Bibliography of Nikola Tesla

Inventor Nikola Tesla contributed to the development of the alternating-current

electrical system that's widely used today and discovered the rotating
magnetic field (the basis of most AC machinery).
Synopsis
Inventor Nikola Tesla was born in July of 1856, in what is now Croatia. He came
to the United States in 1884 and briefly worked with Thomas Edison before the
two parted ways. He sold several patent rights, including those to his
alternating-current machinery, to George Westinghouse. His 1891 invention,
the "Tesla coil," is still used in radio technology today. Tesla died in New York
City on January 7, 1943.
Early Life
Nikola Tesla was born on July 10, 1856, in what is now Smiljan, Croatia. He was
one of five children which included siblings Dane, Angelina, Milka and Marica, in
the family. Tesla's interest in electrical invention was spurred by his mother,
Djuka Mandic, who invented small household appliances in her spare time while
her son was growing up. Tesla's father, Milutin Tesla, was a Serbian orthodox
priest and a writer, and he pushed for his son to join the priesthood. But
Nikola's interests lay squarely in the sciences. After studying at the Realschule,
Karlstadt (later renamed the Johann-Rudolph-Glauber Realschule Karlstadt); the
Polytechnic Institute in Graz, Austria; and the University of Prague during the
1870s, Tesla moved to Budapest, where for a time he worked at the Central
Telephone Exchange. It was while in Budapest that the idea for the induction
motor first came to Tesla, but after several years of trying to gain interest in his
invention, at age 28 Tesla decided to leave Europe for America.
Famed Inventor
In 1884 Tesla arrived the United States with little more than the clothes on his
back and a letter of introduction to famed inventor and business mogul Thomas
Edison, whose DC-based electrical works were fast becoming the standard in
the country. Edison hired Tesla, and the two men were soon working tirelessly
alongside each other, making improvements to Edison's inventions. However,
several months later, the two parted ways due to a conflicting businessscientific relationship, attributed by historians to their incredibly different
personalities: While Edison was a power figure who focused on marketing and
financial success, Tesla was commercially out-of-tune and somewhat
vulnerable.
After parting ways with Edison, in 1885 Tesla received funding for the Tesla
Electric Light Company and was tasked by his investors to develop improved

arc lighting. After successfully doing so, however, Tesla was forced out of the
venture and for a time had to work as a manual laborer in order to survive. His
luck changed in 1887, when he was able to find interest in his AC electrical
system and funding for his new Tesla Electric Company. Setting straight to
work, by the end of the year, Tesla had successfully filed several patents for
AC-based inventions.
Tesla's AC system eventually caught the attention of American engineer and
business man George Westinghouse, who was seeking a solution to supplying
the nation with long-distance power. Convinced that Tesla's inventions would
help him achieve this, in 1888 he purchased his patents for $60,000 in cash
and stock in the Westinghouse Corporation. As interest in an alternating-current
system grew, Tesla and Westinghouse were put in direct competition with
Thomas Edison, who was intent on selling his direct-current system to the
nation. A negative-press campaign was soon waged by Edison, in an attempt to
undermine interest in AC power. Tesla, for his part, continued in his work and
would patent several more inventions during this period, including the "Tesla
coil," which laid the foundation for wireless technologies and is still used in
radio technology today.
Unfortunately for Thomas Edison, the Westinghouse Corporation was chosen to
supply the lighting at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and
Tesla conducted demonstrations of his AC system there. Two years later, in
1895, Tesla designed what was among the first AC hydroelectric power plants
in the United States, at Niagara Falls. The following year, it was used to power
the city of Buffalo, New York, a feat that was highly publicized throughout the
world. With its repeat successes and favorable press, the alternating-current
system would quickly become the preeminent power system of the 20th
century, and it has remained the worldwide standard ever since.
In addition to his AC system and coil, throughout his career, Tesla discovered,
designed and developed ideas for a number of other important inventions
most of which were officially patented by other inventorsincluding dynamos
(electrical generators similar to batteries) and the induction motor. He was also
a pioneer in the discovery of radar technology, X-ray technology, remote
control and the rotating magnetic fieldthe basis of most AC machinery.
The Fall from Grace
Having become obsessed with the wireless transmission of energy, around
1900 Nikola set to work on his boldest project yet: to build a global, wireless
communication systemto be transmitted through a large electrical towerfor
sharing information and providing free electricity throughout the world. With
funding from a group of investors that included financial giant J. P. Morgan, in
1901 Tesla began work on the project in earnest, designing and building a lab

with a power plant and a massive transmission tower on a site on Long Island,
New York, that became known as Wardenclyffe. However, when doubts arose
among his investors about the plausibility of Tesla's system and his rival,
Guglielmo Marconiwith the financial support of Andrew Carnegie and Thomas
Edisoncontinued to make great advances with his own radio technologies,
Tesla had no choice but to abandon the project. The Wardenclyffe staff was laid
off in 1906 and by 1915 the site had fallen into foreclosure. Two years later
Tesla declared bankruptcy and the tower was dismantled and sold for scrap to
help pay the debts he had accrued.

Death and Legacy

After suffering a nervous breakdown, Tesla eventually returned to work,
primarily as a consultant. But as time went on, his ideas became progressively
more outlandish and impractical. He also grew increasingly eccentric, devoting
much of his time to the care of wild pigeons in New York City's parks. He even
drew the attention of the FBI with his talk of building a powerful "death beam,"
which had received some interest from the Soviet Union during World World II.
Poor and reclusive, Nikola Tesla died on January 7, 1943, at the age of 86, in
New York City, where he had lived for nearly 60 years. But the legacy of the
work he left behind him lives on to this day.
Several books and films have highlighted Tesla's life and famous works,
including Nikola Tesla, The Genius Who Lit the World, a documentary produced
by the Tesla Memorial Society and the Nikola Tesla Museum in Belgrade, Serbia;
and The Secret of Nikola Tesla, which stars Orson Welles as J. P. Morgan). And in
the 2006 Christopher Nolan film The Prestige, Tesla was portrayed by rock
star/actor David Bowie. In 1994, a street sign identifying "Nikola Tesla Corner"
was installed near the site of his former New York City laboratory, at the
intersection of 40th Street and 6th Avenue.
Wardenclyffe Project
Since Tesla's original forfeiture of his Wardenclyffe site, ownership of the
property has passed through numerous hands, and several attempts have been
made to preserve it, but in 1967, 1976 and 1994 efforts to have it declared a
national historic site failed. Then, in 2008, a group called the Tesla Science
Center was formed with the intention of purchasing the property and turning it
into a museum dedicated to the inventor's work.
In February 2009 the Wardenclyffe site went on the market for nearly $1.6
million, and for the next several years, the Tesla Science Center worked

diligently to raise funds for its purchase. In 2012, public interest in the project
peaked when Matthew Inman of TheOatmeal.com collaborated with the TSC in
an Internet fundraising effort, ultimately receiving enough contributions to
acquire the site in May 2013. Work on its restoration is still in progress.

Bibliografa de Nicola Tesla

Inventor Nikola Tesla contribuy al desarrollo del sistema elctrico de corriente
alterna que se utiliza ampliamente hoy y descubri el campo magntico
giratorio (la base de la mayora de la maquinaria de CA).
Sinopsis
Inventor Nikola Tesla naci en julio de 1856, en lo que hoy es Croacia. Lleg a
los Estados Unidos en 1884 y trabaj brevemente con Thomas Edison antes de
que ambos se separaron. Vendi varios derechos de patente, incluyendo
aquellos a su mquina de corriente alterna, a George Westinghouse. Su 1.891
invencin, la "bobina de Tesla," todava se utiliza en la tecnologa de radio de
hoy. Tesla muri en Nueva York el 7 de enero 1943.
Vida temprana
Nikola Tesla naci el 10 de julio de 1856, en lo que ahora es Smiljan, Croacia.
Fue uno de los cinco hijos que incluan los hermanos Dane, Angelina, Milka y
Marica, en la familia. El inters de Tesla en electricidad invencin fue
estimulado por su madre, Djuka Mandic, quien invent aparatos
electrodomsticos pequeos en su tiempo libre mientras que su hijo estaba
creciendo. El padre de Tesla, Milutin Tesla, era un sacerdote ortodoxo serbio y
un escritor, y l empuj a su hijo a unirse al sacerdocio. Pero los intereses de
Nikola ponen de lleno en las ciencias. Despus de estudiar en la Realschule,
Karlstadt (ms tarde rebautizado como Johann-Rudolph Glauber-Realschule
Karlstadt); el Instituto Politcnico de Graz, Austria; y la Universidad de Praga
durante la dcada de 1870, Tesla se traslad a Budapest, donde durante un
tiempo trabaj en la central telefnica. Fue mientras en Budapest que la idea
para el motor de induccin por primera vez a Tesla, pero despus de varios
aos de intentar ganar el inters de su invencin, a los 28 aos Tesla decidi
abandonar Europa para Amrica.

Inventor famoso
En 1884 Tesla lleg a Estados Unidos con poco ms que la ropa en la espalda y
una carta de presentacin para el famoso inventor y el magnate dueo de
Thomas Edison, cuya obra elctrica basados en corriente continua se est
convirtiendo rpidamente en la norma en el pas. Edison contrat a Tesla, y los
dos hombres fueron pronto trabajando sin descanso al lado de otra, hacer
mejoras a los inventos de Edison. Sin embargo, varios meses despus, los dos
se separaron debido a una relacin de negocios cientficas contradictorias,
atribuidos por los historiadores para sus increblemente diferentes
personalidades: Mientras que Edison era una figura de poder que se centr en

la comercializacin y el xito financiero, Tesla era comercialmente fuera de

sintona y algo vulnerable.
Tras su separacin con Edison, Tesla en 1885 recibi fondos para el Tesla
Electric Company Luz y fue encargado por sus inversores para desarrollar la
iluminacin de arco mejorado. Despus de hacer con xito, sin embargo, Tesla
fue forzado a salir de la empresa y durante un tiempo tuvo que trabajar como
un trabajador manual con el fin de sobrevivir. Su suerte cambi en 1887,
cuando fue capaz de encontrar inters en su sistema elctrico de CA y la
financiacin para su nuevo Tesla Electric Company. Configuracin directamente
al trabajo, a finales del ao, Tesla haba presentado con xito varias patentes
para invenciones basadas en AC.
Sistema de corriente alterna de Tesla finalmente llam la atencin del ingeniero
y hombre de negocios americano George Westinghouse, que buscaba una
solucin al abastecimiento de la nacin con energa a larga distancia.
Convencido de que los inventos de Tesla le ayudaran a lograr este objetivo, en
1888 se compr sus patentes por $ 60.000 en efectivo y acciones en la
Westinghouse Corporation. Como el inters en un sistema de corriente alterna
creci, Tesla y Westinghouse fueron puestos en competencia directa con
Thomas Edison, que tena la intencin de vender su sistema de corriente
continua a la nacin. Una campaa negativa-prensa pronto fue librada por
Edison, en un intento de socavar inters por la energa de corriente alterna.
Tesla, por su parte, continu en su trabajo y patentaran varios inventos ms
durante este perodo, incluyendo la "bobina de Tesla", que sent las bases de
las tecnologas inalmbricas y todava se utiliza en la tecnologa de radio de
hoy.

Por desgracia para Thomas Edison, la Westinghouse Corporation fue elegido

para alimentar el alumbrado en la exposicin colombina 1893 del mundo en
Chicago, y Tesla realiz demostraciones de su sistema de aire acondicionado
que hay. Dos aos ms tarde, en 1895, Tesla dise lo que fue una de las
primeras plantas de energa hidroelctrica de corriente alterna en los Estados
Unidos, en Niagara Falls. Al ao siguiente, se utiliza para alimentar la ciudad de
Buffalo, Nueva York, una hazaa que fue muy difundido en todo el mundo. Con
sus xitos de la repeticin y de prensa favorable, el sistema de corriente
alterna se convirtiera rpidamente en el sistema de potencia preeminente del
siglo 20, y se ha mantenido la norma en todo el mundo desde entonces.
Adems de su sistema de aire acondicionado y la bobina, a lo largo de su
carrera, Tesla descubierto, diseado y desarrollado ideas para una serie de
otras invenciones ms importantes de los cuales fueron patentados
oficialmente por otros inventores, incluyendo dnamos (generadores elctricos

similares a las bateras) y la induccin motor. Tambin fue un pionero en el

descubrimiento de la tecnologa de radar, la tecnologa de rayos X, control
remoto y la rotacin del campo magntico, la base de la mayora de la
maquinaria de corriente alterna.

La cada de la Gracia
Habiendo obsesionarse con la transmisin inalmbrica de energa, alrededor de
1900 conjunto de Nikola para trabajar en su proyecto ms audaz an: la
construccin de un mundial, la comunicacin inalmbrica sistema de
transmisin a travs de una gran elctrica de torre para compartir informacin
y proporcionar electricidad gratuita en todo el mundo . Con la financiacin de
un grupo de inversores que incluan gigante financiero JP Morgan, en 1901
Tesla comenz a trabajar en el proyecto en serio, el diseo y la construccin de
un laboratorio con una planta de energa y una torre de transmisin masiva en
un sitio en Long Island, Nueva York, que que se conoci como Wardenclyffe. Sin
embargo, cuando surgieron dudas entre sus inversores respecto a la
credibilidad del sistema de Tesla y su rival, Guglielmo Marconi, con el apoyo
financiero de Andrew Carnegie y Thomas Edison continu a hacer grandes
avances con sus propias tecnologas de radio, Tesla no tuvo ms remedio que
abandonar el proyecto. El personal de Wardenclyffe fue despedido en 1906 y
en 1915 el sitio haba cado en la ejecucin de una hipoteca. Dos aos ms
tarde, Tesla se declar en quiebra y la torre fue desmantelada y vendida como
chatarra para ayudar a pagar las deudas que haba acumulado.

Muerte y herencia

Despus de sufrir un ataque de nervios, Tesla finalmente volvi al trabajo,

principalmente como consultor. Pero a medida que pasaba el tiempo, sus ideas
se hicieron cada vez ms extravagantes y poco prctico. Tambin creci cada
vez ms excntrico, dedicando gran parte de su tiempo al cuidado de las
palomas silvestres de los parques de la Ciudad de Nueva York. Incluso llam la
atencin del FBI con su charla de construir un poderoso "rayo de la muerte",
que haba recibido algn inters por parte de la Unin Sovitica durante la
Segunda Mundial Mundial.
Pobre y solitario, Nikola Tesla muri el 7 de enero de 1943, a la edad de 86, en
la ciudad de Nueva York, donde haba vivido durante casi 60 aos. Pero el
legado de la obra que dej tras de s vive en el da de hoy.

Varios libros y pelculas han puesto de relieve la vida y famosas obras de Tesla,
incluyendo Nikola Tesla, el genio que encendi el mundo, un documental
producido por la Sociedad Memorial Tesla y el Tesla Museo Nikola en Belgrado,
Serbia; y El secreto de Nikola Tesla, protagonizada por Orson Welles como J. P.
Morgan). Y en la pelcula de Christopher Nolan The Prestige 2006, Tesla fue
interpretado por la estrella de rock / actor David Bowie. En 1994, la
identificacin de una seal de trfico "Nikola Tesla Corner" se instal cerca del
lugar de su antiguo laboratorio de la ciudad de Nueva York, en la interseccin
de la calle 40 y la avenida sexta.
Proyecto de Wardenclyffe
Dado que la prdida inicial de Tesla de su sitio de Wardenclyffe, la propiedad de
la propiedad ha pasado por numerosas manos, y se han realizado varios
intentos para preservarla, pero en 1967, 1976 y 1994 los esfuerzos para que se
declarara un sitio histrico nacional fracas. Luego, en 2008, un grupo llamado
el Centro de Ciencias de Tesla se form con la intencin de compra de la
propiedad y convertirla en un museo dedicado a la obra del inventor.
En febrero de 2009 el sitio de Wardenclyffe sali al mercado por casi $ 1,6
millones, y para los prximos aos, el Centro de Ciencias de Tesla trabaj
diligentemente para recaudar fondos para su compra. En 2012, el inters
pblico en el proyecto alcanz su punto mximo cuando Matthew Inman de
TheOatmeal.com colabor con el TSC en un esfuerzo de recaudacin de fondos
de internet, en ltima instancia, la recepcin de contribuciones suficientes para
adquirir el sitio en mayo de 2013. El trabajo en su restauracin est todava en
curso.