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2.13.12
I.
DEFINITION
It
is
responsible
for
the
perception
and
conscious
understanding
of
all
sensations.
1/3
of
the
size
of
the
brain
It
is
the
site
in
which
one
modality
of
sensation
can
be
integrated
with
others.
Paired
(Left
and
Right)
Superior
parts
of
the
Brain.
Gyri
(Ridges)
and
Sulci
(Grooves)
II. LOBES
OF
THE
CEREBRUM
Fissures
(deep
grooves)
divide
the
cerebrum
into
lobes
Surface
lobes
of
the
cerebrum
Frontal
lobe
Parietal
lobe
Occipital
lobe
Temporal
lobe
IV.
LAYERS
OF
THE
CEREBRUM
Gray
matter
White
matter
Basal
nuclei
HISTOLOGY
CEREBRUM
2.13.12
V.
EXTERNAL
FEATURES
2
Cerebral
hemispheres,
separated
by
a
longitudinal
fissure,
and
joined
by
corpus
callosum.
Covered
by
meninges.
4
anatomical
lobes
(frontal,
parietal,
temporal,
occipital)
and
a
5th
functional
lobe
(limbic).
Surfaces
contain
folds
(gyri),
separated
by
depressions
(sulci
or
fissure).
VI.
MAJOR
SULCI/
FISSURES
Central
Sulcus
of
Rolando;
bet.
Frontal
and
Parietal
lobe
(please
look
at
the
picture
and
dont
memorize
it)
Lateral
Sylvian
fissure;
bet.
Frontal
+
Parietal/Temporal
lobe(please
look
at
the
picture
and
dont
memorize
it)
Parieto-occipital
fissure
Calcarine
fissure
VII.
FRONTAL
LOBE
A.
Lateral
Surface
PrecentralGyrus
BA
4;
Damage
=
PARALYSIS
Superior
Frontal
Gyrus
BA
6,
Premotor
Area
(for
association
=
naalala
ang
sequence
na
ginalaw)
Middle
Frontal
Gyrus
BA
8,
Frontal
Eyelid
Area
Conjugate
deviation
of
the
eyes
to
the
opposite
side,
independent
of
visual
stimuli.
Calcarine
area
is
not
involved.
Inferior
Frontal
Gyrus
Pars
Orbitalis
(47),
Pars
Triangularis
(45),
Pars
opercularis
(44).
Brocas
Area
or
Motor
Speech
Area
o BA
44
and
45.
->Damage
=
motor
aphasia/
cannot
talk
HISTOLOGY
OANDASAN
&
ODONES
CEREBRUM
2.13.12
IX.
TEMPORAL
LOBE
Superior
Temporal
BA
22
Auditory
association
Auditory
Agnosia
DAMAGE
=
ALEXIA
&
Agraphia
(kasi
hindi
mo
maintindihan)
Integrates
written
and
spoken
language
Middle
and
Inferior
Temporal
Transverse
Temporal
Gyrus
HeschlsGyrus
BA
41
Primary
Auditory
Center/Center
for
Audition
Fusiform
or
medial
occipitotemporal
Parahippocampal
Uncus
Most
medial
portion
of
temporal
lobe
X.
OCCIPITAL
LOBE
Cuneus
wedge
shaped
Lingual
or
lateral
occipitotemporalgyrus
BA
17
(Visual
Striate)
BA
18
(Parastriate)
and
BA
19
(Peristriate)
Visual
Association
Areas
DAMAGE
=
ALEXIA
&
Agraphia
(kasi
hindi
mo
maintindihan
ang
nakita,
hindi
naaalala)
HISTOLOGY
CEREBRUM
2.13.12
XIII.
HISTOLOGICAL
LAYERS
OF
THE
CEREBRAL
CORTEX
A.
Molecular
Layer
Cell
poor
B.
HomotypicalIsocortex
C.
External
Pyramid
D.Internal
Granular
- Chief
Input
layer
E.
Internal
Pyramid
- Betz
cells
- Chief
output
layer
F.
Multiform
Layer
XIV.
CELLS
IN
THE
CEREBRAL
CORTEX
A.
Pyramidal
Major
efferent
pathway
II,III,IV
B.
Stellate
Interneurons;
all
layers
Mostly
in
IV.
C.
Fusiform
Project
to
Hypothalamus
D.
Horizontal
Cells
of
Cajal
or
Cajal
-
Retzius
E.
Cells
of
Martinoti
Dampens
overexcited
pyramidal
cells
XV.
FIBERS
OF
THE
WHITE
MATTER
A.
Transverse
(Commisural)
Connects
homologous
areas
of
the
2
cerebral
hemispheres
Ex:
Corpus
callosum,
anterior
and
posterior
commisure
B.
Projection
fibers
Connect
Cerebral
Cortex
with
lower
portions
of
the
brain
or
spinal
cord.
Afferent
or
Corticopetal
o Impulses
toward
the
cerebral
cortex;
ex.
Anterior
Limb
and
Genu
of
Internal
capsule
(Thalamus
to
cortex)
Efferent
or
Corticofugal
o Cerebral
cortex
to
thalamus,
brain
stem,
spinal
cord;
ex.
Anterior
Limb
of
Internal
Capsule
(Cortex
to
Striatum
and
Pontine
nucleus)
C.
Association
fibers
Connect
gyrus
to
gyrus
in
the
same
hemisphere.
Example:
Short
association
(U
fibers,
Arcuate
fibers),
long
association
fibers
(cingulum,
arcuate
fasciculus)
XVI.
DYSFUNCTIONS
OF
THE
CEREBRAL
CORTEX
A. Agnosia
Failure
to
recognize
stimuli
when
the
appropriate
sensory
systems
are
functioning
(visual,
tactile,
auditory)
HISTOLOGY
B.
Apraxia
Loss
of
ability
to
carry
out
correctly
certain
movements
C.
Aphasia
Disorder
of
language
due
to
defect
either
in
production
or
comprehension
or
vocabulary
or
syntax
(arrangement).
a. Brocas
executive
or
motor
aphasia;
telegraphic
speech;
but
can
think,
understand
and
write.
b. Wernickes
receptive,
sensory,
or
fluent
aphasia;
loss
the
ability
to
understand
written
and
spoken
language.
c. Conduction
poor
retention
of
spoken
language.
d. Global
Aphasia
Brocas
and
Wernickes
-
Loss
of
production
of
speech
-
Loss
of
ability
to
understand
spoken
and
written
word
D.
Dysarthria
Disturbance
in
execution
of
speech
E.
Aphonia
Inability
to
produce
sounds
F.
Alexia
Inability
to
read
G.
Anomia
Inability
to
name
objects
H.
Agraphia
Inability
to
write
E.
Agnosia
Visual
bilateral
lesion
of
area
18,
19
Tactile
Supramarginalgyrus
Auditory
bilateral
lesion
of
area
22
CEREBRUM
2.13.12
XVII.
FRONTAL
LOBE
LESIONS
A.
Primary
Motor
Cortex
BA
4
Weakness
(Paresis)
and
Paralysis
(Plegia)
B.
Premotor
Cortex
Area
6
Apraxia;
no
weakness
but
patient
is
unable
to
perform
correct
sequence
Ideomotor
apraxia
o Supramarginalgyrus
o Knows
what
he
wants
to
do
but
is
unable
to
do
it;
cant
carry
out
on
command
Ideational
apraxia
o Dominant
parietal
lobe
or
corpus
callosum;
failure
to
carry
out
sequences
of
act
Kinetic
apraxia
o Frontal
lobe
o Inability
to
execute
fine
acquired
movements
C.
Prefrontal
Cortex
FRONTAL
LOBE
SYNDROME
Emotional
indifference
(apathy);
slowing
of
intellectuzl
faculties
(abulia);
infantile
suckling
and
grasp
reflex.
Motor
Speech
Areas
of
Broca
(Area
44
&
45)
Expressive
Aphasia
XVIII.
PARIETAL
LOBE
LESIONS
A.
Somesthetic
Center
Impairment
of
all
somatic
sensations,
contralateral
B.
Posterior
Parietal
Association
Area
Area
5
&
7
Apraxia;
astereognosia;
no
loses
of
somatic
sensations
C.
Wernickes
area
BA
22,
39,
40
Receptive
Aphasia
cant
comprehend
spoken
language;
fluent
verbalization
but
lacks
meaning;
word
salad
Allorichia(Allesthesia)
From
the
Greek
meaning
other
hand
The
patient
responds
to
stimuli
presented
to
one
side
of
their
body
as
if
the
stimuli
had
been
presented
at
the
opposite
side.
The
disorder
commonly
arises
from
damage
to
the
right
parietal
lobe.
XIX.
MOTOR
CENTER
LESIONS
A.
Irritative
Convulsive
seizures,
beginning
as
focal
twitchings
and
spreading
to
involve
large
muscle
groups
HISTOLOGY
JACKSONIAN
EPILEPSY
B.
Destructive
lesions
Contralateral
flaccid
paresis
or
paralysis
Spasticity
is
more
apt
to
occur
if
Area
6
is
also
ablated
XX.
SOMESTHETIC
CENTER
LESIONS
A.
Irritative
lesions
Produce
paresthesias(numbness,
abnormal
sensations
of
ants
crawling
on
the
body,
electric
shock,
or
pins
and
needles)
B.
Destructive
lesions
Impaired
sensibility
to
localize
or
measure
intensity
of
pain.
Complete
anesthesia
is
rare.
XXI.
VISUAL
CORTEX
LESIONS
A.
Irritative
lesions
Visual
hallucinations
such
as
flashes
of
light,
rainbows,
brilliant
stars,
or
bright
lines
B.
Destructive
lesions
Contralateral
homonymous
defects
of
the
visual
field.
XXII.
AUDITORY
CORTEX
LESIONS
A.
Irritative
lesions
Buzzing
and
roaring
sensations
B.
Destructive
lesions
Unilateral
cause
mild
hearing
loss,
bilateral
lesions
result
in
deafness
CEREBRUM
2.13.12
Occipit
al
Lobe
visual
percept
ion and
process
ing
Sagittal view
Function
Brodmann Area
Vision
primary
17
secondary
18, 19, 20, 21, 37
Audition
primary 41
secondary 22, 42
Body Sensation
primary 1, 2, 3
secondary 5, 7
Sensation, tertiary 7, 22, 37, 39, 40
Motor
primary 4
secondary 6
eye mov't 8
speech
44
Motor, tertiary
9, 10, 11, 45, 46, 47
Frontal Lobe
thinking, planning, & central executive
functions; motor execution
Parietal Lobe
somatosensory perception
integration of visual & somatospatial
information
Temporal Lobe
language function and auditory perception
involved in long term memory and emotion
HISTOLOGY
ORGASMIC EXPLOSION!!!!
Oandasan,Art