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Analogue Electronics
Topic 5
Non-linear circuits
Jan 2013
1
Logarithmic amplifiers
A logarithmic (log) amplifier produces an output that is
proportional to the logarithm of the input
Two major areas of application: complex analog calculation
and signal processing
Complex analog calculation involves raising the power of a
signal, multiplication and divisions of two signals
VD
I D = I S exp( ) 1
VT
VD
exp( ) >> 1
VT
VD
I D = I S exp( )
VT
ID
VD = VT ln( )
IS
VT = thermal voltage and is approximately 0.0257V at 25C
IS = reverse saturation current of diode
5
Vout
VIN
=
= ID
R1
ID
= VD = VT ln( )
IS
VIN
= VT ln(
)
I S R1
6
VBE
I C = I S exp(
) 1
VT
Vout = VBE
VIN
= VT ln(
)
I S R1
VO = K (VO 2 VO1 )
VO 2 = VT ln(Vi / I S R1 )
VO1 = VT ln(V REF / I S R1 )
Using difference amplifier with gain K:
Antilog amplifier
Vin = VBE
Vout
I F = IC =
R1
VBE
IC
= VT ln
IS
Vout
Vin = VT ln
R1 I S
Vout
Vin
)
= R1 I S exp(
VT
11
14
Example
An input voltage has voltages in the range of 0.1V to
20V. An 8-bit ADC with resolution of 31.125 mV is
used to convert this analog signal. A combination of
log amp and inverting amplifier (gain = -25) is used
to condition the input signal so that is it compatible
with the ADC. Design the log amp for npn transistor
with IS = 60 nA
15
Solution
Maximum voltage that can be converted by the
ADC = 31.25 x 28 = 8 V
Maximum voltage at inverting amplifier input
= 8/-25 = -0.32 V
Vout = VBE
VIN
= VT ln(
)
I S R1
Analog multiplier
Symbol :
Analog multiplier
Using log/antilog amplifiers and summing amplifiers,
analog multiplication can be realized:
ln(a b) = ln a + ln b
19
Vout1 = VT ln (Vin1 / k )
Vout 2 = VT ln (Vin 2 / k )
Unity gain inverting summing amplifier is
used to invert and add the two output voltages:
k
k
20
Vout ( sum )
= k exp
VT
Vin1Vin 2 1
= k expVT ln
2
k
VT
Vin1Vin 2
Vin1Vin 2
= k
=
2
k
k
R1 = R2 = R6 = R to get same k
R3 = R4 = R5 for unity gain
22
vI
fi
Phase
detector
LPF
Vc
VCO
vO
fo
23
cos[(2f i t + i ) + (2f ot + o )]
2
ViVo
[cos( i o ) cos( 4f i t + i + o )]
2
26
ViVo
cos e
Vc =
2
where the phase error, e = i o
Therefore, the output voltage of the filter is
proportional to the phase difference of the input
signal and VCO signal and is used as control voltage
for the VCO.
27
1
fo =
2RC
or
fo =
1
2 LC
f 0
K=
Vc
28
Exercises
Derive the formula for output voltage of the
basic log amp and antilog amp.
Sketch the block diagram to show how an
analog multiplier can be built using log amp
and antilog amp.
For a phase locked loop, sketch the block
diagram and explain how it operates. Explain
the term free-running frequency, lock range
and capture range.
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