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WIPL-D was used to model and simulate an Impulse Radiating Antenna (IRA) with a
46cm diameter paraboloidal reflector and 45 degree feed arms. Model views are shown
and the results of frequency domain simulation up to 20GHz are shown to agree with
results from published measurements. Beam pattems at three frequencies show the highly
directional behavior of this antenna. The simulated frequency domain data is inverse
Fourier transformed to obtain the time domain response to a Gaussian pulse input. This
response is integrated to obtain the response to a step input, which compares well with
the theorized step input response of the IRA.
Introduction
The Impulse Radiating Antenna (IRA) was first theorized by Carl Baum in 1989 [1].
Since that time, additional papers have filled out the knowledge of the IRA [2-5] and
several versions of the IRA have been built and tested by Everett Farr and others with the
goal of optimizing the structure [6-9]. The objective of this document is to show the
model and simulation results both in the time and frequency domain of the electrical
characteristics of the antenna using the electromagnetic analysis code WIPL-D [11].
Since this code uses entire domain basis functions over large subsectional patches it is
possible to analyze electrically large structures and configurations on a desktop pc using
modest computational resources. In this paper, we introduce a WIPL-D model which is
based on design information provided by E. Farr for an IRA-2 [9], which has 30 degree
feed arms. However, instead we built the model with the basic 45 degree feed arms from
the IRA-1 [6]. We show the frequency domain results of the simulation along with
simulated beam pattems at three frequencies. The frequency domain data are transformed
to time domain and the transient response is also shown. The modeled results are
compared to published IRA measurements [6].
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Fig. 1. Front view showing quarter symmetry and side view with feed arm discretization.
WIPL-D Simulation Results
The frequency domain results of the WIPL-D simulation are shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4a.
The Fig. 2 shows the far-field radiation, EB vs. frequency and Fig. 3 overlays the beam
pattern at I GHz, I OGHz and 20GHz, showing the high directivity of the IRA. Figure 4
compares the simulated vs. measured results. Fig. 4a shows the dB gain vs. frequency
from WIPL-D which agrees well to the general shape and peak gain found in the
measurements documented by Bowen et al [6, Fig. 3.5] for the IRA-I with 300 feed arms
and the IRA-2 with 450 feed arms, shown in Fig. 4b.
1 IRAPAG E
sbs(66)M
15 -
_1ta 14-,J
1612
f[Rnidol0
-1IR
_ 2 IPAG
23 8
<~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, 2IRAH
187
OGH
X20GH2
10
12
IA
5 .5
554
O0
16 5 2
Er G.n [,B]
Rq0
^ 2 eRXq2OG
I 461
611
I R-A
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~---- c166s0I
20
-30
Gain
fO
10
12
14
16
20
16
GH
10
20
12
10
Fleq-ry GH4
14
16
16
Fig. 4. a) WIPL-D dB Gain vs. Frequency, b) Published Measurements [6, Fig. 3.5]
Time Domain Response
The time domain response is obtained from the radiation field calculated in WIPL-D. The
frequency domain data is weighted by a Gaussian window of approximnately 16GHz
bandwidth and the results are inverse Fourier transformed to generate the time domain
response. Table I summarizes the paraicters used in the analysis.
Parameter
Af
N
ts
At
To
Description
Value
20 MHz
2 = 2048
40.96 GHz
24 psec
set by simulation
select
calc: f,= NAf
cale: At = 1/ f,
calc: To = 1/Af
frequency resolution
sequence period
sampling frequency
sampling interval
record length
50 nsec
(16GHz),%t6ns
1.5
.0.5 .---
.1~~~~~~~~-----
-1
4
7
.me Isecondsl
x 10Sm.
[second]
x 10
Fig. 5. a) Time Domain Response to Gaussian Pulse Input, b) Response to Step Input
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The designed operation of the IRA is to produce an impulse in the far field. This is
achieved with a step input to the transmitter, which the IRA differentiates on transmit. To
generate the response of the IRA to a step input, we recognize that the desired step input
is the integral of the pulse, and therefore take the integral of the simulated far-field
radiation response due to the pulse input. This results in the far-field transient response
due to a step input and is shown in Fig. Sb. The shape of this plot agrees with the
theoretical shape of the IRA transmit pulse [3,4]. The pre-pulse extends from
approximately 4.3ns to 5.Sns, which corresponds to the time 2F/c = 1.22nsec, or the time
for the excitation to travel from the source at the focal point F to the reflector and back to
the circular aperture of the paraboloidal reflector, from which it radiates as a plane wave.
Conclusions
In this paper, we have presented a model and simulation of an IRA using the
electromagnetic analysis code WIPL-D. The frequency domain results from WIPL-D
have been shown along with the antenna pattern at three frequencies. The WIPL-D data
have been transformed to time domain using a Gaussian window and inverse Fourier
transform, and the resulting plot shows the transient response due to a Gaussian pulse as
the input. Integration of this result gives the transient response due to a step input, which
is the radiated impulse for which the antenna was designed. Future work includes using
the IRA in scattering scenes with other antennas and various configurations of targets and
ground planes.
References
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