International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 3,n 5.

November
P531-542

CHARACTERIZATION OF ASTM A516 GRADE 70 FUSION

WELDED JOINTS
Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin

Abstract In this work, characterization of macrostructure, microstructure, hardness, elemental

compositions and internal discontinuities of ASTM A516 grade 70 fusion welded joints has been
investigated. The welded joints of ASTM A516 grade 70 carbon steel, which are widely used in
pressure vessel fabrication were prepared using welding procedures of Manual Metal Arc (MMA),
Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG). This comprehensive information provides a
practical guide in order to determine the most adequate welding procedure and assisting in
understanding the mechanical behaviour of the weld microregimes. Copyright 2009 Praise
Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: Carbon Steel, ASTM A516 grade 70, Welding

Nomenclature
BM
EDX
FW
HAZ
LOP
MIG
MMA
PJL
SEM
TIG
WM

base metal
energy dispersive X-ray
fusion welding
heat-affected zone
lack of penetration
metal inert gas
manual metal arc
plate joint line
scanning electron microscope
tungsten inert gas
weld metal

I.

Introduction

In 1920s, major advances were made in welding

technology including an introduction of shielding gas and
continues to be popular today. In conjunction to that, the
development of Fusion Welding (FW) has received widely
attention because of its low capital and running costs. In
fusion process, the surface of two components to be joined
are cleaned, placed together and heated while being
protected from oxidation. A pool of molten metal forms and
connects the components, a filler rod may be used to add
metal to the joint [1, 2]. There are three groups of FW
which are gas, arc and high-energy beam welding. In the
present research, a special concern is focused on Manual
Metal Arc (MMA), Metal Inert Gas (MIG) and Tungsten
Inert Gas (TIG) welding. These are the three FW types
which are categorised in arc welding.
There have been numerous attempts to characterize the
welds in terms of macrostructure, microstructure, hardness
and internal discontinuity distributions in order to determine
the phenomena that can influence the behaviour of the
Manuscript received November 2009, revised November 2009

welded joints [3-5]. Thus, the following situations have

been commonly observed in analysis: (a) segregation during
solidification, (b) distribution of elements during phase
changes, (c) precipitation particles and (d) internal
discontinuities such as porosity and lack of penetration.
In general, the weld in steel plate has mechanical and
metallurgical inhomogeneity due to weld thermal cycle in
the base metal (BM), heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld
metal (WM). Consequently, the fatigue of FW joints varies
for each zone of the weld. It is also affect the mechanical
properties of the material includes strength, ductility and
toughness. In welding, the WM experienced solidification
and melting process and these factors contribute to the
microstructure behaviour of the material [5]. David et al. [5]
pointed out that, it is convenient to consider WM as a
minicasting.
Therefore,
parameters
important
in
determining minicasting such as growth rate, temperature
gradient, undercooling and alloy composition determine the
development of microstructure in welds as well. It shows
that, parameters that control the casting solidification also
control the solidification and microstructures of welds.
Liu and Bhole [3] show that the microstructure of HAZ
region in carbon steel, ASTM 516 grade 70 is comprised of
a network of equiaxed grain boundary ferrite with colonies
of fine grain acicular ferrite. It has been known that acicular
ferrite can provide an optimal combination of high strength
and toughness to the structure. They suggested that, the
presence of inclusion (mainly oxides) may influence the
fracture behaviour in terms of their formation of acicular
ferrite.
In this regard, the question about the location of where
the failure usually originated in FW joints and which is the
most adequate welding procedure can be answered. In
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reserved

Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin

consequences, this study is needed to explain why failure

such as cracks initiate in hardness minima, and what is the
role of macrostructure, microstructure and internal
discontinuities that influence the initiation fracture
behaviour.

II.

Methodology

The investigation was performed on 6.8 mm thick of

ASTM A516 grade 70 carbon steel FW joint using MMA,
MIG and TIG welding operations. Material plates were
provided by Malaysian local supplier, Earthtech Plus Sdn.
Bhd. and have been welded in double-V butt joint shape.
Tables 1 and 2 show the basic mechanical properties and
chemical composition of ASTM A516 grade 70
respectively.
Table 1: Mechanical Properties of ASTM A516 grade
70 Plate.
Mechanical Properties - Plate

ASTM A516 Grade 70

Yield point min., MPa

262

Tensile strength, MPa

482.6/586.05

Elongation in 8 min., %

17

Elongation in 2 min., %

21

Table 2: Chemical Requirements for ASTM A516 grade

70.
Element

Composition, %
A

Carbon, max : in. and under

Manganese:
in. and under: Heat AnalysisB
Product AnalysisB
Phosphorus, maxA
Sulfur, maxA
Silicon:
Heat Analysis
Product Analysis

After that, the samples were polished using finer grade

silicon carbide paper until a flat and scratch-free mirror-like
finish is obtained. To reveal the microstructure grain size,
the cross sections of the welds were etched in 2% nital
solution, rinsed in deionized water and dried with acetone
prior to Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) evaluation in
accordance with ASTM E340-00. To investigate possible
alterations in the nature of precipitates distribution due to
the welding process, the surface of each unetched FW joints
were analyzed using Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) which
is attached with (SEM).
Hardness tests were carried out in accordance with the
standard test method for Rockwell Hardness Test ASTM E18-08. The successful of radiography testing was performed
in accordance with ASTM E1032-06, it was used to
investigate the discontinuity in welded joints.

III.

Experimental Results

III.1.

Macrostructure

Fig. 1 shows a transverse cross section macrostructure

of the MMA welded joint. The weld macrostructure for
MMA, MIG and TIG welded joints have shown the similar
type of weld regions. The most obvious feature is the
deposited weld zone that contained filler and material itself
which is about 10 mm width. Further out from the plate
joint line (PJL), about 5 mm is HAZ, the width is
approximately 1 mm. It is known that, HAZ is the area of
BM which was not melt during welding process and its
microstructure altered by heat input. Next to HAZ is BM or
also known as parent metal which is unaffected region from
any heating operation.

0.27
0.85-1.20
0.79-1.30
0.035
0.035
0.15-0.40
0.13-0.45

Remarks:
Applies to both heat and product analysis.
B
For each reduction of 0.01 percentage point below the
specified maximum for carbon, an increase of 0.06
percentage point above the specified maximum for
manganese is permitted, up to a maximum of 1.50% by
heat analysis and 1.60% by product analysis.
A

For metallographic observation purposes, the FW joints

were cross-sectioned into 15 mm x 20 mm. The samples
were grind mechanically polished using Polish Machine
Metaserv 2000 with coarser grade silicon carbide paper.

Copyright 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

Fig. 1: The optical micrograph of fusion welded zones

macrostructures for MMA welded joints.

International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3,n 5

Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin

III.2.

Microstructure

Figures 2, 3 and 4 represent the microstructure of each

three types of FW joint for each region. In Fig. 2, the
micrograph shows the microstructure regions of MMA
welded joint. As exhibited in Fig. 2(b), in WM or fusion
zone, the microstructure appears in larger grain size than
HAZ due to fast cooling rate during welding process. The
similar grain size order was found in MIG and TIG welded
joint. Seen from the micrographs, apparently, the crystalline
weld structure is composed of a series of long grains, whose

HAZ

dendrite direction are spatially varied. It is found that the

long columnar dendrite structure appeared to be nearly
equiaxed and the formation of the structure significantly due
to the solidification of crystalline material. The observation
agreed with references [6]. From the observation, the
microstructure of MMA fusion zone was found to be
relatively identical in the case of MIG and TIG fusion weld.
Only in the case of TIG, the columnar dendrite structure
was an elongated grain structure which is believed to be due
to severe cooling rate.

WM

BM

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2: Microstructures of polished and etched MMA welded joint, (a) MMA welded, (b) WM, (c) HAZ, (d) BM.

Copyright 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3,n 5

Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin

The microstructure of HAZ was shown in Figures 2(c),

3(b) and 4(c). It is generally found that the microstructure
of HAZ region is comprised of a network of equiaxed grain
with colonies of acicular ferrite. The result was significantly
agreed with Liu and Bhole [3]. It is worth noting that, the
crystal size in HAZ was small compared to WM and the
microstructure was found to be similar for each type of
fusion welded joint. It is evident that the grain coarsening in
the HAZ and competitive growth in fusion zone resulted in
much larger grain in WM relative to that of the BM [7].

(a)

Adjacent to HAZ is BM or also known as parent metal.

This region is unaffected region from any heating operation.
The microstructure distribution of BM was found to be
identical to each other since the material used for each of
welding type is similar. Figures 2(a), 2(d), 3(c) and 4(d)
show the microstructure of the BM in the darker region
rather than fusion zone.
Obviously, the grain structures in each region appear to
have non-uniform distribution for each type of FW due to
the dilution between filler metal and parent plate during
welding. Therefore, the microstructure distribution will vary
with changes in mechanical properties especially the
toughness and strength of the weld.
III.3.

(b)

(c)
Fig. 3: Microstructures of polished and etched MIG welded
joint, (a) MIG WM, (b) HAZ, (c) BM.

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Hardness

Figures 5, 6 and 7 show the hardness on the top and

bottom surface of each welded joints and shows that the
hardness value are not similar to each other due to the
microstructure distribution resulting from previous welding
process. This condition is expected to be the effect of
welding technique due to the alternate welding practice of
two sides since the joint was produced in double-V shape.
Hardness on the top of the first side of the weld surface was
significantly slightly higher than the bottom especially in
the WM region in the range of 0-5 mm from PJL. The
highest hardness was found in the HAZ region in the range
of 5-7 mm from PJL. The BM hardness shows fluctuation
due to partial recrystallisation in the range of 7-30 mm from
PJL and the value still below the HAZ.
In Fig. 8, TIG welded joint shows the highest hardness
value in the WM and HAZ which is about 84.7 HRC and
85.6 HRC respectively. On the other hand, MMA welded
joints exhibit the lowest hardness value compared to MIG
and TIG which is about 83.7 HRC at the centre of the weld.
The results were compared with Schroeder and Poirier [8].
They had found that the maximum hardness was observed
in the HAZ and beyond the edge of fusion zone using
Rockwell hardness scale. The findings also agreed by Liu
and Bhole [3], Liu et al. [4] and John et al. [9, 10]. The
similar graph pattern in FW joint shows evident of quite
severe cooling conditions in the heat-affected area in
weldment.

International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3,n 5

International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 3,n 5.November

P531-542

BM

WM

(a)

(b)

BM

WM

(d)

(c)

Fig. 4: Microstructures of polished and etched TIG welded joint, (a) TIG welded, (b) WM, (c) HAZ, (d) BM.
86

HAZ

Base Metal

Weld
Metal

HAZ

Base Metal

Hardness (HRC)

85

84

83

Hardness on the top of the weld surface

Hardness on the bottom of the weld surface

82
-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Distance from PJL (mm)

Fig. 5: Hardness profile of ASTM A516 Grade 70 carbon steel MMA welded joint.

Manuscript received November 2009, revised November 2009

Copyright 2009 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 3,n 5.November

P531-542

85.5

HAZ

Base Metal

Weld
Metal

HAZ

Base Metal

85.0

Hardness (HRC)

84.5

84.0

83.5

83.0

82.5

Hardness on the top of the weld surface

Hardness on the bottom of the weld surface

82.0
-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

10

15

20

25

30

35

30

35

Distance from PJL (mm)

Fig. 6: Hardness profile of ASTM A516 Grade 70 carbon steel MIG welded joint.

86
HAZ

Base Metal

Weld
Metal

HAZ

Base Metal

Hardness (HRC)

85

84

83

82
Hardness on the top of the weld surface
Hardness on the bottom of the weld surface

81
-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

10

15

20

25

Distance from PJL (mm)

Fig. 7: Hardness profile of ASTM A516 Grade 70 carbon steel TIG welded joint.

Manuscript received November 2009, revised November 2009

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International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 3,n 5.November

P531-542

87
HAZ
W eld
Z on e

B ase M eta l

H AZ
B ase M eta l

Hardness (HRC)

86

85

84

83
A rc W e ld e d Jo in t
T IG W e ld e d Jo in t
M IG W e ld e d Jo in t

82
-3 5

-3 0

-2 5

-20

-1 5

-1 0

-5

10

15

20

25

30

35

D is ta n c e fro m P J L (m m )

Fig. 8: Hardness profile of ASTM A516 grade 70 carbon steel for fusion welded joint.

III.4.

Precipitate distributions

Figures 9(a), 9(b) and 9(c) show the element composition

in MMA, MIG and TIG welded joints respectively. It
reveals that three main elements were found in the MMA,
MIG and TIG welded joints which are Carbon, Iron and
Oxygen. It can be seen that the distribution of Carbon
content is non-uniform depending on the type of welding.
Overall, the present inclusions that were observed in MMA
welded is SiO2 and containing a small amount of Ca, Zn and
K. The analysis shows a mixture of Al2O3-SiO2 inclusion
were found in MIG welded joint and only MnO was found
in TIG welded joint. Besides, the Fe content is believed to
originate from steel matrix.
Obviously, it is worth noting that the WM region for all
three types of welding shows significant non uniform of
precipitates as well as microstructure distributions. The
present results were in agreement with Liu and Bhole [3]
that the presence of inclusions mainly oxides is known to
influence the fracture behaviour of welded joint region.
Furthermore, the scatter of oxides in WM zones may be
attributed to manually handled welding process and this
may cause degradation in fatigue performance.

Manuscript received November 2009, revised November 2009

III.5.

Radiography images

The successful of radiography testing was performed in

accordance with ASTM E1032-06, to investigate the
discontinuity in welded samples, shows the interruptions
occur in WM or HAZ may cause severe damage. Prior to
this method, x-radiation is directed through sample and onto
film to produce a graphic record which indicates the internal
soundness of the part. The results shown in Fig. 10, indicate
that: (1) MMA welded joint shows lack of penetration
(LOP) due to the failure to achieve complete penetration at
the root of the weld; (2) having cap undercut at the weld
bead.
On the other hand, the discontinuity defined in MIG
welded joint in Fig. 11, appears as dark grey round or
irregular spots and it occurs in a row. This type of
discontinuity is defined as porosity and it is produced due to
entrapment of gas in the weld during welding procedure.
Furthermore, TIG welded joints obtained dark round
irregular spots in the middle of the weldment as shown in
Fig. 12. It is evident that LOP is considered as a defect and
may cause dangerous failure instead of porosity or gas hole.
Yet again, gas hole is not so dangerous unless it exceeds
certain limit of shape and sizes.

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International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 3,n 5.November

P531-542
Element
wt%

2
WM

C
O
Na
Si
S
Cl
K
Ca
Fe
Cu
Zn

69.06
17.79
1.07
0.31
0.63
1.23
0.46
0.45
6.73
0.38
0.57

67.26
24.42
0.84
0.28
0.30
0.87
0.27
0.18
4.27
0.89
0.42

43.99
14.14

74.67
12.41
1.42
0.32
0.51
0.24
0.10
5.29
3.90
0.43

0.35

41.53

(a)
Element
wt%

1
WM

C
O
Al
Si
Mn
Na
K
Cl
Fe

52.31
29.11
6.39
7.07

25.08
15.49

49.61
18.45
1.02
1.41

1.27
0.98
3.33

58.17

0.76
0.66
0.46
27.65

(b)

Element
wt%

BM

C
O
Mn
Fe

2
HAZ

30.38
19.88
1.42
48.31

49.87
15.99

29.59
22.88

37.65
22.25

34.15

47.53

40.11

WM
(c)
Fig. 9: EDX taken at certain location in fusion welded joints, (a) MMA, (b) MIG, (c) TIG.

Manuscript received November 2009, revised November 2009

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International Review of Mechanical Engineering (I.RE.M.E.), Vol. 3,n 5.November

P531-542

IV.

Discussion

IV.1. Structure, hardness and precipitate distribution in FW

joints.
The macrostructure and microstructure observations in
FW joints indicate that:

Fig. 10: Radiograph image of MMA welded joint.

FW whether it is welded through MMA, MIG or TIG

processes, each of them produced enormous changes in
the grain structure due to the solidification and rapid
cooling process during welding. The results show that
FW joint consist of WM, HAZ and BM and each of weld
zones performed different level of strength and
toughness.
The microstructure in WM was found in larger grains size
than HAZ and it composed of a series of long columnar
dendrite structure [3, 4, 11]. The structure is equiaxed
and the direction is spatially varied. This formation of
grain size represents the results of solidification and
phase transformation in crystalline material. It is evident
that, rapid cooling in carbon steel weld without control
during welding process will results brittle phase structure
especially in fusion zone, thus may cause cracking.
The microstructure of HAZ is comprised of a network
equiaxed grain with colonies of acicular ferrite. It has
been known that acicular ferrite has the optimum
microstructure with an excellent combination of high
strength and good low temperature toughness in steel
weld [3, 12, 13]. The crystal size in HAZ was smaller
than WM. From the literature, it is proven that acicular
ferrite improves toughness of the WM in association with
fine grain size and provides maximum resistance to
cleavage crack propagation [3, 4, 14, 15].
Hardness measurement indicate that:

Fig. 11: Radiography image of MIG welded joint.

Fig. 12. Radiography image of TIG welded joint.

Manuscript received November 2009, revised November 2009

The hardness difference between top and bottom is

governed by the microstructural and grain size which
mainly affected by the heat input, solidification and
cooling rates that introduced during welding process.
It can be seen from hardness profiles that MMA welded
joints give the lowest hardness value compared to MIG
and TIG which is about 83.7 HRC at the centre of the top
weld surface. MIG is 84.4 HRC and TIG gives the
highest value which is about 84.7 HRC. Based on weld
quality, the greater the hardness, the greater resistance it
has to deformation. It is evident that, TIG welding can
produced higher quality and superior welds with great
strength compared to MMA and MIG because of the
absence of weld spatter. This is due to its welding
technique which considered the most precise, most
controllable and cleanest method of FW [16].
Then, the hardness increases gradually when it goes to
HAZ region. The same pattern of weld value was found
in HAZ region where TIG presents the highest reading
which is about 85.6 HRC. Significantly, the high hardness

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Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin

in HAZ commonly related to the metallurgical changes

which formed in the plate upon completion of thermal
cycles.
When comparing MMA, MIG and TIG welded joints,
TIG shows the highest hardness and MMA is the lowest.
Basically, MMA welding or stick welding is the slowest
and easiest welding process. Although it is the common
method in welding steel, the weld quality produced is not
as great as TIG and MIG due to the slag contamination
and residue from flux [16]. Besides, MIG presents better
hardness appearance than MMA welded joints but not as
good as TIG.
The precipitate distributions indicate that:
It has been identified that minimum amount of inclusion
and oxide were found in the WM of MMA, MIG and TIG
welded joint. It is worth noting that MMA welded joint
contained SiO2 inclusion and small amount of Ca, Zn and
K. The analysis shows a mixture of Al2O3-SiO2 inclusion
in MIG welded joint and only MnO was found in TIG
welded joint.
It was interesting to notice that, the microstructure of
WM in MMA, MIG and TIG welded joint contained
Oxygen element resulting from liquid solidification
during welding process. It is believed that dissolved gases
in the liquid may not be soluble in the solid. Thus,
rejection of gas at the solidifying interface may lead to
porosity in WM [7, 17].
Although MIG and TIG are generally protected by inert
gas, due to welding problem such as greater arc length or
less stable arc may reduce the protective effect. Thus,
large amount of porosity and inclusion were formed in
WM and consequently, those formations may reduce the
mechanical properties of the weld region. This
explanation also agreed by Kacar and Kokemli [6].
Obviously, from the analysis, it is indicated that dissolved
gases in the weld pool causes formation of inclusion and
porosity which are responsible for mechanical properties
degradation of the weldment. Thus, these may decrease
the strength, hardness and toughness of the WM region.
Due to the conventional welding procedure which is
manually handled, the welder must take number of
precautions to successfully performed greater weld
performance.

problem, but it can impair weld strength when the weld is

loaded in tension or subjected to fatigue loading [18-21].
Considering the strong presence of porosity or gas hole in
MIG and TIG welded joints, the discontinuity could be
attributed or caused by gas entrapment in molten metal
during solidification. Commonly, contaminants, moisture
or inadequate shielding may be the cause. According to
the EDX analysis, minimum amount of oxide inclusions
were found in WM region.
Although Oxygen dissolves in liquid does not usually
causes porosity directly, and if there is sufficient
dissolved Oxygen, it will reacts with the Carbon in steel.
This formation of gas can also cause porosity when the
steel weld is solidifies. Although MIG and TIG welding
were protected by inert gas, this possibility can be
attributed to the failure of the weld due to the
imperfections in welding technique applied [7, 18-21].
However, porosity is not considered as fatigue promoter,
although it may reduce the static stress carrying capacity
of the welding.

V.
1.

2.

3.

IV.2. Radiography images

Radiography images of MMA welded joint gives an
indication of incomplete fusion or penetration
discontinuity at the root of the weld that is most
dangerous in joint structure especially when stress
loading were imposed. Another type of discontinuity that
can be found in MMA welded joints is cap undercut.
These types of geometric imperfections are an indication
of poor workmanship and may be cause of concern if they
exceed requirement limits. Although it is an appearance

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4.

Conclusions

At first, several microstructural features of FW joints

which are WM, HAZ and BM show enormous changes
in grain structure. It appears that WM registered as the
critical fatigue crack initiation regimes due to existing
welding defects resulting from previous welding
process and high tensile residual stress region. This
phenomenon happens to all three types of welded
joints, which are MMA, MIG and TIG welding.
Although HAZ is of particular importance because
many quality issues with weldment occur within this
area, from the present study, it is confirmed that failure
occur in WM region instead of HAZ.
It is confirmed that WM is the most complex regime as
well as HAZ. Obviously, WM has high potential for
conventional crack initiation take place, specifically (a)
high tensile residual stress, (b) having high percentage
of Oxygen content, (c) location where inclusion usually
takes place, (d) low hardness and (e) grain coarsening
which is influenced by the heat and rate of cooling
during solidification process.
Generally, the strength and toughness of the WM
regimes are controlled by not only by the grain size, but
also the presence of surface and sub surface weld
discontinuity due to the previous welding procedure.
As well known, FW joint performed high tensile
residual stress due to previous welding process and the
stress distribution is inhomogeneous. In literatures,
WM was observed to have highly tensile residual stress
and it is evident that most of weld imperfections occur
in WM region. It is observed that, WM region shows
typical type of surface and sub surface discontinuity
such as lack of penetration (LOP), cap undercut,
porosity and oxides inclusion which may act as stress
raiser for crack to originate.

International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3,n 5

Aidy Ali, A. B. Sanuddin

5.

6.

The weld bead size, hardness and location of defects

within the weld regime is associated with the
conventional welding processing contributors such as
poor welding technique, uncontrolled atmosphere,
inadequate shielding gases and contaminated filler
material which may lead to low level of weld
performance.
Obviously, as observed in the present results, TIG
welded joint performed greater behaviour among MIG
and TIG welded joints and the superiority of the TIG
welded joints specifically obtained (a) high weld
hardness, (b) minimum amount of oxides inclusion, (c)
less internal porosity, (d) performed better weld
geometric, and (d) dangerous internal discontinuity
such as LOP and cap undercut were not observed.

[13]

[14]

[15]
[16]

[17]

[18]

Acknowledgement
The authors wish to thank Earthtech Plus Sdn. Bhd. (Mr.
Zulkifli Datuk Sulaiman) for supplying the weld, Agency of
Nuclear Malaysia and Universiti Putra Malaysia for a
scholarship to one of the authors (Nur Azida Che Lah)..

[19]

[20]

[21]

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AUTHORS INFORMATION
1

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti

Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Email: aidy@eng.upm.edu.my
Corresponding Author Dr Aidy Ali
First A. Aidy Ali is a lecturer of mechanical Engineering at Universiti
Putra Malaysia (UPM). He received his first
degree in Mechanical Engineering from Putra
University, 1999, then continued studies at
National University Malaysia (UKM) in
Manufacturing System Engineering, leading to
Master degree. He is working on simulating crack
propagation of elastic plastic material under
mixed mode loading conditions. He was awarded
with a M. Eng. degree in 2002. After that, his pursued his Ph.D degree in
Improving Fatigue Life of Aircraft Components By Using Surface
Engineering at Sheffield University UK. He was awarded a Ph.D degree
in March 2006. During Ph.D training, he was attached with Airbus Uk in
Chester, Manchester to develop a treatment for an ageing aircraft wing
structures. His expertise is related to mechanical Fatigue and Fracture of
metallic materials, Failure assessment, Failure prevention analysis and
Reliability engineering prediction.
2
Asmawi B. Sanuddin was born on 18th of March 1984. Holding
Bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering from Universiti Putra
Malaysia and graduated in 2007. Later on He continued his study in
Mechanical Engineering as master student at Universiti Putra Malaysia
(UPM) in 2008.

International Review of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 3,n 5