Reprod-dev outline

Topic
Asexual Reproduction
One parent produces genetically identical offspring
Types of asexual reproduction
Binary Fission (mitosis)
one cell divides into 2

from RegentsPrep.org
Budding
One parent divides genetic material equally, but cytoplasm unequally
Example: yeast

from RegentsPrep.org
Sporulation
One parent makes spores which develop into offpsring
Example: bread mold
 Sporulation

Topic

from RegentsPrep.org
Regeneration
Part of an organism can grow a new individual
Examples: planaria, starfish
Cloning
Using the genetic material from one organism to make a genetically identical offspring.
Vegetative Propagation
Part of plant becomes a new plant
Runners (stems extend from existing stems)
Bulbs - underground stems
Tubers - understand stems
Rhizomes - stems that grow under the soil
Cuttings - pieces of roots, stems, or leaves that develop into new plants
Grafting - a cutting from one plant is attached to the main body of a rooted plant
Sexual Reproduction in Plants

from users.rcn.com—Angiosperm.html
Sexual reproduction happens in plants when the pollen and eggs combine to make a new plant
2 parents create a genetically original offspring
Female Plant parts
pistil/carpel
all the female parts -- ovaries, stigma, style
ovaries
contain ovules, which make the eggs
Male Plant parts
Stamen (name for all of the male parts)
Filament
Holds up the anther so the pollen can be dispersed
Anther
contains pollen grains
 Anther
Topic contains pollen grains
Parts that are neither Male or Female
petals
sepals
Sexual Reproduction in Humans
Two parents create genetically unique offspring

from RegentsPrep.org
Made possible by meiosis
The process where sex cells are made
1 round of meiosis makes 4 sperms cells
1 round of meiosis makes 1 egg cell and 3 polar bodies
Male Reproductive System

from RegentsPrep.org
testes
produce sperm
scrotum
a sac that holds the testes
sac hangs just outside the man's body
creates a slightly cooler environment which is better for sperm
vas deferens
tube carrying sperm away from testes
prostate gland
gland that adds lubricating and other fluids to sperm
combination of sperm and other fluids is called semen
urinary bladder
holds the urine produced by the kidneys
urethra
tube carrying sperm to the outside of the body
penis
tube that delivers sperm to the female reproductive system
Female Reproductive System

from wikipedia.org
Topic Female Reproductive System

from wikipedia.org
Ovaries
produce eggs
secrete 2 hormones -- estrogen and progesterone
Fallopian tubes
site of fertilization
transport tube from ovary to uterus
Uterus
Baby room
Embryo will implant in uterine wall
Cervix
connects the uterus and vagina
expands to allow the baby's head to fit through during bith
Vagina
The tube in which sperm is delivered from the male into the female reproductive system
Menstrual Cycle

4 parts of the the menstrual cycle

Follicular
Follicles develop
8 days
Follicle cells produce estrogen
Ovulation
3-4 days
Egg is released from follicle
Triggered by release of LH
Luteal
14 days
Follicle cells become corpus luteum
 Luteal

Topic Follicle cells become corpus luteum

Luteal cells make progesterone
Menstrual
4-5 days
Uterine lining broken down and sloughed off
Role of Hormones in the menstrual Cycle
Estrogen-progesterone
thicken uterine wall
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
stimulates the production of follicles
LH (luteinizing hormone)
stimulates the production of corpus luteum cells
Fertilization
Topic
Fertilization
External Fertilization
Sperm and egg "meet" in water environment outside the organism (example: fish, amphibians)
Each parents deposits large number of sperm or eggs in the water at the same time.
Internal Fertilization
Sperm and egg "meet" inside the organism (example: humans, mammals)
Mother's reproductive system provides an internal "watery" environment
Development
External Development
New organism develops outside the mother (example: birds--eggs)
Internal Development
New organism develops inside the mother (example: mammals)
Embryonic Development
Embryo develops from less complex to more complex
Involves two key processes
Simple Mitosis
Making good copies
Differentiation
Making specific cells (example: skin cells, liver cells, bone cells)
Happens in stages
Fertilized egg (zygote)
Occurs when sperm and egg combine their genetic material

from pregnancy-calendars.net
Forms the beginning of the new organism
Single cell divides into ball of cells through process called cleavage
Fertilized egg must travel from the fallopian tubes to the uterus
Morula (#1 below)
4-16 cells
3-4 days after fertilization
Starts to travel toward uterus
Derived from word for mulberry (lots of bumps)

from wikipedia.org
Blastula (#2 below)
Hollow ball of cells

About 100 cells

Reaches uterus by Day 5 after fertilization
Topic Reaches uterus by Day 5 after fertilization
derived from word for "bud"
Gastrula
Hollow ball develops 3 layers of cells
Will implant on the wall of the uterus 8-10 days after fertilization
Derived from word for "belly"

from RegentsPrep.org
These 3 layers develop/differentiate into specific types of cells
3 layers
ectoderm - becomes nervous system, skin, hair, nails
mesodern - becomes muscles, circulatory system, skeleton, excretory system, testes/ovaries
endodern - becomes lining of digestive and respiratory tracts, parts of liver, pancreas
Embryo
Developing organism weeks 0-8

from RegentsPrep.org
Yolk Sac
Initial source of nutrition for embryo
Develops into gut
Fetus
Developing organism weeks 9-40
 Fetus
Topic Developing organism weeks 9-40

from RegentsPrep.org
Placenta
Fluid-filled sac containing developing embryo/fetus

from wikipedia.org
Baby is connected to mom's blood supply by umbilicial cord
Part baby's, part mom's