c) x y i (2x + y) = 2i
(d) (2 + 3i) x (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i
(e) 4x + 3xy + (2xy 3x)i = 4y (x2/2) + (3xy 2y)i
Find the square root of :
(a) 9 + 40 i
(b) 11 60 i
(c) 50 i
(a)
If f (x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 x + 4, find f ( 5 + 4i)
(b)
If g (x) = x4 x3 + x2 + 3x 5, find g(2 + 3i)
Among the complex numbers z satisfying the condition z + 3 3 i = 3 , find the number having the
least positive argument.
Solve the following equations over C and express the result in the form a + ib, a, b R.
(a) ix2 3x 2i = 0
(b) 2 (1 + i) x2 4 (2 i) x 5 3 i = 0
Locate the points representing the complex number z on the Argand plane:
2
2
z3
= 3 ; (d) z 3 = z 6
(a) z + 1 2i = 7 ; (b) z 1 + z + 1 = 4 ; (c)
z+3
Q.8
If a & b are real numbers between 0 & 1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi & z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find the values of 'a' and 'b'.
Q.9
For what real values of x & y are the numbers 3 + ix2 y & x2 + y + 4i conjugate complex?
Q.10 Find the modulus, argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
(i) 6 (cos 310 i sin 310)
Q.11
(ii) 2 (cos 30 + i sin 30)
If (x + iy)1/3 = a + bi ; prove that 4 (a2 b2) =
Q.12(a) If
(iii)
x y
+ .
a b
2+i
4 i + (1 + i) 2
a + ib
a 2 + b2
= p + qi , prove that p2 + q2 = 2 2 .
c + id
c +d
(b) Let z1, z2, z3 be the complex numbers such that

z1 + z2 + z3 = z1z2 + z2z3 + z3z1 = 0. Prove that | z1 | = | z2 | = | z3 |.
1+ z + z2
Q.13 Let z be a complex number such that z c\R and
R, then prove that | z | =1.
1 z + z2
2
2
2
Q.14 Prove the identity, | 1 z1z 2 | | z1 z 2 | = 1 | z1 | 1 | z 2 |2
)(
98930 58881
13.(a) Reflection points for a straight line :

Two given points P & Q are the reflection points for a given straight line if the given line is the right
bisector of the segment PQ. Note that the two points denoted by the complex numbers z1 & z2 will be
the reflection points for the straight line z + z + r = 0 if and only if ; z + z + r = 0 , where r is
1
2
real and is non zero complex constant.
(b) Inverse points w.r.t. a circle :
Two points P & Q are said to be inverse w.r.t. a circle with centre 'O' and radius , if :
(i) the point O, P, Q are collinear and on the same side of O.
(ii) OP . OQ = 2.
Note that the two points z1 & z2 will be the inverse points w.r.t. the circle
z z + z + z + r =0 if and only if z1 z 2 + z1 + z 2 + r =0 .
14.
PTOLEMYS THEOREM : It states that the product of the lengths of the diagonals of a
convex quadrilateral inscribed in a circle is equal to the sum of the lengths of the two pairs of
its opposite sides.
i.e.
z1 z3 z2 z4 = z1 z2 z3 z4 + z1 z4 z2 z3.
15.
LOGARITHM OF A COMPLEX QUANTITY :
1
(i)
Loge ( + i ) = Loge ( + ) + i 2n + tan 1 where n I.
2
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17 of 38
z 3 z1 z 4 z 2
is real. Hence the equation of a circle through 3 non collinear points z1, z2 & z3 can be
.
z 3 z 2 z 4 z1
(z z 2 )(z 3 z1 )
(z z 2 )(z 3 z1 ) (z z 2 )(z3 z1 )
taken as
is real
(z z1 )(z 3 z 2 )
(z z1 )(z3 z 2 ) = (z z1 )(z3 z 2 )
Q.17
Q.18
Q.19
(ii)
Q.20
a + b + c 2
= 2
c + a + b 2
18 of 38
(iii) (1 ) (1 2) (1 4) (1 8) = 9
If x = a + b ; y = a + b2 ; z = a2 + b, show that
(i) xyz = a3 + b3
(ii) x2 + y2 + z2 = 6ab (iii) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3)
1 1+ i + w2
w2
1
w 2 1 =
Q.21 If (w 1) is a cube root of unity then 1 i
i i + w 1
1
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) i
(D) w
7
Q.22(a) (1 + w) = A + Bw where w is the imaginary cube root of a unity and A, B R, find the ordered pair
(A, B).
(b) The value of the expression ;
1. (2 w) (2 w) + 2. (3 w) (3 w) + ............. + (n 1) . (n w) (n w), where w is an
imaginary cube root of unity is ________.
n +1
Q.23
If n N, prove that (1 + i)n + (1 i)n = 2 2
Q.24
Show that the sum
2n
k =1
. cos
n
.
4
2k
2k
i cos
sin
simplifies to a pure imaginary number.
2n + 1
2n + 1
a
Q.25 If x = cos + i sin & 1 + 1 a 2 = na, prove that 1 + a cos =

(1 + nx) 1 + .
2n
x
Q.26 The number t is real and not an integral multiple of /2. The complex number x1 and x2 are the roots of
the equation, tan2(t) x2 + tan (t) x + 1 = 0
2 n
Show that (x1)n + (x2)n = 2 cos

cotn(t).
3
Q.1
EXER
CISE-1
EXERCISE-1
Simplify and express the result in the form of a + bi :

(a) i (9 + 6 i) (2 i)1
(d)
(2 + i )2
(2 i )2
4i 3 i
(b)
2
i
1
+
(c)
3 + 2i 3 2i
+
2 5i 2 + 5i
(e) i + i
2i
2+i
Q.2
Find the modulus , argument and the principal argument of the complex numbers.
10
10
(i) z = 1 + cos
(ii) (tan1 i)2
+ i sin 9
9
i 1
(iii) z = 5 + 12i + 5 12i
(iv)
2
2
5 + 12i 5 12i
i 1 cos + sin
5
5
Q.3
Given that x, y R, solve :
x
y
5 + 6i
+
=
(a) (x + 2y) + i (2x 3y) = 5 4i
(b)
1 + 2i 3 + 2i 8i 1
(c) x y i (2x + y) = 2i
(d) (2 + 3i) x (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i
(e) 4x + 3xy + (2xy 3x)i = 4y (x2/2) + (3xy 2y)i
Q.4(a) Let Z is complex satisfying the equation, z2 (3 + i)z + m + 2i = 0, where m R.
98930 58881
Q.16
For any two complex numbers, prove that z1 + z 2 + z1 z 2 = 2 z1 + z 2 . Also give the
geometrical interpretation of this identity.
(a)
Find all nonzero complex numbers Z satisfying Z = i Z.
(b)
If the complex numbers z1, z2, .................zn lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 then show that
|z1 + z2 + ..............+zn| = |z11+ z21+................+zn1| .
Find the Cartesian equation of the locus of 'z' in the complex plane satisfying, | z 4 | + | z + 4 | = 16.
If is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a) (1 + )3 (1 + )3 = 0
(b) (1 + )5 + (1+ )5 = 32
(c) If is the cube root of unity, Find the value of, (1 + 52 + 4) (1 + 54 + 2) (53 + + 2).
If is a cube root of unity, prove that ; (i) (1 + 2)3 (1 + 2)3
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Q.15
(b) Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers such that
z1 2z 2
2 z1z 2
= 1 and | z2 | 1, find | z1 |.
(c) Let z1 = 10 + 6i & z2 = 4 + 6i. If z is any complex number such that the argument of,
Q.8
Q.9
Q.10
Q.11
Q.12
Q.13
Q.14
19 of 38
(b) z+ z = 2 + i
z z1
z z2
is
, then
4
prove that z 7 9i= 3 2 .

Show that the product,
2
22
2n
1+i 1+i 1+i 1+i
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 ......1+ 2 is equal to 1 1n (1+ i) where n 2 .

22
Let a & b be complex numbers (which may be real) and let,

Z = z3 + (a + b + 3i) z2 + (ab + 3 ia + 2 ib 2) z + 2 abi 2a.
(i)
Show that Z is divisible by, z + b + i. (ii)
Find all complex numbers z for which Z = 0.
(iii)
Find all purely imaginary numbers a & b when z = 1 + i and Z is a real number.
Interpret the following locii in z C.
z + 2i
4 (z 2i)
(a)
1 < z 2i < 3
(b)
Re
iz +2
(c)
Arg (z + i) Arg (z i) = /2
(d)
Arg (z a) = /3 where a = 3 + 4i.
Prove that the complex numbers z1 and z2 and the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle
2/3 if z12 + z 22 + z1 z 2 = 0 .
P is a point on the Aragand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that POQ = QOR = . If O is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1 , Z2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2 = Z1 . Z3 cos .
Let z1, z2, z3 are three pair wise distinct complex numbers and t1, t2, t3 are non-negative real numbers
such that t1 + t2 + t3 = 1. Prove that the complex number z = t1z1 + t2z2 + t3z3 lies inside a triangle with
vertices z1, z2, z3 or on its boundry.
If a CiS , b CiS , c CiS represent three distinct collinear points in an Argand's plane, then prove
the following :
(i)
ab sin ( ) = 0.
b 2 + c 2 2bc cos( ) (b CiS ) a 2 + c 2 2ac cos( )

(c CiS ) a 2 + b 2 2ab cos( ) = 0.
Q.15 Find all real values of the parameter a for which the equation
(a 1)z4 4z2 + a + 2 = 0 has only pure imaginary roots.
(ii)
(a CiS )
Let A z1 ; B z2; C z3 are three complex numbers denoting the vertices of an acute angled triangle.
If the origin O is the orthocentre of the triangle, then prove that
z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1
hence show that the ABC is a right angled triangle z1 z 2 + z1 z2 = z2 z 3 + z 2 z3 = z3 z1 + z 3 z1 = 0
Q.17 If the complex number P(w) lies on the standard unit circle in an Argand's plane and
z = (aw+ b)(w c)1 then, find the locus of z and interpret it. Given a, b, c are real.
Q.18(a) Without expanding the determinant at any stage , find K R such that
4i
8 + i 4 + 3i
8 + i 16i
i
has purely imaginary value.
4 + Ki
i
8i
(b) If A, B and C are the angles of a triangle
Q.16
98930 58881
Q.6
Solve the following for z : (a) z2 (3 2 i)z = (5i 5)
Q.7(a) If i Z3 + Z2 Z + i = 0, then show that | Z | = 1.
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Suppose the equation has a real root, then find the value of m.
(b) a, b, c are real numbers in the polynomial, P(Z) = 2Z4 + aZ3 + bZ2 + cZ + 3
If two roots of the equation P(Z) = 0 are 2 and i, then find the value of 'a'.
Q.5(a) Find the real values of x & y for which z1 = 9y2 4 10 i x and
z2 = 8y2 20 i are conjugate complex of each other.
(b) Find the value of x4 x3 + x2 + 3x 5 if x = 2 + 3i
Q.20
10
20 of 38
5
Q.23 If x = 1+ i 3 ; y = 1 i 3 & z = 2 , then prove that xp + yp = zp for every prime p > 3.

Q.24 If the expression z5 32 can be factorised into linear and quadratic factors over real coefficients as
(z5 32) = (z 2)(z2 pz + 4)(z2 qz + 4) then find the value of (p2 + 2p).
Q.25(a) Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are real numbers. Let A and B be the sets defined by
A = {z | | z | 2} and B = {z | (1 i)z + (1 + i) z 4}. Find the area of the region A B.
1
, where i = 1 . If there exist real number
(b) For all real numbers x, let the mapping f (x) =
x i
a, b, c and d for which f (a), f (b), f (c) and f (d) form a square on the complex plane. Find the area of
the square.
EXER
CISE-2
EXERCISE-2
Q.1
p q r
If q r p = 0 ; where p , q , r are the moduli of nonzero complex numbers u, v, w respectively,
r p q
2
Q.2
Q.3
w
w u
prove that, arg = arg
.
v
v u
The equation x3 = 9 + 46i where i = 1 has a solution of the form a + bi where a and b are integers.
Find the value of (a3 + b3).
Show that the locus formed by z in the equation z3 + iz = 1 never crosses the co-ordinate axes in the
Im( z)
2 Re( z) Im( z) + 1
2
If is the fifth root of 2 and x = + , prove that x5 = 10x2 + 10x + 6.
Prove that , with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip) z + q + iq = 0
where p , p, q , q are all real.
(i)
if the equation has one real root then q 2 pp q + qp 2 = 0 .
(ii)
if the equation has two equal roots then p2 p2 = 4q & pp = 2q .
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
If the equation (z + 1)7 + z7 = 0 has roots z1, z2, .... z7, find the value of
Argands plane. Further show that |z| =
Q.4
Q.5
Q.6
(a)
Q.7
Re(Zr )
(b)
r =1
Im(Zr )
r =1
Find the roots of the equation Zn = (Z + 1)n and show that the points which represent them are collinear
on the complex plane. Hence show that these roots are also the roots of the equation
2
Q.8
and
m
m 2
Z + 1 = 0.
2 sin
Z + 2 sin
n
n
Dividing f(z) by z i, we get the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get the remainder
98930 58881
1
sin
i
cos
+
+
+ i 1 + sin i cos = 0
5
5
5
5
Q.21 If cos ( ) + cos ( ) + cos ( ) = 3/2 then prove that :

(a) cos 2 = 0 = sin 2 (b) sin ( + ) = 0 = cos ( + ) (c) sin2 = cos2 = 3/2
(d) sin 3 = 3 sin ( + + )
(e) cos 3 = 3 cos ( + + )
(f) cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + ) = 3 cos ( + ) . cos ( + ) . cos ( + ) where R.
Q.22 Resolve Z5 + 1 into linear & quadratic factors with real coefficients. Deduce that : 4sin cos = 1.
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Q.19
e 2iA e iC
e iB
iC
2iB
e
e iA
D= e
where i = 1 then find the value of D.
e iB
e iA e 2iC
If w is an imaginary cube root of unity then prove that :
(a)
(1 w + w2) (1 w2 + w4) (1 w4 + w8) ..... to 2n factors = 22n .
(b)
If w is a complex cube root of unity, find the value of
(1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + w4) (1 + w8) ..... to n factors .
n
n
1 + sin + i cos
Prove that
= cos 2 n + i sin 2 n . Hence deduce that
1 + sin i cos
1 + i. Find the remainder upon the division of f(z) by z + 1.

Let z1 & z2 be any two arbitrary complex numbers then prove that :
Q.10
1
(| z1 | + | z 2 | ) z1 + z 2 .
2
| z1 | | z 2 |
If Zr, r = 1, 2, 3, ......... 2m, m N are the roots of the equation
21 of 38
Q.9
z1 + z2
Z2m-2
(a) C0 + C4 + C8 + .... =
1
2
(c) C2 + C6 + C10 + ..... =

(e) C0 + C3 + C6 + C9 +
Q.12
n
n 1
+ 2 n / 2 cos
2
4
(b) C1 + C5 + C9 + .... =
n
n 1
(d)
2 n / 2 cos
2
4
1
n
........ = 2 n + 2 cos
3
3
1
2
1
2
n
n 1
+ 2 n / 2 sin
2
4
1
2
C3 + C7 + C11 + .... =
n
n 1
2 n / 2 sin
2
4
Let z1 , z2 , z3 , z4 be the vertices A , B , C , D respectively of a square on the Argand diagram

taken in anticlockwise direction then prove that :
(i) 2z2 = (1 + i) z1 + (1 i)z3
&
(ii) 2z4 = (1 i) z1 + (1 + i) z3
98930 58881
Q.11
+ ............. + Z + 1 = 0 then prove that r=1 Z 1 = m

r
If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x + .... + Cn xn (n N), prove that :
+
Z2m-1
Q.13
Show that all the roots of the equation 1 + i x = 1 + i a a R are real and distinct.
Q.14
Prove that:
1 i x
1 ia
(a) cos x + nC1 cos 2x + nC2 cos 3x + ..... + nCn cos (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn
(b) sin x + nC1 sin 2x + nC2 sin 3x + ..... + nCn sin (n + 1) x = 2n . cosn
x
2
x
2
n + 2
. cos
n + 2
. sin
2n
4
6
2
1
= When n N.
+ cos
+ ..... + cos
+ cos
2 n + 1
2
2 n + 1
2 n + 1
2 n + 1
(c) cos
Q.15
Q.16
Show that all roots of the equation a0zn + a1zn 1 + ...... + an 1z + an = n,
n 1
where | ai | 1, i = 0, 1, 2, .... , n lie outside the circle with centre at the origin and radius
.
n
The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1 , z2 , z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to ( ) . Show that
2
(z2 z3) = 4 (z3 z1) (z1 z2) sin2 .

2
Q.17
2
A1
A2
An
+
+ ...... +
Show that the equation
= k has no imaginary root, given that:
x a1 x a 2
x an
a1 , a2 , a3 .... an & A1, A2, A3 ..... An, k are all real numbers.
Q.18
Q.19
a
b
c
=
=
= k. Find the value of k.
1 b 1 c 1 a
Let , be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
Let a, b, c be distinct complex numbers such that

2
Q.20
2
z + z = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the circle.
C is the complex number. f : C R is defined by f (z) = | z3 z + 2|. What is the maximum value of f on
the unit circle | z | = 1?
Q.21
Let f (x) = logcos 3x (cos 2 i x ) if x 0 and f (0) = K (where i = 1 ) is continuous at x = 0 then find
the value of K. Use of L Hospitals rule or series expansion not allowed.
Q.22
If z1 , z2 are the roots of the equation az2 + bz + c = 0, with a, b, c > 0 ; 2b2 > 4ac > b2 ;
z1 third quadrant ; z2 second quadrant in the argand's plane then, show that
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2m
Z2m
1/ 2
Find the set of points on the argand plane for which the real part of the complex number
(1 + i) z2 is positive where z = x + iy , x, y R and i = 1 .
EXER
CISE-3
EXERCISE-3
Q.1
10 2q
2q
(3 p + 2) sin 11 i cos 11 .
q =1
p =1
32
Evaluate:
[REE '97, 6]
Q.2(a) Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0 , where the coefficients p and q may be
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If AOB = 0 and
OA = OB, where O is the origin . Prove that p2 = 4 q cos2 .

n 1
(b) Prove that
k =1
(n k) cos
2k
n
=
where n 3 is an integer .
n
2
Q.3(a) If is an imaginary cube root of unity, then (1 + 2)7 equals

(A) 128
(B) 128
(C) 1282
(b) The value of the sum
Q.4
(i n + i n+1 )
13
1 , equals
(C) i
[JEE '97, 5]
(D) 1282
, where i =
n =1
(B) i 1
(A) i
[JEE '97 , 5]
(D) 0
[JEE' 98, 2 + 2 ]
Find all the roots of the equation (3z 1)4 + (z 2)4 = 0 in the simplified form of a + ib.
[REE 98, 6 ]
334
1 i 3
+3
Q.5(a) If i = 1 , then 4 + 5 +
2
2
(A) 1 i 3
(B) 1 + i 3
1 i 3
+
2
2
365
is equal to :
(D) i 3
(C) i 3
2
(b) For complex numbers z & , prove that, z z = z if and only if,
z = or z = 1
[JEE '99, 2 + 10 (out of 200)]
Q.6
2i
20
If = e 7 and f(x) = A0 + Ak xk, then find the value of,

k =1
f(x) + f( x) + ...... + f(6x) independent of .
[REE '99, 6]
1
+
Q.7(a) If z1 , z2 , z3 are complex numbers such that z1 = z2 = z3 = +
= 1, then
z1 z 2 z 3
z1 + z2 + z3 is :
(A) equal to 1
(B) less than 1 (C) greater than 3
(D) equal to 3
(b) If arg (z) < 0 , then arg ( z) arg (z) =

(A)
(B)
Q.8
(C)
(D)
2
[ JEE 2000 (Screening) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
Given , z = cos 2 n + 1 + i sin

, 'n' a positive integer, find the equation whose roots are,
2n + 1 2
3
2n
1
= z + z + ...... + z
& = z + z4 + ...... + z2n .
[ REE 2000 (Mains) 3 out of 100 ]
z1 z 3 1 i 3
=
Q.9(a) The complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 satisfying
are the vertices of a triangle which is
z2 z3
2
(A) of area zero
(B) right-angled isosceles
(C) equilateral
(D) obtuse angled isosceles
98930 58881
Q.24 If a and b are positive integer such that N = (a + ib)3 107i is a positive integer. Find N.
Q.25 If the biquadratic x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 (a, b, c, d R) has 4 non real roots, two with sum
3 + 4i and the other two with product 13 + i. Find the value of 'b'.
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Q.23
22 of 38
z1
b2
arg z = 2cos1
4
ac
2
Q.12(a) If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that | z1 | < 1 < | z2 | then prove that
(b) Prove that there exists no complex number z such that | z | <
1
and
3
a r zr
r =1
1 z1 z 2
< 1.
z1 z 2
= 1 where | ar | < 2.
[JEE-03, 2 + 2 out of 60]

Q.13(a) is an imaginary cube root of unity. If (1 + 2)m = (1 + 4)m , then least positive integral value of m is
(A) 6
(B) 5
(C) 4
(D) 3
[JEE 2004 (Scr)]
( z )
(b) Find centre and radius of the circle determined by all complex numbers z = x + i y satisfying
=k,
(z )
where = 1 + i 2 , = 1 + i 2 are fixed complex and k 1.
[JEE 2004, 2 out of 60 ]
Q.14(a) The locus of z which lies in shaded region is best represented by
(A) z : |z + 1| > 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /4
(B) z : |z - 1| > 2, |arg(z 1)| < /4
(C) z : |z + 1| < 2, |arg(z + 1)| < /2
(D) z : |z - 1| < 2, |arg(z - 1)| < /2
(b) If a, b, c are integers not all equal and w is a cube root of unity (w 1), then the minimum value of
|a + bw + cw2| is
1
3
(A) 0
(B) 1
(C)
(D)
2
2
[JEE 2005 (Scr), 3 + 3]
(c) If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z 1| = 2 is 2 + 3 i . Find the other
vertices of square.
[JEE 2005 (Mains), 4]
w wz
Q.15 If w = + i where 0 and z 1, satisfies the condition that
is purely real, then the set of
1 z
values of z is
(A) {z : | z | = 1}
(B) {z : z = z )
(C) {z : z 1}
(D) {z : | z | = 1, z 1}
[JEE 2006, 3]
ANSWER KEY
VERY ELEMENTARY EXERCISE
21 12
7 24
22
i; (c) 3 + 4i; (d) 8 + 0i; (e)
i; (b)
i
+
5
5
5
25 25
29
Q.1
(a)
Q.2
(a) x =1, y = 2; (b) (2, 9); (c) (2 , 2) or 3 , 3 ; (d) (1 ,1)
0 ,
(e) x = K, y =
3K
2
, KR
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23 of 38
(b) Let z1 and z2 be nth roots of unity which subtend a right angle at the origin. Then n must be of the form
(A) 4k + 1
(B) 4k + 2
(C) 4k + 3
(D) 4k
[ JEE 2001 (Scr) 1 + 1 out of 35 ]
Q.10 Find all those roots of the equation z12 56z6 512 = 0 whose imaginary part is positive.
[ REE 2000, 3 out of 100 ]
1
1
1
1
3
2
Q.11(a) Let = + i
. Then the value of the determinant 1 1 2 is
2
2
1
2
4
(A) 3
(B) 3 ( 1)
(C) 32
(D) 3(1 )
(b) For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| = 12 and |z2 3 4i| = 5, the minimum value of
|z1 z2| is
(A) 0
(B) 2
(C) 7
(D) 17
[JEE 2002 (Scr) 3+3]
(c) Let a complex number , 1, be a root of the equation
zp+q zp zq + 1 = 0 where p, q are distinct primes.
Show that either 1 + + 2 + ...... + p1 = 0 or 1 + + 2 + ...... + q1 = 0 , but not both together.
[JEE 2002, (5) ]
(a) (5 + 4i) ; (b) (5 6i) (c) 5(1 + i)
Q.8
(a) 160 ; (b) (77 +108 i)

3 5i
1+ i
3 3 3
+
i
Q.6
(a) i , 2i (b)
or
2
2
2
2
(a) on a circle of radius 7 with centre (1, 2) ; (b) on a unit circle with centre at origin
(c) on a circle with centre (15/4, 0) & radius 9/4 ; (d) a straight line
a=b=2 3;
Q.9 x = 1, y = 4 or x = 1, y = 4
Q.10
(i) Modulus = 6 , Arg = 2 k +
5
5
(K I) , Principal Arg =
(K I)
18
18
7
5
(ii) Modulus = 2 , Arg = 2 k +
, Principal Arg =
6
6
5
(iii) Modulus =
, Arg = 2 k tan1 2 (K I) , Principal Arg = tan12
6
Q.16
(a)
3 i
3 i
,i ;
,
2
2
2
2
Q.17
x 2 y2
+
= 1 ; Q.18
64 48
(c) 64 ;
98930 58881
Q.7
24 of 38
Q.5
Q.4
Q.21 A
n (n + 1)
n
2
2
Q.22
(a) (1, 1) ; (b)
Q.1 (a)
21 12
5
5
EXER
CISE-1
EXERCISE-1
i (b) 3 + 4 i (c)
8
+0i
29
(d)
22
i (e) + 2 + 0 i or 0 2 i
5
4
4
4
Q.2 (i) Principal Arg z =
; z = 2 cos
; Arg z = 2 k
kI
9
9
9
2
(ii) Modulus = sec 1 , Arg = 2 n + (2 ) , Principal Arg = (2 )
(iii) Principal value of Agr z =

(iv) Modulus =
3
2
& z = ; Principal value of Arg z = & z =

2
3
2
2
11
1
11
cos ec
, Arg z = 2n +
, Principal Arg =
5
20
20
2
2
Q.3(a) x = 1, y = 2; (b) x = 1 & y = 2 ; (c) (2 , 2) or 3 , 3 ; (d) (1 ,1) 0 , ; (e) x =K, y =

KR
2
2
Q.4
(a) 2, (b) 11/2
Q.5
(a) [( 2, 2) ; ( 2, 2)] (b) (77 +108 i)
Q.6
Q.7
(a) z = (2 + i) or (1 3i); (b) z =

(b) 2
3K
3 + 4i
4
Q.15
Q.18
Q.22
Q.25
2 ti
5
, ti where t R
3
3t + 5
(a) The region between the co encentric circles with centre at (0 , 2) & radii 1 & 3 units
1
1
(b) region outside or on the circle with centre + 2i and radius .
2
2
(c) semi circle (in the 1st & 4th quadrant) x + y = 1 (d) a ray emanating from the point
(3 + 4i) directed away from the origin & having equation 3 x y + 4 3 3 = 0
[3 , 2]
Q.17 (1 c2) | z |2 2(a + bc) (Re z) + a2 b2 = 0
(a) K = 3 , (b) 4
Q.19 (b) one if n is even ; w if n is odd
(Z + 1) (Z 2Z cos 36 + 1) (Z 2Z cos 108 + 1)
Q.24 4
(a) 2 ; (b) 1/2
Q.2
35
Q.9
Q.10
(ii) z = (b + i) ; 2 i , a
(iii)
EXER
CISE-2
EXERCISE-2
Q.19 k >
Q.6
(a)
7
, (b) zero
2
Q.8
iz 1
+ +i
2
2
Q.18 or 2
1
2
Q.20 | f (z) | is maximum when z = , where is the cube root unity and | f (z) | = 13
2
Q.21 K =
4
9
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Q.3
25 of 38
Q.23 required set is constituted by the angles without their boundaries, whose sides are the straight lines
y = ( 2 1) x and y + ( 2 + 1) x = 0 containing the x axis
Q.24 198
Q.25 51
Q.4
Z=
Q.3 (a) D
(b) B
(29 + 20 2 ) + i(15 + 25 2 )
,
82
Q.6 7 A0 + 7 A7
x7
+ 7 A14
x14
Q.9 (a) C, (b) D
(29 20 2 ) + i(15 25 2 )
82
Q.7 (a) A (b) A
Q.10 +1 + i 3 ,
Q.8
z2
3+i
),
Q.5 (a) C
sin 2 n
2
+z+
= 0, where =
sin 2
2n + 1
2i
Q.11
(a) B ; (b) B
)(
k 2
1
| k 2 | 2 k 2 . | | 2 | | 2 . k 2 1
, Radius = 2
2
k 1
(k 1)
Q.15 D
Q.14 (a) A, (b) B, (c) z2 = 3 i ; z3 = 1 3 + i ; z4 = 1 + 3 i
Q.13
(a) D ; (b) Centre
EXER
CISE-4
EXERCISE-4
Part : (A) Only one correct option

z 1
1.
If |z| = 1 and =
(where z 1), the Re() is
[IIT 2003, 3]
z +1
1
z
1
2
(A) 0
(B)
(C) z + 1 .
(D)
2
2
| z + 1|
| z + 1|
| z + 1 |2
2.
The locus of z which lies in shaded region (excluding the boundaries) is best represented by
[IIT 2005, 3]
(A) z : |z + 1| > 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < /4

(C) z : |z + 1| < 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < /2
3.
4.
(B) z : |z 1| > 2 and |arg (z 1)| < /4

(D) z : |z 1| < 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < /2
w wz
is purely real, then the set of
If w = , + i, where 0 and z 1, satisfies the condition that
1 z
values of z is
[IIT 2006, (3, 1)]
(C) {z : z 1}
(D) {z : |z| = 1, z 1}
(A) {z : |z| = 1}
(B) {z : z = z }
If ( 3 + i)100 = 299 (a + ib), then b is equal to
(A)
5.
6.
7.
(B)
(C) 1
z 8i
= 0, then z lies on the curve
If Re
z+6
(A) x2 + y2 + 6x 8y = 0 (B) 4x 3y + 24 = 0
(C) 4ab
n1
3 n1
(D) none of these

5 n2
7 n2
If n1, n2 are positive integers then : (1 + i) + (1 + i ) + (1 i ) + (1 i ) is a real number if and only if

(A) n1 = n2 + 1
(B) n1 + 1 = n2
(C) n1 = n2
(D) n1, n2 are any two positive integers
The three vertices of a triangle are represented by the complex numbers, 0, z1 and z2. If the triangle is
equilateral, then
(A) z12 z22 = z1z2
(B) z22 z12 = z1 z2
(C) z12 + z22 = z1z2
(D) z12 + z22 + z1z2 = 0
5
8.
(D) none of these
If x x + 1 = 0 then the value of

2
(A) 8
(B) 10
n =1
n 1
x + n is
x
(C) 12
(D) none of these
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EXER
CISE-3
EXERCISE-3
If is nonreal and =
(A) 4
10.
If z = x + iy and z1/3 = a ib then

(A) 1
1 then the value of 2|1 + + 2 + 2 1| is equal to

(B) 2
(C) 1
(D) none of these
(B) 2
12.
(C) 3
1 + i 3
1 i 3
1 + i 3
1 i 3
+
+
+
is equal to :
2
2
2
2
(A) 1
(B) 1
(C) 2
Expressed in the form r (cos + i sin ), 2 + 2i becomes :
3
3
(C) 2 2 cos
+ i sin
4
4
14.
15.
16.
(D) none
(A) 2 2 cos + i sin
13.
(D) 4
3
3
+ i sin
4
4
(B) 2 2 cos
(D)

2 cos + i sin
4
4
The number of solutions of the equation in z, z z - (3 + i) z - (3 - i) z - 6 = 0 is :

(A) 0
(B) 1
(C) 2
(D) infinite
If |z| = max {|z 1|, |z + 1|} then
1
(A) |z + z | =
(B) z + z = 1
(C) |z + z | = 1
(D) none of these
2
If P, P represent the complex number z1 and its additive inverse respectively then the complex equation of
the circle with PP as a diameter is
z
z1
(A) z =
(B) z z + z1 z1 = 0
(C) z z1 + z z1 = 0
(D) none of these
1
z
The points z1 = 3 + 3 i and z2 = 2 3 + 6 i are given on a complex plane. The complex number lying
on the bisector of the angle formed by the vectors z1 and z 2 is :
(3 + 2 3 )
3 +2
+
i
2
2
(C) z = 1 i
(A) z =
(B) z = 5 + 5 i
(D) none
n
17.
1 + i tan
1 + i tan n
when simplified reduces to :
1 i tan n
1 i tan
The expression
(B) 2 sin n
(A) zero
18.
19.
z)6
(C) z2 +
1
2
1
2
(1 i) (z1 z2)
(1 i) (z1 + z2)
(B) z2 +
(1 i) (z2 z1)
(D) none of these
If z = x + i y then the equation of a straight line Ax + By + C = 0 where A, B, C R, can be written on

the complex plane in the form a z + a z + 2 C = 0 where 'a' is equal to :
(A)
21.
(D) none
All roots of the equation, (1 +

+
=0:
(A)
lie on a unit circle with centre at the origin (B)lie on a unit circle with centre at ( 1, 0)
(C)
lie on the vertices of a regular polygon with centre at the origin (D) are collinear
Points z1 & z2 are adjacent vertices of a regular octagon. The vertex z3 adjacent to z 2 (z3 z1) is
represented by :
(A) z2 +
20.
(C) 2 cos n
z6
(A + i B)
(B)
A iB
2
(C) A + i B
(D) none
The points of intersection of the two curves z 3 = 2 and z = 2 in an argand plane are:
(A)
1
7i 3
2
(B)
1
3i 7
2
(C)
3
i
2
7
2
(D)
7
i
2
3
2
22.
The equation of the radical axis of the two circles represented by the equations,
z 2 = 3 and z 2 3 i = 4 on the complex plane is :
(A) 3iz 3i z 2 = 0
(B) 3iz 3i z + 2 = 0 (C) iz i z + 1 = 0
(D) 2iz 2i z + 3 = 0
23.
If eip = 1 where denotes the continued product, then the most general value of is :
p=1
(A)
24.
2n
r (r 1)
(B)
2n
r (r + 1)
(C)
4n
r (r 1)
(D)
4n
r (r + 1)
The set of values of a R for which x2 + i(a 1) x + 5 = 0 will have a pair of conjugate imaginary roots is
(A) R
(B) {1}
(C) |a| a2 2a + 21 > 0} (D) none of these
98930 58881
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x y
= k a 2 b 2 where k =
a b
26 of 38
9.
27 of 38
1
1
1
E = |z1 + z 2 + ..... + zn | 4 z + z + ....... + z is
1
2
n
(A) 0
(B) n
(C) n
(D) none of these
Part : (B) May have more than one options correct
27.
If z1 lies on |z| = 1 and z2 lies on |z| = 2, then
(A) 3 |z1 2z2| 5
(B) 1 |z 1 + z2| 3
(C) |z1 3z2| 5
(D) |z1 z2| 1
28.
If z1, z2, z3, z4 are root of the equation a0z4 + z1z3 + z2z2 + z3z + z4 = 0, where a0, a1, a2, a3 and a4 are real,
then
z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4 are also roots of the equation (B) z1 is equal to at least one of z1 , z 2 , z 3 , z 4
(A)
(C)
z1 , z 2 , z3 , z 4 are also roots of the equation (D) none of these
29.
30.
31.
If a3 + b 3 + 6 abc = 8 c3 & is a cube root of unity then :

(A) a, c, b are in A.P.
(B) a, c, b are in H.P.
(C) a + b 2 c2 = 0
(D) a + b2 2 c = 0
The points z1, z2, z 3 on the complex plane are the vertices of an equilateral triangle if and only if :
(A) (z1 z2 ) (z2 z3) = 0
(B) z12 + z 22 + z3 2 = 2 (z1 z2 + z 2 z3 + z3 z1 )
(C) z12 + z 22 + z32 = z1 z2 + z 2 z3 + z3 z1
(D) 2 (z12 + z 22 + z 32) = z 1 z2 + z 2 z3 + z 3 z1
If |z1 + z2| = |z1 z2| then
(A) |amp z1 amp z2| =

2
z1
(C) z is purely real
2
(B) | amp z1 amp2| =

z1
(D) z is purely imaginary
2
EXER
CISE-5
EXERCISE-5
R, solve : 4x + 3xy + (2xy 3x)i = 4y (x 2/2) + (3xy 2y)i
1.
Given that x, y
2.
If & are any two complex numbers, prove that :
3.
4.
5.
6.
2 2 + +
If (1 + x)n = p 0 + p1 x + p2 x2 + p3 x3 +......., then prove that :

p0
p2 + p4 ....... = 2n/2 cos
n
4
(b)
p1
p 3 + p5 ....... = 2n/2 sin
n
4
1

= loge cosec + i
2
2
2 2
1 ei
7.
Prove that, loge
8.
If i i
(a)
10.
If , are the numbers between 0 and 1, such that the points z1 = + i, z2 = 1 + i and z3 = 0 form an
equilateral triangle, then find and .
ABCD is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC and BD intersect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC. If the points D
and M represent the complex numbers 1 + i and 2 - i respectively, then find the complex number corresponding
to A.
Show that the sum of the pth powers of nth roots of unity :
(a)
is zero, when p is not a multiple of n. (b) is equal to n, when p is a multiple of n.
(a)
9.
2 2 = + +
i .......
= A + i B, principal values only being considered, prove that
tan
B
1
A =
A
2
(b)
A2 + B 2 = e B
Prove that the roots of the equation, (x - 1)n = xn are
1
2
, where
1 + i cot
r = 0, 1, 2,....... (n 1) & n N.
If cos ( ) + cos ( ) + cos ( ) = 3/2 then prove that :
(a)
cos 2 = 0 = sin 2
(b)
sin ( + ) = 0 = cos ( + )
(c)
sin 3 = 3 sin ( + + )
(d)
cos 3 = 3 cos ( + + )
(e)
sin2 = cos2 = 3/2
(f)
cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + ) + cos3 ( + ) = 3 cos ( + ). cos ( + ). cos ( + )
where R.
98930 58881
26.
If |z1 1| < 1, |z2 2| < 2, |z3 3| < 3 then |z1 + z2 + z3|

(A) is less than 6
(B) is more than 3
(C) is less than 12
(D) lies between 6 and 12
If z1, z2, z3, ........., zn lie on the circle |z| = 2, then the value of
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25.
of
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Given that, |z
1| = 1, where ' z ' is a point on the argand plane. Show that
z2
= i tan (arg z).
z
P is a point on the Argand diagram. On the circle with OP as diameter two points Q & R are taken such
that POQ = QOR = . If O is the origin & P, Q & R are represented by the complex numbers
Z1, Z 2 & Z3 respectively, show that : Z22 . cos 2 = Z1. Z3 cos .
Find an expression for tan 7 in terms of tan , using complex numbers. By considering
tan 7 = 0, show that x = tan2 (3 /7) satisfies the cubic equation x3 21x2 + 35x 7 = 0.
n
n 1
2 n / 2 cos
2
4
2n
4
6
2
1
Prove that : cos
= When n N.
+ cos
+..... + cos
+ cos
2
n
+
1
2
2 n + 1
2 n + 1
2 n + 1
Show that all the roots of the equation a1z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a4 = 3, where |ai| 1, i = 1, 2, 3, 4 lie outside the
circle with centre origin and radius 2/3.
If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C 2x +.... + Cn xn (n N), prove that : C2 + C6 + C10 +..... =
1
2
n 1
18.
Prove that
(n k ) cos 2nk = n2 , where n 3 is an integer

k =1
19.
20.
21.
A1
A2
An
+
+ ...... +
Show that the equation
= k has no imaginary root, given that :
x a1 x a 2
x an
a1, a2, a3.... a n & A1, A2, A3..... An, k are all real numbers.
Let z1, z 2, z3 be three distinct complex numbers satisfying, z1-1 = z 2-1 = z3-1. Let A, B & C
be the points represented in the Argand plane corresponding to z1, z2 and z3 resp. Prove that z1 + z2 +
z3 = 3 if and only if D ABC is an equilateral triangle.
Let , be fixed complex numbers and z is a variable complex number such that,
2
2
z + z = k.
Find out the limits for 'k' such that the locus of z is a circle. Find also the centre and radius of the
circle.
22.
If 1, 1, 2, 3 ,......., n 1 are the n, nth roots of unity, then prove that

(1 1 ) (1 2) (1 3 )........ (1 n 1) = n.
Hence prove that sin
n
2
3
(n 1)
. sin
. sin
........ sin
= n 1 .
n
n
n
n
2
23.
Find the real values of the parameter a for which at least one complex number
z = x + iy satisfies both the equality z ai = a + 4 and the inequality z 2 < 1.
24.
Prove that, with regard to the quadratic equation z2 + (p + ip) z + q + iq = 0; where p, p, q, q are all
real.
(a)
if the equation has one real root then q 2 pp q + qp 2 = 0.
(b)
if the equation has two equal roots then p2 p2 = 4q & pp = 2q .
State whether these equal roots are real or complex.
25.
The points A, B, C depict the complex numbers z1, z 2, z3 respectively on a complex plane & the angle
1
B & C of the triangle ABC are each equal to ( ) . Show that
2
(z2 z3 ) = 4 (z3 z1 ) (z1 z 2) sin2 .

2
If z 1 , z 2 & z 3 are the affixes of three points A, B & C respectively and satisfy the condition
|z1 z2| = |z 1| + |z 2| and |(2 - i) z1 + iz3 | = |z1| + |(1 i) z1 + iz3| then prove that ABC in a right angled.
26.
27.
If 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 be the roots of x 5 1 = 0, then prove that
1 . 2 . 3 . 4 = .
2
2
2
2 1 2 3 4
28.
98930 58881
12.
1 1 1
+
+
.
1 1 1
28 of 38
If , , are roots of x3 3 x2 + 3 x + 7 = 0 (and is imaginary cube root of unity), then find the value
If one the vertices of the square circumscribing the circle |z 1| =

the square.
2 is 2 +
3 i. Find the other vertices of

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11.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
ABCD 29.
30.
ACD 31.
AC
10.
AD
B
AB
3K
KR
2
3.
2 3, 2 3
i
3
or 1 i
2
2
11.
3 2
2
1
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Comp Num 001

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Comp Num 001

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Free Study Package download from website : www.iitjeeiitjee.com,

i = 1 is called the imaginary unit.

b = a b only if atleast one of a or b is non - negative.

4ac , (a, c> 0)

Fundamental operations with complex numbers

In real numbers if a2 + b2 = 0 then a = 0 = b however in complex numbers,

Find multiplicative inverse of 3 + 2i.

Self Practice Problem

Equality In Complex Number:

Re(z1) = Re(z2) and m (z1) = m (z2).

The complex number system

Solve for z if z2 + |z| = 0

Find square root of 9 + 40i

(x2 + y2)2 = 168

x + iy = +(5 + 4i) or = (5 + 4i)

sq. roots of a + 40i = (5 + 4i)

Representation Of A Complex Number:

Cartesian Form (Geometric Representation) :

Find the value of x and y for which (2 + 3i) x2 (3 2i) y = 2x 3y + 5i where x, y R.

+ i sin is also written as CiS or e i .

P represents the complex number z then, OP = z & OP = z.

Arg z = tan1 1 = tan1

Find the principal argument and |z|

Modulus of a Complex Number :

|z1z2| = |z1| . |z2|

|z1 + z2| |z 1| + |z2|

minimum value of (|1 + z| + |1 z|) = 2

= 1 then find the maximum and minimum value of |z|

from (i) and (ii) r (1, 2)

Self Practice Problem

Agrument of a Complex Number :

z is real, for any complex number z 0

Solve for z, which satisfy Arg (z 3 2i) =

Sketch the region given by

Self Practice Problems

Sketch the region given by

Conjugate of a complex Number

Conjugate of a complex number z = a + b is denoted and defined by z = a ib.

|z1 + z2|2 = (z1 + z2) ( z1 + z 2 ) = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + z1 z 2 + z1 z2

Self Practice Problem

Self Practice Problems

Check that z1z2 and z3z4 are parallel or, not

(cos + i sin )p/q = cos

Find the value of 192 + 194

1, 2, 3..... n 1 are the n, nth root of unity then :

They are in G.P. with common ratio ei(2/n)

1 + 2 +.... + n 1 = 0 if p is not an integral multiple of n

1. 1. 2. 3......... n 1 = 1 or 1 according as n is odd or even.

roots with +ve real part are = e 6 + e

The cube roots of unity are 1, 1 + i 3 , 1 i 3 .

10. Cube Root Of Unity :

Find the value

(Sum of imaginary part of seven seventh roots of unity)

(Sum of real part of seven seventh roots of unity) + 1

Resolve z7 1 into linear and quadratic factor with real coefficient.

Find the value of cos

12. The Sum Of The Following Series Should Be Remembered :

+ cos 2 + cos 3 +..... + cos n = sin / 2 cos

+ sin 2 + sin 3 +..... + sin n = sin / 2 sin

13. Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :

ii represents a set of positive real numbers given by e

Find the value of

arg ((1 + i)i)